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Cable JM, Reinoso-Vizcaino NM, White RE, Luftig MA. Epstein-Barr virus protein EBNA-LP engages YY1 through leucine-rich motifs to promote naïve B cell transformation. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011950. [PMID: 39083560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is associated with numerous cancers including B cell lymphomas. In vitro, EBV transforms primary B cells into immortalized Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines (LCLs) which serves as a model to study the role of viral proteins in EBV malignancies. EBV induced cellular transformation is driven by viral proteins including EBV-Nuclear Antigens (EBNAs). EBNA-LP is important for the transformation of naïve but not memory B cells. While EBNA-LP was thought to promote gene activation by EBNA2, EBNA-LP Knockout (LPKO) virus-infected cells express EBNA2-activated cellular genes efficiently. Therefore, a gap in knowledge exists as to what roles EBNA-LP plays in naïve B cell transformation. We developed a trans-complementation assay wherein transfection with wild-type EBNA-LP rescues the transformation of peripheral blood- and cord blood-derived naïve B cells by LPKO virus. Despite EBNA-LP phosphorylation sites being important in EBNA2 co-activation; neither phospho-mutant nor phospho-mimetic EBNA-LP was defective in rescuing naïve B cell outgrowth. However, we identified conserved leucine-rich motifs in EBNA-LP that were required for transformation of adult naïve and cord blood B cells. Because cellular PPAR-g coactivator (PGC) proteins use leucine-rich motifs to engage transcription factors including YY1, a key regulator of DNA looping and metabolism, we examined the role of EBNA-LP in engaging transcription factors. We found a significant overlap between EBNA-LP and YY1 in ChIP-Seq data. By Cut&Run, YY1 peaks unique to WT compared to LPKO LCLs occur at more highly expressed genes. Moreover, Cas9 knockout of YY1 in primary B cells prior to EBV infection indicted YY1 to be important for EBV-mediated transformation. We confirmed EBNA-LP and YY1 biochemical association in LCLs by endogenous co-immunoprecipitation and found that the EBNA-LP leucine-rich motifs were required for YY1 interaction in LCLs. We propose that EBNA-LP engages YY1 through conserved leucine-rich motifs to promote EBV transformation of naïve B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana M Cable
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nicolás M Reinoso-Vizcaino
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert E White
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Micah A Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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2
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Edwards KR, Malhi H, Schmidt K, Davis AR, Homad LJ, Warner NL, Chhan CB, Scharffenberger SC, Gaffney K, Hinkley T, Potchen NB, Wang JY, Price J, McElrath MJ, Olson J, King NP, Lund JM, Moodie Z, Erasmus JH, McGuire AT. A gH/gL-encoding replicon vaccine elicits neutralizing antibodies that protect humanized mice against EBV challenge. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:120. [PMID: 38926438 PMCID: PMC11208421 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00907-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with several malignancies, neurodegenerative disorders and is the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis. A vaccine that prevents EBV-driven morbidity and mortality remains an unmet need. EBV is orally transmitted, infecting both B cells and epithelial cells. Several virally encoded proteins are involved in entry. The gH/gL glycoprotein complex is essential for infectivity irrespective of cell type, while gp42 is essential for infection of B cells. gp350 promotes viral attachment by binding to CD21 or CD35 and is the most abundant glycoprotein on the virion. gH/gL, gp42 and gp350, are known targets of neutralizing antibodies and therefore relevant immunogens for vaccine development. Here, we developed and optimized the delivery of several alphavirus-derived replicon RNA (repRNA) vaccine candidates encoding gH/gL, gH/gL/gp42 or gp350 delivered by a cationic nanocarrier termed LION™. The lead candidate, encoding full-length gH/gL, elicited high titers of neutralizing antibodies that persisted for at least 8 months and a vaccine-specific CD8+ T cell response. Transfer of vaccine-elicited IgG protected humanized mice from EBV-driven tumor formation and death following high-dose viral challenge. These data demonstrate that LION/repRNA-gH/gL is an ideal candidate vaccine for preventing EBV infection and/or related malignancies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina R Edwards
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Harman Malhi
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karina Schmidt
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amelia R Davis
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Leah J Homad
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Crystal B Chhan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Samuel C Scharffenberger
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Nicole B Potchen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jing Yang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jason Price
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James Olson
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Neil P King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer M Lund
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zoe Moodie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Andrew T McGuire
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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3
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Edwards KR, Schmidt K, Homad LJ, Kher GM, Xu G, Rodrigues KA, Ben-Akiva E, Abbott J, Prlic M, Newell EW, De Rosa SC, Irvine DJ, Pancera M, McGuire AT. Vaccination with nanoparticles displaying gH/gL from Epstein-Barr virus elicits limited cross-protection against rhesus lymphocryptovirus. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101587. [PMID: 38781964 PMCID: PMC11228584 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with infectious mononucleosis, cancer, and multiple sclerosis. A vaccine that prevents infection and/or EBV-associated morbidity is an unmet need. The viral gH/gL glycoprotein complex is essential for infectivity, making it an attractive vaccine target. Here, we evaluate the immunogenicity of a gH/gL nanoparticle vaccine adjuvanted with the Sigma Adjuvant System (SAS) or a saponin/monophosphoryl lipid A nanoparticle (SMNP) in rhesus macaques. Formulation with SMNP elicits higher titers of neutralizing antibodies and more vaccine-specific CD4+ T cells. All but one animal in the SMNP group were infected after oral challenge with the EBV ortholog rhesus lymphocryptovirus (rhLCV). Their immune plasma had a 10- to 100-fold lower reactivity against rhLCV gH/gL compared to EBV gH/gL. Anti-EBV neutralizing monoclonal antibodies showed reduced binding to rhLCV gH/gL, demonstrating that EBV gH/gL neutralizing epitopes are poorly conserved on rhLCV gH/gL. Prevention of rhLCV infection despite antigenic disparity supports clinical development of gH/gL nanoparticle vaccines against EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina R Edwards
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karina Schmidt
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Leah J Homad
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gargi M Kher
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Guoyue Xu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kristen A Rodrigues
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elana Ben-Akiva
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Departments of Biological Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joe Abbott
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Evan W Newell
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen C De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology Program, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew T McGuire
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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4
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Cable JM, Reinoso-Vizcaino NM, White RE, Luftig MA. Epstein-Barr virus protein EBNA-LP engages YY1 through leucine-rich motifs to promote naïve B cell transformation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.07.574580. [PMID: 38260266 PMCID: PMC10802455 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.07.574580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is associated with numerous cancers including B cell lymphomas. In vitro, EBV transforms primary B cells into immortalized Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines (LCLs) which serves as a model to study the role of viral proteins in EBV malignancies. EBV induced cellular transformation is driven by viral proteins including EBV-Nuclear Antigens (EBNAs). EBNA-LP is important for the transformation of naïve but not memory B cells. While EBNA-LP was thought to promote gene activation by EBNA2, EBNA-LP Knock Out (LPKO) virus-infected cells express EBNA2-activated genes efficiently. Therefore, a gap in knowledge exists as to what roles EBNA-LP plays in naïve B cell transformation. We developed a trans-complementation assay wherein transfection with wild-type EBNA-LP rescues the transformation of peripheral blood- and cord blood-derived naïve B cells by LPKO virus. Despite EBNA-LP phosphorylation sites being important in EBNA2 co-activation; neither phospho-mutant nor phospho-mimetic EBNA-LP was defective in rescuing naïve B cell outgrowth. However, we identified conserved leucine-rich motifs in EBNA-LP that were required for transformation of adult naïve and cord blood B cells. Because cellular PPAR-γ coactivator (PGC) proteins use leucine-rich motifs to engage transcription factors including YY1, a key regulator of DNA looping and metabolism, we examined the role of EBNA-LP in engaging cellular transcription factors. We found a significant overlap between EBNA-LP and YY1 in ChIP-Seq data and confirmed their biochemical association in LCLs by endogenous co-immunoprecipitation. Moreover, we found that the EBNA-LP leucine-rich motifs were required for YY1 interaction in LCLs. Finally, we used Cas9 to knockout YY1 in primary total B cells and naïve B cells prior to EBV infection and found YY1 to be essential for EBV-mediated transformation. We propose that EBNA-LP engages YY1 through conserved leucine-rich motifs to promote EBV transformation of naïve B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana M Cable
