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Alatrash R, Herrera BB. The Adaptive Immune Response against Bunyavirales. Viruses 2024; 16:483. [PMID: 38543848 PMCID: PMC10974645 DOI: 10.3390/v16030483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The Bunyavirales order includes at least fourteen families with diverse but related viruses, which are transmitted to vertebrate hosts by arthropod or rodent vectors. These viruses are responsible for an increasing number of outbreaks worldwide and represent a threat to public health. Infection in humans can be asymptomatic, or it may present with a range of conditions from a mild, febrile illness to severe hemorrhagic syndromes and/or neurological complications. There is a need to develop safe and effective vaccines, a process requiring better understanding of the adaptive immune responses involved during infection. This review highlights the most recent findings regarding T cell and antibody responses to the five Bunyavirales families with known human pathogens (Peribunyaviridae, Phenuiviridae, Hantaviridae, Nairoviridae, and Arenaviridae). Future studies that define and characterize mechanistic correlates of protection against Bunyavirales infections or disease will help inform the development of effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Alatrash
- Rutgers Global Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases and Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Bobby Brooke Herrera
- Rutgers Global Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases and Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Ter Horst S, Conceição-Neto N, Neyts J, Rocha-Pereira J. Structural and functional similarities in bunyaviruses: Perspectives for pan-bunya antivirals. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2039. [PMID: 30746831 PMCID: PMC7169261 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The order of Bunyavirales includes numerous (re)emerging viruses that collectively have a major impact on human and animal health worldwide. There are no vaccines for human use or antiviral drugs available to prevent or treat infections with any of these viruses. The development of efficacious and safe drugs and vaccines is a pressing matter. Ideally, such antivirals possess pan‐bunyavirus antiviral activity, allowing the containment of every bunya‐related threat. The fact that many bunyaviruses need to be handled in laboratories with biosafety level 3 or 4, the great variety of species and the frequent emergence of novel species complicate such efforts. We here examined the potential druggable targets of bunyaviruses, together with the level of conservation of their biological functions, structure, and genetic similarity by means of heatmap analysis. In the light of this, we revised the available models and tools currently available, pointing out directions for antiviral drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Ter Horst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nádia Conceição-Neto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joana Rocha-Pereira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Stahn B, Sudeck H, Frickmann H, Krüger A, Burchard HG, Wiemer D. Sandmückenfieber – eine „vernachlässigte“ Krankheit. Hautarzt 2018; 69:928-937. [DOI: 10.1007/s00105-018-4251-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Gori Savellini G, Gandolfo C, Cusi MG. Truncation of the C-terminal region of Toscana Virus NSs protein is critical for interferon-β antagonism and protein stability. Virology 2015; 486:255-62. [PMID: 26474372 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Toscana Virus (TOSV) is a Phlebovirus responsible for central nervous system (CNS) injury in humans. The TOSV non-structural protein (NSs), which interacting with RIG-I leads to its degradation, was analysed in the C terminus fragment in order to identify its functional domains. To this aim, two C-terminal truncated NSs proteins, Δ1C-NSs (aa 1-284) and Δ2C-NSs (aa 1-287) were tested. Only Δ1C-NSs did not present any inhibitory effect on RIG-I and it showed a greater stability than the whole NSs protein. Moreover, the deletion of the TLQ aa sequence interposed between the two ΔC constructs caused a greater accumulation of the protein with a weak inhibitory effect on RIG-I, indicating some involvement of these amino acids in the NSs activity. Nevertheless, all the truncated proteins were still able to interact with RIG-I, suggesting that the domains responsible for RIG-I signaling and RIG-I interaction are mapped on different regions of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Gori Savellini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Microbiology Section, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Claudia Gandolfo
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Microbiology Section, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cusi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Microbiology Section, University of Siena, Italy.