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nicolás M Reinoso-Vizcaino
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Robert E. White
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Micah A Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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5
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Hong J, Zhong L, Liu L, Wu Q, Zhang W, Chen K, Wei D, Sun H, Zhou X, Zhang X, Kang YF, Huang Y, Chen J, Wang G, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Feng QS, Yu H, Li S, Zeng MS, Zeng YX, Xu M, Zheng Q, Chen Y, Zhang X, Xia N. Non-overlapping epitopes on the gHgL-gp42 complex for the rational design of a triple-antibody cocktail against EBV infection. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101296. [PMID: 37992686 PMCID: PMC10694767 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is closely associated with cancer, multiple sclerosis, and post-acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) sequelae. There are currently no approved therapeutics or vaccines against EBV. It is noteworthy that combining multiple EBV glycoproteins can elicit potent neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against viral infection, suggesting possible synergistic effects. Here, we characterize three nAbs (anti-gp42 5E3, anti-gHgL 6H2, and anti-gHgL 10E4) targeting different glycoproteins of the gHgL-gp42 complex. Two antibody cocktails synergistically neutralize infection in B cells (5E3+6H2+10E4) and epithelial cells (6H2+10E4) in vitro. Moreover, 5E3 alone and the 5E3+6H2+10E4 cocktail confer potent in vivo protection against lethal EBV challenge in humanized mice. The cryo-EM structure of a heptatomic gHgL-gp42 immune complex reveals non-overlapping epitopes of 5E3, 6H2, and 10E4 on the gHgL-gp42 complex. Structural and functional analyses highlight different neutralization mechanisms for each of the three nAbs. In summary, our results provide insight for the rational design of therapeutics or vaccines against EBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ling Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Liqin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wanlin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Kaiyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Dongmei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yin-Feng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Junyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Guosong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yanhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Qi-Sheng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Hai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Miao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Qingbing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Yixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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6
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Onasanya AE, El-Hage C, Diaz-Méndez A, Vaz PK, Legione AR, Devlin JM, Hartley CA. Genomic diversity and natural recombination of equid gammaherpesvirus 5 isolates. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 115:105517. [PMID: 37879385 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equid gammaherpesvirus 5 (EHV5) is closely related to equid gammaherpesvirus 2 (EHV2). Detection of EHV5 is frequent in horse populations worldwide, but it is often without a clear and significant clinical impact. Infection in horses can often present as subclinical disease; however, it has been associated with respiratory disease, including equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF). Genetic heterogeneity within small regions of the EHV5 glycoprotein B (gB) sequences have been reported and multiple genotypes of this virus have been identified within individual horses, but full genome sequence data for these viruses is limited. The primary focus of this study was to assess the genomic diversity and natural recombination among EHV5 isolates. RESULTS The genome size of EHV5 prototype strain and the five EHV5 isolates cultured for this study, including four isolates from the same horse, ranged from 181,929 to 183,428 base pairs (bp), with the sizes of terminal repeat regions varying from 0 to 10 bp. The nucleotide sequence identity between the six EHV5 genomes ranged from 95.5 to 99.1%, and the estimated average nucleotide diversity between isolates was 1%. Individual genes displayed varying levels of nucleotide diversity that ranged from 0 to 19%. The analysis of nonsynonymous substitution (Ka > 0.025) revealed high diversity in eight genes. Genome analysis using RDP4 and SplitsTree programs detected evidence of past recombination events between EHV5 isolates. CONCLUSION Genomic diversity and recombination hotspots were identified among EHV5 strains. Recombination can drive genetic diversity, particularly in viruses that have a low rate of nucleotide substitutions. Therefore, the results from this study suggest that recombination is an important contributing factor to EHV5 genomic diversity. The findings from this study provide additional insights into the genetic heterogeneity of the EHV5 genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adepeju E Onasanya
- The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Charles El-Hage
- Centre for Equine Infectious Disease, Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andrés Diaz-Méndez
- The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paola K Vaz
- The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alistair R Legione
- The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Joanne M Devlin
- The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Carol A Hartley
- The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Centre for Equine Infectious Disease, Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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7
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Dasari V, McNeil LK, Beckett K, Solomon M, Ambalathingal G, Thuy TL, Panikkar A, Smith C, Steinbuck MP, Jakubowski A, Seenappa LM, Palmer E, Zhang J, Haqq CM, DeMuth PC, Khanna R. Lymph node targeted multi-epitope subunit vaccine promotes effective immunity to EBV in HLA-expressing mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4371. [PMID: 37553346 PMCID: PMC10409721 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39770-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of a causal link between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and multiple sclerosis has generated considerable interest in the development of an effective vaccine against EBV. Here we describe a vaccine formulation based on a lymph node targeting Amphiphile vaccine adjuvant, Amphiphile-CpG, admixed with EBV gp350 glycoprotein and an engineered EBV polyepitope protein that includes 20 CD8+ T cell epitopes from EBV latent and lytic antigens. Potent gp350-specific IgG responses are induced in mice with titers >100,000 in Amphiphile-CpG vaccinated mice. Immunization including Amphiphile-CpG also induces high frequencies of polyfunctional gp350-specific CD4+ T cells and EBV-specific CD8+ T cells that are 2-fold greater than soluble CpG and are maintained for >7 months post immunization. This combination of broad humoral and cellular immunity against multiple viral determinants is likely to provide better protection against primary infection and control of latently infected B cells leading to protection against the development of EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayendra Dasari
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Infection and Inflammation Program, Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
| | | | - Kirrilee Beckett
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Infection and Inflammation Program, Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew Solomon
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Infection and Inflammation Program, Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - George Ambalathingal
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Infection and Inflammation Program, Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - T Le Thuy
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Infection and Inflammation Program, Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Archana Panikkar
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Infection and Inflammation Program, Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Caitlyn Smith
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Infection and Inflammation Program, Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Jeff Zhang
- Elicio Therapeutics, Inc, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Rajiv Khanna
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Infection and Inflammation Program, Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
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8
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Zhong L, Krummenacher C, Zhang W, Hong J, Feng Q, Zhao Q, Chen Y, Zeng MS, Zeng YX, Xu M, Zhang X. A high-throughput neutralizing assay for antibodies and sera evaluation against Epstein-Barr virus. Virol J 2022; 19:196. [PMID: 36424667 PMCID: PMC9685953 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01911-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a wide-spread human herpesvirus that is highly associated with infectious mononucleosis and several malignancies. Evaluation of EBV neutralizing antibody titers is important for serological studies, vaccine development and monoclonal antibody screening. The traditional method based on antibody inhibition of EBV transformation of B cells is very time-consuming. A more practical flow cytometry-based (FCM) approach to evaluate neutralizing titers is not amenable to achieving high-throughput evaluation of large-scale samples. A high-throughput approach is urgently needed. RESULTS Here, we present a rapid and high-throughput method based on high content imaging system (HCIS) analysis. EBV titers determined by the HCIS-based assay were similar to those obtained by the FCM-based assay. Neutralizing titers of sera and monoclonal antibodies measured by the HCIS-based assay strongly correlated with titers measured by the FCM-based assay. HCIS assays showed a strong correlation between B cell infection neutralizing titers and the anti-gp350 IgG titers in healthy EBV carriers and monkey sera. Finally, anti-gHgL IgG titers from sera of healthy EBV carriers significantly correlated with epithelial cell infection neutralizing titers. CONCLUSIONS This HCIS-based assay is a high-throughput assay to determine viral titers and evaluate neutralizing potentials of sera and monoclonal antibodies. This HCIS-based assay will aid the development of vaccines and therapeutic monoclonal antibody against EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhong
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Claude Krummenacher
- grid.262671.60000 0000 8828 4546Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ USA
| | - Wanlin Zhang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Junping Hong
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian People’s Republic of China
| | - Qisheng Feng
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinjian Zhao
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yixin Chen
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian People’s Republic of China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Miao Xu
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong People’s Republic of China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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9
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Rapid In-Process Measurement of Live Virus Vaccine Potency Using Laser Force Cytology: Paving the Way for Rapid Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101589. [PMID: 36298454 PMCID: PMC9608199 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinations to prevent infectious diseases are given to target the body’s innate and adaptive immune systems. In most cases, the potency of a live virus vaccine (LVV) is the most critical measurement of efficacy, though in some cases the quantity of surface antigen on the virus is an equally critical quality attribute. Existing methods to measure the potency of viruses include plaque and TCID50 assays, both of which have very long lead times and cannot provide real time information on the quality of the vaccine during large-scale manufacturing. Here, we report the evaluation of LumaCyte’s Radiance Laser Force Cytology platform as a new way to measure the potency of LVVs in upstream biomanufacturing process in real time and compare this to traditional TCID50 potency. We also assess this new platform as a way to detect adventitious agents, which is a regulatory expectation for the release of commercial vaccines. In both applications, we report the ability to obtain expedited and relevant potency information with strong correlation to release potency methods. Together, our data propose the application of Laser Force Cytology as a valuable process analytical technology (PAT) for the timely measurement of critical quality attributes of LVVs.
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10
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Farzanehpour M, Fard AM, Ghaleh HE. A brief overview of the Epstein Barr virus and its association with Burkitt's lymphoma. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MILITARY MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.55453/rjmm.2022.125.3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is known as an oncovirus and associates with several human malignancies such as Burkitt's lymphoma, other non-Hodgkin lymphomas, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Hodgkin's disease, gastric adenocarcinoma, etc. in Burkitt's lymphoma, and the key event is the translocation of MYC gene, that increase of cell survival and aberrant expression of MYC gene. The biology of EBV and its function in the development of Burkitt's lymphoma are discussed in this review
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11
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Hong J, Wei D, Zhong L, Wu Q, Chen K, Zhang W, Yang Y, Chen J, Xia N, Zhang X, Chen Y. Glycoprotein B Antibodies Completely Neutralize EBV Infection of B Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:920467. [PMID: 35711430 PMCID: PMC9197244 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.920467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is the first reported oncogenic herpesvirus that establishes persistent infection in B lymphocytes in 95% of adults worldwide. Glycoprotein B (gB) plays a predominant role in the fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane. Hence, it is of great significance to isolate gB-specific fusion-inhibiting neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). AMMO5 is the only gB NAb but fails to antagonize B-cell infection. It is essential to isolate potent NAbs that can completely block EBV infection of B cells. Using hybridoma technology and neutralization assay, we isolate two gB NAbs 8A9 and 8C12 that are capable of completely neutralizing B-cell infection in vitro. In addition, 8A9 shows cross-reactivity with rhesus lymphocryptovirus (rhLCV) gB. Competitive binding experiments demonstrate that 8A9 and 8C12 recognize novel epitopes that are different from the AMMO5 epitope. The epitopes of 8A9 and 8C12 are mapped to gB D-II, and the AMMO5 epitope is located precisely at gB aa 410–419. We find that 8A9 and 8C12 significantly inhibit gB-derived membrane fusion using a virus-free fusion assay. In summary, this study identifies two gB-specific NAbs that potently block EBV infection of B cells. Our work highlights the importance of gB D-II as a predominant neutralizing epitope, and aids in the rational design of therapeutics or vaccines based on gB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Dongmei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ling Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Kaiyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wanlin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanbo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Junyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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12
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Malhi H, Homad LJ, Wan YH, Poudel B, Fiala B, Borst AJ, Wang JY, Walkey C, Price J, Wall A, Singh S, Moodie Z, Carter L, Handa S, Correnti CE, Stoddard BL, Veesler D, Pancera M, Olson J, King NP, McGuire AT. Immunization with a self-assembling nanoparticle vaccine displaying EBV gH/gL protects humanized mice against lethal viral challenge. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100658. [PMID: 35705092 PMCID: PMC9245003 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a cancer-associated pathogen responsible for 165,000 deaths annually. EBV is also the etiological agent of infectious mononucleosis and is linked to multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Thus, an EBV vaccine would have a significant global health impact. EBV is orally transmitted and has tropism for epithelial and B cells. Therefore, a vaccine would need to prevent infection of both in the oral cavity. Passive transfer of monoclonal antibodies against the gH/gL glycoprotein complex prevent experimental EBV infection in humanized mice and rhesus macaques, suggesting that gH/gL is an attractive vaccine candidate. Here, we evaluate the immunogenicity of several gH/gL nanoparticle vaccines. All display superior immunogenicity relative to monomeric gH/gL. A nanoparticle displaying 60 copies of gH/gL elicits antibodies that protect against lethal EBV challenge in humanized mice, whereas antibodies elicited by monomeric gH/gL do not. These data motivate further development of gH/gL nanoparticle vaccines for EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harman Malhi
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Leah J Homad
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Yu-Hsin Wan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Bibhav Poudel
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Brooke Fiala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Andrew J Borst
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jing Yang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Carl Walkey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jason Price
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Abigail Wall
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Suruchi Singh
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Zoe Moodie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Lauren Carter
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Simran Handa
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Colin E Correnti
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Barry L Stoddard
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - James Olson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Neil P King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Andrew T McGuire
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98115, USA.