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Fezaa O, M'ghirbi Y, Savellini GG, Ammari L, Hogga N, Triki H, Cusi MG, Bouattour A. Serological and molecular detection of Toscana and other Phleboviruses in patients and sandflies in Tunisia. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:598. [PMID: 25398483 PMCID: PMC4236749 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-014-0598-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our aim is to detect the infection by Toscana virus (TOSV) and other Phleboviruses in the sera and cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) of patients with meningitis in Tunisia. We examined various species of phlebotomus present in Tunisia to determine whether or not a direct relationship exists between cases of meningitis and the viruses circulating in the insect vectors. Methods Patients with the meningeal syndrome were tested for anti-TOSV IgM and IgG using an indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and for the presence of TOSV and other Phleboviruses using a RT-PCR test. An entomological study was carried out using CDC light traps to trap sandflies in different bioclimatic zones of Tunisia. Collected sandflies were tested by RT-PCR for the presence of TOSV and other Phleboviruses and subsequently by viral isolation on Vero cells. Results Of 263 patients were tested using ELISA of which 12.16% (n = 32/263) were IgM positive for anti TOSV. Of these 32 patients, 78% (n = 25/32) were IgG positive. 12.86% (n = 18/140) of the CSF samples tested by RT-PCR were positive for the Toscana virus. One CSF sample tested by RT-PCR revealed the presence of Sandfly Fever Sicilian Virus (SFSV). The Punique virus was identified in one sandfly pool. Conclusions This study confirms, for the first time, that TOSV is involved in a neurological disorder in North Africa. The incidence of this involvement in Tunisia conforms with observations made in other Mediterranean countries. Moreover, for the first time, a molecular approach was used to detect SFSV in a Tunisian patient displaying neurological symptoms. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-014-0598-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Alkan C, Bichaud L, de Lamballerie X, Alten B, Gould EA, Charrel RN. Sandfly-borne phleboviruses of Eurasia and Africa: Epidemiology, genetic diversity, geographic range, control measures. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:54-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Cusi MG, Savellini GG. Diagnostic tools for Toscana virus infection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2012; 9:799-805. [PMID: 21810052 DOI: 10.1586/eri.11.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Toscana virus (TOSV; Phlebovirus, Bunyaviridae) is an important etiological agent of acute meningitis and meningoencephalitis in Mediterranean countries. Laboratory diagnosis has been carried out in serological studies using ELISA, immunofluorescence and/or neutralization tests that are not influenced by the virus viability; however, in the acute phase of the infection, nucleic acid amplification techniques are the methods of choice to diagnose viral meningitis from cerebrospinal fluid samples. Molecular methods are rapid and sensitive and, unlike traditional methods, such as virus isolation by cell culture, they are not influenced by the viability of the virus in the clinical specimen; however, the RNA integrity is crucial for the success of these methods. Real-time PCR is the most important molecular method used in laboratories worldwide, since it is less time-consuming and it reduces the risk of contamination. Therefore, a sensitive real-time PCR has been developed for diagnosis of suspected cases of TOSV infection either autochthonous and/or imported, since a new lineage of TOSV, divergent from the Italian prototype, has recently been reported in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Cusi
- Department of Biotechology, University of Siena, Policlinico 'S. Maria delle Scotte', V.le Bracci 1, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Pichlmair A, Habjan M, Unger H, Weber F. Virus-Like Particles Expressing the Nucleocapsid Gene as an Efficient Vaccine Against Rift Valley Fever Virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2010; 10:701-3. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2009.0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Pichlmair
- CeMM—Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Habjan
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Unger
- Joint Division FAO-IAEA, Animal Production and Health, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedemann Weber
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Mandell RB, Koukuntla R, Mogler LJK, Carzoli AK, Holbrook MR, Martin BK, Vahanian N, Link CJ, Flick R. Novel suspension cell-based vaccine production systems for Rift Valley fever virus-like particles. J Virol Methods 2010; 169:259-68. [PMID: 20655330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arthropod-borne pathogen that often results in severe morbidity and mortality in both humans and livestock. As its geographic range continues to expand, it presents a real threat to naïve populations around the world by accidental introduction (e.g., the result of increased travel) or intentional release (e.g., a bioterror event). While there is a clear need for a safe and efficacious vaccine against this emerging and re-emerging pathogen, no FDA-approved vaccine is currently available. This need was addressed by the establishment of novel mammalian and insect suspension cell line systems for the efficient production of RVF virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccine candidates. A direct comparison of the production of RVF VLPs in these systems was performed. Optimization and characterization resulted in a production platform suitable for scale-up. Furthermore, RVF VLP-based vaccines were tested in a lethal challenge model and showed full protection, demonstrating that RVF VLPs present promising RVFV vaccine candidates.