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13
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Wei CJ, Bu W, Nguyen LA, Batchelor JD, Kim J, Pittaluga S, Fuller JR, Nguyen H, Chou TH, Cohen JI, Nabel GJ. A bivalent Epstein-Barr virus vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies that block infection and confer immunity in humanized mice. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabf3685. [PMID: 35507671 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abf3685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the major cause of infectious mononucleosis and is associated with several human cancers and, more recently, multiple sclerosis. Despite its prevalence and health impact, there are currently no vaccines or treatments. Four viral glycoproteins (gp), gp350 and gH/gL/gp42, mediate entry into the major sites of viral replication, B cells, and epithelial cells. Here, we designed a nanoparticle vaccine displaying these proteins and showed that it elicits potent neutralizing antibodies that protect against infection in vivo. We designed single-chain gH/gL and gH/gL/gp42 proteins that were each fused to bacterial ferritin to form a self-assembling nanoparticle. Structural analysis revealed that single-chain gH/gL and gH/gL/gp42 adopted a similar conformation to the wild-type proteins, and the protein spikes were observed by electron microscopy. Single-chain gH/gL or gH/gL/gp42 nanoparticle vaccines were constructed to ensure product homogeneity needed for clinical development. These vaccines elicited neutralizing antibodies in mice, ferrets, and nonhuman primates that inhibited EBV entry into both B cells and epithelial cells. When mixed with a previously reported gp350 nanoparticle vaccine, gp350D123, no immune competition was observed. To confirm its efficacy in vivo, humanized mice were challenged with EBV after passive transfer of IgG from mice vaccinated with control, gH/gL/gp42+gp350D123, or gH/gL+gp350D123 nanoparticles. Although all control animals were infected, only one mouse in each vaccine group that received immune IgG had detectable transient viremia. Furthermore, no EBV lymphomas were detected in immune animals. This bivalent EBV nanoparticle vaccine represents a promising candidate to prevent EBV infection and EBV-related malignancies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Jen Wei
- Sanofi, 640 Memorial Dr., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,ModeX Therapeutics Inc., 22 Strathmore Rd., Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Wei Bu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | - JungHyun Kim
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stefania Pittaluga
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James R Fuller
- Large Molecule Research, Sanofi, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | - Hanh Nguyen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Te-Hui Chou
- Sanofi, 640 Memorial Dr., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,ModeX Therapeutics Inc., 22 Strathmore Rd., Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gary J Nabel
- Sanofi, 640 Memorial Dr., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,ModeX Therapeutics Inc., 22 Strathmore Rd., Natick, MA 01760, USA
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14
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Li F, Freed D, Heidecker G, Galli J, Durr E, Wang D. A novel high throughput assay to quantify Epstein-Barr virus neutralizing antibody activity against B-cell and epithelial cell infections for vaccine and therapeutic developments. Vaccine 2022; 40:3638-3646. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.04.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Escalante GM, Mutsvunguma LZ, Muniraju M, Rodriguez E, Ogembo JG. Four Decades of Prophylactic EBV Vaccine Research: A Systematic Review and Historical Perspective. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867918. [PMID: 35493498 PMCID: PMC9047024 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the causal agent of infectious mononucleosis and has been associated with various cancers and autoimmune diseases. Despite decades of research efforts to combat this major global health burden, there is no approved prophylactic vaccine against EBV. To facilitate the rational design and assessment of an effective vaccine, we systematically reviewed pre-clinical and clinical prophylactic EBV vaccine studies to determine the antigens, delivery platforms, and animal models used in these studies.MethodsWe searched Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, WHO’s Global Index Medicus, and Google Scholar from inception to June 20, 2020, for EBV prophylactic vaccine studies focused on humoral immunity.ResultsThe search yielded 5,614 unique studies. 36 pre-clinical and 4 clinical studies were included in the analysis after screening against the exclusion criteria. In pre-clinical studies, gp350 was the most commonly used immunogen (33 studies), vaccines were most commonly delivered as monomeric proteins (12 studies), and mice were the most used animal model to test immunogenicity (15 studies). According to an adaptation of the CAMARADES checklist, 4 pre-clinical studies were rated as very high, 5 as high, 13 as moderate quality, 11 as poor, and 3 as very poor. In clinical studies, gp350 was the sole vaccine antigen, delivered in a vaccinia platform (1 study) or as a monomeric protein (3 studies). The present study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020198440).ConclusionsFour major obstacles have prevented the development of an effective prophylactic EBV vaccine: undefined correlates of immune protection, lack of knowledge regarding the ideal EBV antigen(s) for vaccination, lack of an appropriate animal model to test vaccine efficacy, and lack of knowledge regarding the ideal vaccine delivery platform. Our analysis supports a multivalent antigenic approach including two or more of the five main glycoproteins involved in viral entry (gp350, gB, gH/gL, gp42) and a multimeric approach to present these antigens. We anticipate that the application of two underused challenge models, rhesus macaques susceptible to rhesus lymphocryptovirus (an EBV homolog) and common marmosets, will permit the establishment of in vivo correlates of immune protection and attainment of more generalizable data.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=198440, identifier PROSPERO I.D. CRD4202019844.
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16
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Zhu QY, Shan S, Yu J, Peng SY, Sun C, Zuo Y, Zhong LY, Yan SM, Zhang X, Yang Z, Peng YJ, Shi X, Cao SM, Wang X, Zeng MS, Zhang L. A potent and protective human neutralizing antibody targeting a novel vulnerable site of Epstein-Barr virus. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6624. [PMID: 34785638 PMCID: PMC8595662 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26912-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with a range of epithelial and B cell malignancies as well as autoimmune disorders, for which there are still no specific treatments or effective vaccines. Here, we isolate EBV gH/gL-specific antibodies from an EBV-infected individual. One antibody, 1D8, efficiently neutralizes EBV infection of two major target cell types, B cells and epithelial cells. In humanized mice, 1D8 provides protection against a high-dose EBV challenge by substantially reducing viral loads and associated tumor burden. Crystal structure analysis reveals that 1D8 binds to a key vulnerable interface between the D-I/D-II domains of the viral gH/gL protein, especially the D-II of the gH, thereby interfering with the gH/gL-mediated membrane fusion and binding to target cells. Overall, we identify a potent and protective neutralizing antibody capable of reducing the EBV load. The novel vulnerable site represents an attractive target that is potentially important for antibody and vaccine intervention against EBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Ying Zhu
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC), 510060 Guangzhou, China ,grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518003 PR China
| | - Sisi Shan
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178NexVac Research Center, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Jinfang Yu
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | | | - Cong Sun
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC), 510060 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanan Zuo
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178NexVac Research Center, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Lan-Yi Zhong
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC), 510060 Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Mei Yan
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC), 510060 Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC), 510060 Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziqing Yang
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178NexVac Research Center, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Jian Peng
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC), 510060 Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuanling Shi
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178NexVac Research Center, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Su-Mei Cao
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Cancer Prevention Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC), 510060 Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC), 510060, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Linqi Zhang
- NexVac Research Center, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China. .,Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China. .,Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, 518132, Shenzhen, China.
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17
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Kim J, Bu W, Mine S, Tariq Z, Nguyen H, Wang Y, Tolman C, Mond J, Cohen JI. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) hyperimmune globulin isolated from donors with high gp350 antibody titers protect humanized mice from challenge with EBV. Virology 2021; 561:80-86. [PMID: 34171765 PMCID: PMC8803478 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Primary infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease and severe disease in patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease; no therapies are approved to prevent EBV infection in these patients. Hyperimmune globulin has been used to prevent some virus infections in immunocompromised persons. Here, we identified plasma donors with high titers of EBV gp350 and EBV B cell neutralizing antibodies. Pooled IgG isolated from these donors was compared to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) for its ability to reduce viral load in the blood in humanized mice challenged with EBV. Mice that received EBV hyperimmune globulin had significantly reduced EBV DNA copy numbers compared to animals that received saline control; however, while animals that received EBV hyperimmune globulin had lower EBV DNA copies than those that received IVIG, the difference was not significant. Thus, while EBV hyperimmune globulin reduced viral load compared to IVIG, the effect was modest.
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Affiliation(s)
- JungHyun Kim
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Wei Bu
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sohtaro Mine
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Zeshan Tariq
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hanh Nguyen
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yanmei Wang
- Clinical Services Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | | | - James Mond
- ADMA Biologics, Boca Raton, FL, 33487, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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18
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Immunization with Epstein-Barr Virus Core Fusion Machinery Envelope Proteins Elicit High Titers of Neutralizing Activities and Protect Humanized Mice from Lethal Dose EBV Challenge. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030285. [PMID: 33808755 PMCID: PMC8003492 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is the primary cause of infectious mononucleosis and is strongly implicated in the etiology of multiple lymphoid and epithelial cancers. EBV core fusion machinery envelope proteins gH/gL and gB coordinately mediate EBV fusion and entry into its target cells, B lymphocytes and epithelial cells, suggesting these proteins could induce antibodies that prevent EBV infection. We previously reported that the immunization of rabbits with recombinant EBV gH/gL or trimeric gB each induced markedly higher serum EBV-neutralizing titers for B lymphocytes than that of the leading EBV vaccine candidate gp350. In this study, we demonstrated that immunization of rabbits with EBV core fusion machinery proteins induced high titer EBV neutralizing antibodies for both B lymphocytes and epithelial cells, and EBV gH/gL in combination with EBV trimeric gB elicited strong synergistic EBV neutralizing activities. Furthermore, the immune sera from rabbits immunized with EBV gH/gL or trimeric gB demonstrated strong passive immune protection of humanized mice from lethal dose EBV challenge, partially or completely prevented death respectively, and markedly decreased the EBV load in peripheral blood of humanized mice. These data strongly suggest the combination of EBV core fusion machinery envelope proteins gH/gL and trimeric gB is a promising EBV prophylactic vaccine.
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19
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Association between Antibody Responses to Epstein-Barr Virus Glycoproteins, Neutralization of Infectivity, and the Risk of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. mSphere 2020; 5:5/6/e00901-20. [PMID: 33268566 PMCID: PMC7716278 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00901-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human oncogenic gammaherpesvirus that infects over 90% of humans in the world and is causally associated with a spectrum of epithelial and B-cell malignancies such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). A prophylactic vaccine against EBV is called for, but no approved vaccine is available yet. While Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the major cause of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), the value of the humoral immune response to EBV glycoproteins and NPC development remains unclear. Correlation between antiglycoprotein antibody levels, neutralization of EBV infectivity, and the risk of NPC requires systematic study. Here, we applied a cytometry-based method and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure neutralization of infectivity and antibody response to EBV glycoproteins (gH/gL, gB, gp350, and gp42) of plasma samples from 20 NPC cases and 20 high-risk and 20 low-risk healthy controls nested within a screening cohort in Sihui, southern China. We found that NPC cases have similar plasma neutralizing activity in both B cells and epithelial cells and EBV glycoprotein-specific IgA and IgG antibody levels compared with those of healthy controls. Significant correlations were observed between gH/gL IgG and gB IgG and the neutralizing ability against EBV infection of epithelial cells and B cells. These results indicate that a high level of glycoprotein antibodies may favor protection against primary EBV infection, instead of being low-risk biomarkers for NPC in long-term EBV-infected adults. In conclusion, this study provides novel insights into the humoral immune response to EBV infection and NPC development, providing valuable leads for future research that is important for prevention and treatment of EBV-related diseases. IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human oncogenic gammaherpesvirus that infects over 90% of humans in the world and is causally associated with a spectrum of epithelial and B-cell malignancies such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). A prophylactic vaccine against EBV is called for, but no approved vaccine is available yet. Therefore, EBV remains a major public health concern. To facilitate novel vaccines and therapeutics for NPC, it is of great importance to explore the impact of humoral immune response to EBV glycoproteins before the development of NPC. Therefore, in this study, we systematically assessed the correlation between antiglycoprotein antibody levels, neutralization of EBV infectivity, and the risk of NPC development. These results provide valuable information that will contribute to designing effective prevention and treatment strategies for EBV-related diseases such as NPC.
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20
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Minab R, Bu W, Nguyen H, Wall A, Sholukh AM, Huang ML, Ortego M, Krantz EM, Irvine M, Casper C, Orem J, McGuire AT, Cohen JI, Gantt S. Maternal Epstein-Barr Virus-Specific Antibodies and Risk of Infection in Ugandan Infants. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:1897-1904. [PMID: 33095855 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is a major cause of malignancy worldwide. Maternal antibody is thought to prevent EBV infection because it is uncommon in early infancy. Maternal HIV infection is associated with an increased incidence of EBV infection in exposed infants, which we hypothesized results from impaired transfer of EBV-neutralizing maternal antibodies. METHODS Among Ugandan infants followed for EBV acquisition from birth, we measured antibody binding to EBV glycoproteins (gp350, gH/gL) involved in B-cell and epithelial-cell entry, as well as viral neutralization and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity in plasma samples prior to infection. These serologic data were analyzed for differences between HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) and HIV-unexposed (HUU) infants, and for associations with incident infant EBV infection. RESULTS HEU infants had significantly higher titers than HUU infants for all EBV-binding and neutralizing antibodies measured (P < .01) but not ADCC activity, which was similar between groups. No antibody measure was associated with a decreased risk of EBV acquisition in the cohort. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that in this cohort maternal antibody did not protect infants against EBV infection through viral neutralization. The identification of protective nonneutralizing antibody functions would be invaluable for the development of an EBV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Minab
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Wei Bu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hanh Nguyen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Abigail Wall
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anton M Sholukh
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Ortego
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Krantz
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Corey Casper
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jackson Orem
- Uganda Cancer Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Andrew T McGuire
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Soren Gantt
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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21
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Liu Z, Tian X, Liu W, Xian Y, Chen W, Zhou R. A Sensitive and High-Throughput Flow Cytometry-Based Assay for Measuring Antibody Neutralization of Human Adenovirus Type 3. Virol Sin 2020; 36:537-544. [PMID: 32990935 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The assessment of neutralization activity is an important step in the evaluation of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). The traditional methods for measuring the antibody neutralization of human adenovirus type 3 (HAdV-3) are the microneutralization (MN) assay, which has insufficient sensitivity, and the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), which is not suitable for high-throughput screening. Herein, we describe the development of a flow cytometry-based neutralization (FCN) assay for measuring the neutralization of sera, cell culture supernatants, and chimeric antibodies against HAdV-3 on the basis of a recombinant HAdV-3 (rHAdV-3) construct expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). For flow cytometry-based assays, the optimal cell confluence was determined as 90%, and the virus was titrated using the assay. The established FCN assay follows the percentage law and an optimal MOI of not less than 5 × 10-4 was determined by using a purified chimeric antibody. In addition, comparison of the anti-HAdV-3 NAb titers of 72 human serum samples by the MN and FCN assays, showed that both assays correlated strongly with each other. Our FCN assay was an improvement over the MN assay because the observation period was reduced from 3 to 1 days and data analysis could be performed objectively and robotically. Importantly, the newly established FCN assay allows measurement of the neutralization activity of chimeric antibodies expressed in cell culture supernatants. Thus, this sensitive and high-throughput FCN assay is a useful alternative to the MN assay for measuring the antibody neutralization of HAdV-3 and for screening anti-HAdV-3 NAbs in cell culture supernatants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Xingui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Wenkuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Yuting Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Weilue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