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Protection against lethal Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) infection in transgenic IFNAR−/− mice induced by different DNA vaccination regimens. Vaccine 2010; 28:2937-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Mandell RB, Koukuntla R, Mogler LJ, Carzoli AK, Freiberg AN, Holbrook MR, Martin BK, Staplin WR, Vahanian NN, Link CJ, Flick R. A replication-incompetent Rift Valley fever vaccine: chimeric virus-like particles protect mice and rats against lethal challenge. Virology 2010; 397:187-98. [PMID: 19932911 PMCID: PMC2813982 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) present viral antigens in a native conformation and are effectively recognized by the immune system and therefore are considered as suitable and safe vaccine candidates against many viral diseases. Here we demonstrate that chimeric VLPs containing Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) glycoproteins G(N) and G(C), nucleoprotein N and the gag protein of Moloney murine leukemia virus represent an effective vaccine candidate against Rift Valley fever, a deadly disease in humans and livestock. Long-lasting humoral and cellular immune responses are demonstrated in a mouse model by the analysis of neutralizing antibody titers and cytokine secretion profiles. Vaccine efficacy studies were performed in mouse and rat lethal challenge models resulting in high protection rates. Taken together, these results demonstrate that replication-incompetent chimeric RVF VLPs are an efficient RVFV vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicholas N. Vahanian
- BioProtection Systems Corporation, Ames, IA, USA,NewLink Genetics Corporation, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Charles J. Link
- BioProtection Systems Corporation, Ames, IA, USA,NewLink Genetics Corporation, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ramon Flick
- BioProtection Systems Corporation, Ames, IA, USA,Corresponding author. Fax: +1 515 296 3820
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Lagerqvist N, Näslund J, Lundkvist A, Bouloy M, Ahlm C, Bucht G. Characterisation of immune responses and protective efficacy in mice after immunisation with Rift Valley Fever virus cDNA constructs. Virol J 2009; 6:6. [PMID: 19149901 PMCID: PMC2637244 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Affecting both livestock and humans, Rift Valley Fever is considered as one of the most important viral zoonoses in Africa. However, no licensed vaccines or effective treatments are yet available for human use. Naked DNA vaccines are an interesting approach since the virus is highly infectious and existing attenuated Rift Valley Fever virus vaccine strains display adverse effects in animal trials. In this study, gene-gun immunisations with cDNA encoding structural proteins of the Rift Valley Fever virus were evaluated in mice. The induced immune responses were analysed for the ability to protect mice against virus challenge. Results Immunisation with cDNA encoding the nucleocapsid protein induced strong humoral and lymphocyte proliferative immune responses, and virus neutralising antibodies were acquired after vaccination with cDNA encoding the glycoproteins. Even though complete protection was not achieved by genetic immunisation, four out of eight, and five out of eight mice vaccinated with cDNA encoding the nucleocapsid protein or the glycoproteins, respectively, displayed no clinical signs of infection after challenge. In contrast, all fourteen control animals displayed clinical manifestations of Rift Valley Fever after challenge. Conclusion The appearance of Rift Valley Fever associated clinical signs were significantly decreased among the DNA vaccinated mice and further adjustment of this strategy may result in full protection against Rift Valley Fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Lagerqvist
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Department of CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden.
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Valentini M, Valassina M, Savellini GG, Cusi MG. Nucleotide variability of Toscana virus M segment in strains isolated from clinical cases. Virus Res 2008; 135:187-90. [PMID: 18353481 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Toscana virus (TOSV), a member of the Bunyaviridae family, is an important etiologic agent of neurologic infection transmissible to humans by bites of the Phlebotomus spp. In consideration of the variations in the antigenic properties of Bunyaviruses and their potential genetic variability, we analysed a large region (2500nt) of the Toscana virus M segment coding for the non-structural protein (NSm) and the G(N) and G(C) glycoproteins in several strains isolated from patients with meningitis from 1998 to 2004 in the region of Tuscany in Italy. The sequences were compared with the reference strain of Toscana virus isolated from phlebotomus (ISS Phl. 3) and revealed some changes in amino acids, particularly in the G(C) protein, that are probably involved in recognition and binding to the cell receptor. The analyses were aimed at identifying the amino acid changes commonly to all of the clinical isolates potentially related to TOSV virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Valentini
- Department of Molecular Biology, Microbiology Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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