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22
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Singh S, Homad LJ, Akins NR, Stoffers CM, Lackhar S, Malhi H, Wan YH, Rawlings DJ, McGuire AT. Neutralizing Antibodies Protect against Oral Transmission of Lymphocryptovirus. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2020; 1. [PMID: 32724901 PMCID: PMC7386402 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a cancer-associated pathogen for which there is no vaccine. Successful anti-viral vaccines elicit antibodies that neutralize infectivity; however, it is unknown whether neutralizing antibodies prevent EBV acquisition. Here we assessed whether passively delivered AMMO1, a monoclonal antibody that neutralizes EBV in a cell-type-independent manner, could protect against experimental EBV challenge in two animal infection models. When present prior to a high-dose intravenous EBV challenge, AMMO1 prevented viremia and reduced viral loads to nearly undetectable levels in humanized mice. AMMO1 conferred sterilizing immunity to three of four macaques challenged orally with rhesus lymphocryptovirus, the EBV ortholog that infects rhesus macaques. The infected macaque had lower plasma neutralizing activity than the protected animals. These results indicate that a vaccine capable of eliciting adequate titers of neutralizing antibodies targeting the AMMO1 epitope may protect against EBV acquisition and are therefore highly relevant to the design of an effective EBV vaccine. An anti-EBV mAb, AMMO1, limits viral replication following challenge in humanized mice AMMO1 cross-reacts with and neutralizes rhesus lymphocryptovirus Adequate levels of AMMO1 prevent oral acquisition of rhLCV in macaques Protection afforded by neutralizing antibody provides proof of concept for EBV vaccines
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Singh
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA98101, USA.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Leah J Homad
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Nicholas R Akins
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Claire M Stoffers
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA98101, USA
| | - Stefan Lackhar
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA98101, USA
| | - Harman Malhi
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yu-Hsin Wan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David J Rawlings
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA98101, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Andrew T McGuire
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Lead Contact
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23
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CD21 (Complement Receptor 2) Is the Receptor for Epstein-Barr Virus Entry into T Cells. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00428-20. [PMID: 32238579 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00428-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with a number of T-cell diseases, including some peripheral T-cell lymphomas, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and chronic active EBV disease. The tropism of EBV for B cells and epithelial cell infection has been well characterized, but infection of T cells has been minimally explored. We have recently shown that the EBV type 2 (EBV-2) strain has the unique ability to infect mature T cells. Utilizing an ex vivo infection model, we sought to understand the viral glycoprotein and cellular receptor required for EBV-2 infection of T cells. Here, using a neutralizing-antibody assay, we found that viral gp350 and complement receptor 2 (CD21) are required for CD3+ T-cell infection. Using the HB5 anti-CD21 antibody clone but not the Bly-4 anti-CD21 antibody clone, we detected expression of CD21 on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, with the highest expression on naive CD4 and CD8+ T-cell subsets. Using CRISPR to knock out CD21, we demonstrated that CD21 is necessary for EBV entry into the Jurkat T-cell line. Together, these results indicate that EBV uses the same viral glycoprotein and cellular receptor for both T- and B-cell infection.IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has a well-described tropism for B cells and epithelial cells. Recently, we described the ability of a second strain of EBV, EBV type 2, to infect mature peripheral T cells. Using a neutralizing antibody assay, we determined that EBV uses the viral glycoprotein gp350 and the cellular protein CD21 to gain entry into mature peripheral T cells. CRISPR-Cas9 deletion of CD21 on the Jurkat T-cell line confirmed that CD21 is required for EBV infection. This study has broad implications, as we have defined a function for CD21 on mature peripheral T cells, i.e., as a receptor for EBV. In addition, the requirement for gp350 for T-cell entry has implications for EBV vaccine studies currently targeting the gp350 glycoprotein to prevent EBV-associated diseases.
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24
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Zhang X, Zhao B, Ding M, Song S, Kang Y, Yu Y, Xu M, Xiang T, Gao L, Feng Q, Zhao Q, Zeng MS, Krummenacher C, Zeng YX. A novel vaccine candidate based on chimeric virus-like particle displaying multiple conserved epitope peptides induced neutralizing antibodies against EBV infection. Theranostics 2020; 10:5704-5718. [PMID: 32483413 PMCID: PMC7255000 DOI: 10.7150/thno.42494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the causative pathogen for infectious mononucleosis and many kinds of malignancies including several lymphomas such as Hodgkin's lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma and NK/T cell lymphoma as well as carcinomas such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBV-GC). However, to date no available prophylactic vaccine was launched to the market for clinical use. Methods: To develop a novel vaccine candidate to prevent EBV infection and diseases, we designed chimeric virus-like particles (VLPs) based on the hepatitis B core antigen (HBc149). Various VLPs were engineered to present combinations of three peptides derived from the receptor binding domain of EBV gp350. All the chimeric virus-like particles were injected into Balb/C mice for immunogenicity evaluation. Neutralizing titer of mice sera were detected using an in vitro cell model. Results: All chimeric HBc149 proteins self-assembled into VLPs with gp350 epitopes displayed on the surface of spherical particles. Interestingly, the different orders of the three epitopes in the chimeric proteins induced different immune responses in mice. Two constructs (149-3A and 149-3B) induced high serum titer against the receptor-binding domain of gp350. Most importantly, these two VLPs elicited neutralizing antibodies in immunized mice, which efficiently blocked EBV infection in cell culture. Competition analysis showed that sera from these mice contained antibodies to a major neutralizing epitope recognized by the strong neutralizing mAb 72A1. Conclusion: Our data demonstrate that HBc149 chimeric VLPs provide a valuable platform to present EBV gp350 antigens and offer a robust basis for the development of peptide-based candidate vaccines against EBV.
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25
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A Pentavalent Epstein-Barr Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Elicits High Titers of Neutralizing Antibodies against Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in Immunized Rabbits. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020169. [PMID: 32268575 PMCID: PMC7349562 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with acute infectious mononucleosis, whereas persistent infection is associated with chronic diseases such as autoimmune diseases and various types of cancer. Indeed, approximately 2% of all new cancer cases occurring annually worldwide are EBV-associated. Currently, there is no licensed EBV prophylactic vaccine. Selection of appropriate viral protein subunits is critical for development of an effective vaccine. Although the major EBV surface glycoprotein gp350/220 (gp350) has been proposed as an important prophylactic vaccine target, attempts to develop a potent vaccine based on gp350 alone have shown limited success in the clinic. We provide data showing that five EBV glycoproteins (gp350, gB, gp42, gH, and gL) involved in viral entry and infection can successfully be incorporated on the surface of EBV-like particles (EBV-LPs). These EBV-LPs, when administered together with aluminum hydroxide and monophosphoryl lipid A as adjuvants to New Zealand white rabbits, elicited EBV glycoprotein-specific antibodies capable of neutralizing viral infection in vitro in both B cells and epithelial cells, better than soluble gp350 ectodomain. Our findings suggest that a pentavalent EBV-LP formulation might be an ideal candidate for development as a safe and immunogenic EBV vaccine.
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26
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Development of an Improved Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Neutralizing Antibody Assay to Facilitate Development of a Prophylactic gp350-Subunit EBV Vaccine. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2020; 12:e2020016. [PMID: 32180911 PMCID: PMC7059750 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2020.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
No licensed vaccine is available for prevention of EBV-associated diseases, and robust, high-throughput bioanalytical assays are needed to evaluate immunogenicity of gp350 subunit-based candidate EBV vaccines. Here we have developed an improved EBV-GFP based neutralization assay for such a vaccine’s pre-clinical and clinical validation to measure EBV specific neutralizing antibodies in human donors. The supplementation of guinea pig complement of our previously published high-throughput EBV-GFP fluorescent focus (FFA)-based neutralization assay allowed the detection of complement-dependent neutralizing antibodies using a panel of heat-inactivated healthy human sera. Anti-gp350 antibody titers, which were evaluated using a previously optimized anti-gp350 IgG ELISA assay, were moderately correlated to the FFA-based neutralization titers. Overall, this improved high-throughput neutralization assay is capable of characterizing the serologic neutralizing antibody response to natural EBV infection, with applications in evaluating EBV antibody status in epidemiologic studies and immunogenicity of candidate gp350-subunit EBV vaccines in clinical studies.
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27
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Lethal Hemorrhagic Disease and Clinical Illness Associated with Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus 1 Are Caused by Primary Infection: Implications for the Detection of Diagnostic Proteins. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01528-19. [PMID: 31723022 PMCID: PMC7000966 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01528-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether clinical illness and deaths associated with elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) infection result from primary infection or reactivation of latent virus is a longstanding question in the field. By applying a relatively new assay, the luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS), combined with the genomic sequences of the viruses, we gained the insights and tools needed to resolve this issue. Our EEHV1-specific LIPS assay should be useful for assessing the vulnerability of elephant calves to infection with different EEHVs and evaluating antibody responses to anti-EEHV vaccines. A significant proportion of the Asian elephant population is under some form of human care. Hence, the ability to screen for EEHV immune status in elephant calves should have a major impact on the management of these animals worldwide. Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) can cause lethal hemorrhagic disease in juvenile Asian elephants, both in captivity and in the wild. Most deaths associated with the virus are caused by two chimeric variants of EEHV1 (EEHV1A and EEHV1B), while two other EEHVs endemic within Asian elephants (EEHV4 and EEHV5) have been recognized but cause death less often. Whether lethal EEHV infections are due to primary infection or reactivation of latent virus remains unknown, and knowledge of the anti-EEHV antibody levels in young elephants is limited. To close these gaps, we sought to develop a serologic assay capable of distinguishing among infections with different EEHVs using a luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) for antibody profiling and a panel of conserved EEHV recombinant proteins and proteins unique to EEHV1. The results showed that elephants dying from EEHV1 hemorrhagic disease or ill from EEHV infection were seronegative for the EEHV species that caused the disease or illness, indicating that the events were associated with primary infection rather than reactivation of latent virus. We also demonstrated that waning of EEHV1-specific antibodies can occur in the first 2 years of life, when a threshold protective level of antibody may be needed to prevent severe EEHV1-related disease. Use of the LIPS assay to identify putative “diagnostic” proteins would be a valuable asset in determining the EEHV immune status of young elephants and responses to candidate EEHV vaccines in the future. IMPORTANCE Whether clinical illness and deaths associated with elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) infection result from primary infection or reactivation of latent virus is a longstanding question in the field. By applying a relatively new assay, the luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS), combined with the genomic sequences of the viruses, we gained the insights and tools needed to resolve this issue. Our EEHV1-specific LIPS assay should be useful for assessing the vulnerability of elephant calves to infection with different EEHVs and evaluating antibody responses to anti-EEHV vaccines. A significant proportion of the Asian elephant population is under some form of human care. Hence, the ability to screen for EEHV immune status in elephant calves should have a major impact on the management of these animals worldwide.
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Smith NA, Baresel PC, Jackson CL, Ogolla S, Toko EN, Heit S, Piriou E, Sumba OP, Middeldorp JM, Colborn KL, Rochford R. Differences in the Epstein-Barr Virus gp350 IgA Antibody Response Are Associated With Increased Risk for Coinfection With a Second Strain of Epstein-Barr Virus. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:955-963. [PMID: 30312417 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) viral glycoprotein gp350 has been proposed as a candidate antigen for an EBV vaccine. However, the proposed formulations of these vaccines have not taken into account the presence of 2 unique EBV strains (EBV-1 and EBV-2) present in areas of high incidence of the EBV-associated cancer, Burkitt lymphoma. METHODS In this study, we analyze the kinetics of EBV-1 and EBV-2 infection in an asymptomatic infant cohort from Kisumu, Kenya. We also analyzed the kinetics of the antibody response against 5 EBV antigens, gp350 (IgG and IgA), VCA (IgG), EBNA-1 (IgG), EAd (IgG), and Zta (IgG). RESULTS We observed a high frequency of coinfection with both EBV types over time, with the only observable defect in the antibody response in infants coinfected being a significantly lower level of anti-gp350 IgA at peak response. Gp350 IgA levels were also significantly lower in coinfected infants 2.5 months postinfection and at the time of coinfection. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that anti-gp350 IgA antibodies may be important for sterilizing immunity against secondary infection. These findings have implications for the development of an efficacious EBV vaccine to prevent both EBV-1 and EBV-2 infection in a population at high risk for Burkitt lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Smith
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Paul C Baresel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse
| | - Conner L Jackson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora.,Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora
| | - Sidney Ogolla
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora.,Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Eunice N Toko
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Sara Heit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse
| | - Erwan Piriou
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Odada P Sumba
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Jaap M Middeldorp
- Department of Pathology, Vrije University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kathryn L Colborn
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora
| | - Rosemary Rochford
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
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29
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Mutsvunguma LZ, Rodriguez E, Escalante GM, Muniraju M, Williams JC, Warden C, Qin H, Wang J, Wu X, Barasa A, Mulama DH, Mwangi W, Ogembo JG. Identification of multiple potent neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus gp350 protein with potential for clinical application and as reagents for mapping immunodominant epitopes. Virology 2019; 536:1-15. [PMID: 31377598 PMCID: PMC6733660 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection has focused on generating neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) targeting the major envelope glycoprotein gp350/220 (gp350). In this study, we generated 23 hybridomas producing gp350-specific antibodies. We compared the candidate gp350-specific antibodies to the well-characterized nAb 72A1 by: (1) testing their ability to detect gp350 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, and immunoblot; (2) sequencing their heavy and light chain complementarity-determining regions (CDRs); (3) measuring the ability of each monoclonal antibody (mAb) to neutralize EBV infection in vitro; and (4) mapping the gp350 amino acids bound by the mAbs using competitive cell and linear peptide binding assays. We performed sequence analysis to identify 15 mAbs with CDR regions unique from those of murine 72A1 (m72A1). We observed antigen binding competition between biotinylated m72A1, serially diluted unlabeled gp350 nAbs (HB1, HB5, HB11, HB20), and our recently humanized 72A1, but not gp350 non-nAb (HB17) or anti-KSHV gH/gL antibody.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Viral/pharmacology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/virology
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Binding, Competitive
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Complementarity Determining Regions/chemistry
- Complementarity Determining Regions/immunology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epithelial Cells/immunology
- Epithelial Cells/virology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/immunology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/prevention & control
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/virology
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/immunology
- Humans
- Hybridomas/chemistry
- Hybridomas/immunology
- Immunodominant Epitopes/chemistry
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Mice
- Protein Binding
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Viral Matrix Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Matrix Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Z Mutsvunguma
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Esther Rodriguez
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Gabriela M Escalante
- Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Murali Muniraju
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - John C Williams
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Charles Warden
- Integrative Genomics Core, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Hanjun Qin
- Integrative Genomics Core, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Integrative Genomics Core, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Xiwei Wu
- Integrative Genomics Core, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Anne Barasa
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA; Department of Human Pathology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David H Mulama
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya
| | - Waithaka Mwangi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Javier Gordon Ogembo
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
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30
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Coghill AE, Bu W, Hsu WL, Nguyen H, Yu KJ, Chien YC, Chen CJ, Cohen JI, Hildesheim A. Evaluation of Total and IgA-Specific Antibody Targeting Epstein-Barr Virus Glycoprotein 350 and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Risk. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:886-891. [PMID: 29718378 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously reported that higher levels of antibody targeting Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) glycoprotein350 (gp350), an EBV vaccine candidate, were protective against nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in genetically high-risk families from Taiwan. The current study attempted to extend this association to a general population cohort. Methods We compared total and IgA-specific gp350 antibody levels in 35 incident NPC cases and 81 disease-free controls from the Cancer Screening Program in Taiwan (23943 individuals recruited 1991-1992). Luciferase immunoprecipitation assays quantified gp350 antibody. Results Total EBVgp350 antibody levels were not higher in individuals who remained disease free compared to those who developed NPC (P = .11). This lack of a protective gp350 association persisted for cases diagnosed ≥5 years (odds ratio [OR] = 1.05; P = .91) and <5 years (OR = 1.85; P = .40) after blood draw. IgA-specific gp350 antibody levels were higher in cases than controls (OR = 7.03; P = .001). This increased risk was most pronounced for cases diagnosed <5 years after blood draw (OR = 11.7; P = .004). Conclusion Unlike our prior findings in those with a strong family history of NPC, total gp350 antibody levels were not protective against NPC development in this general population setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Coghill
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Wei Bu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - Wan-Lun Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei.,Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei
| | - Hanh Nguyen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kelly J Yu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Yin-Chu Chien
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei.,National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Jen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei.,Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - Allan Hildesheim
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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31
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Bu W, Joyce MG, Nguyen H, Banh DV, Aguilar F, Tariq Z, Yap ML, Tsujimura Y, Gillespie RA, Tsybovsky Y, Andrews SF, Narpala SR, McDermott AB, Rossmann MG, Yasutomi Y, Nabel GJ, Kanekiyo M, Cohen JI. Immunization with Components of the Viral Fusion Apparatus Elicits Antibodies That Neutralize Epstein-Barr Virus in B Cells and Epithelial Cells. Immunity 2019; 50:1305-1316.e6. [PMID: 30979688 PMCID: PMC6660903 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes infectious mononucleosis and is associated with epithelial-cell cancers and B cell lymphomas. An effective EBV vaccine is not available. We found that antibodies to the EBV glycoprotein gH/gL complex were the principal components in human plasma that neutralized infection of epithelial cells and that antibodies to gH/gL and gp42 contributed to B cell neutralization. Immunization of mice and nonhuman primates with nanoparticle vaccines that displayed components of the viral-fusion machinery EBV gH/gL or gH/gL/gp42 elicited antibodies that potently neutralized both epithelial-cell and B cell infection. Immune serum from nonhuman primates inhibited EBV-glycoprotein-mediated fusion of epithelial cells and B cells and targeted an epitope critical for virus-cell fusion. Therefore, unlike the leading EBV gp350 vaccine candidate, which only protects B cells from infection, these EBV nanoparticle vaccines elicit antibodies that inhibit the virus-fusion apparatus and provide cell-type-independent protection from virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Bu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M Gordon Joyce
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Hanh Nguyen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dalton V Banh
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fiona Aguilar
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zeshan Tariq
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Moh Lan Yap
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Present address: Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Yusuke Tsujimura
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
| | - Rebecca A Gillespie
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Advanced Research Technology Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sarah F Andrews
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sandeep R Narpala
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael G Rossmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Yasutomi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
| | - Gary J Nabel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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32
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van Zyl DG, Tsai MH, Shumilov A, Schneidt V, Poirey R, Schlehe B, Fluhr H, Mautner J, Delecluse HJ. Immunogenic particles with a broad antigenic spectrum stimulate cytolytic T cells and offer increased protection against EBV infection ex vivo and in mice. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007464. [PMID: 30521644 PMCID: PMC6298685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the primary cause of infectious mononucleosis and is etiologically linked to the development of several malignancies and autoimmune diseases. EBV has a multifaceted life cycle that comprises virus lytic replication and latency programs. Considering EBV infection holistically, we rationalized that prophylactic EBV vaccines should ideally prime the immune system against lytic and latent proteins. To this end, we generated highly immunogenic particles that contain antigens from both these cycles. In addition to stimulating EBV-specific T cells that recognize lytic or latent proteins, we show that the immunogenic particles enable the ex vivo expansion of cytolytic EBV-specific T cells that efficiently control EBV-infected B cells, preventing their outgrowth. Lastly, we show that immunogenic particles containing the latent protein EBNA1 afford significant protection against wild-type EBV in a humanized mouse model. Vaccines that include antigens which predominate throughout the EBV life cycle are likely to enhance their ability to protect against EBV infection. Human herpesviruses are tremendously successful pathogens that establish lifelong infection in a substantial proportion of the population. The oncogenic γ-herpesvirus EBV, like other herpesviruses, expresses a plethora of open-reading frames throughout its multifaceted life cycle. We have developed a prophylactic vaccine candidate in the form of immunogenic particles that contain several EBV antigens. This is in stark contrast to the vast majority of EBV vaccines candidates that contain only one or two EBV antigens. Our immunogenic particles were shown capable of stimulating several EBV-specific T-cell clones in vitro. The immunogenic particles were also capable of expanding cytolytic EBV-specific T cells ex vivo and provided a protective benefit in vivo when used as a prophylactic vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwain G. van Zyl
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Unit F100, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit U1074, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ming-Han Tsai
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Unit F100, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit U1074, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anatoliy Shumilov
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Unit F100, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit U1074, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Viktor Schneidt
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Unit F100, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit U1074, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rémy Poirey
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Unit F100, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit U1074, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Bettina Schlehe
- Frauenklinik, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Herbert Fluhr
- Frauenklinik, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Josef Mautner
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
- Children’s Hospital, Technische Universität München, & Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Henri-Jacques Delecluse
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Unit F100, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit U1074, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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33
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Zhao B, Zhang X, Krummenacher C, Song S, Gao L, Zhang H, Xu M, Feng L, Feng Q, Zeng M, Xu Y, Zeng Y. Immunization With Fc-Based Recombinant Epstein-Barr Virus gp350 Elicits Potent Neutralizing Humoral Immune Response in a BALB/c Mice Model. Front Immunol 2018; 9:932. [PMID: 29765376 PMCID: PMC5938345 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) was the first human virus proved to be closely associated with tumor development, such as lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and EBV-associated gastric carcinoma. Despite many efforts to develop prophylactic vaccines against EBV infection and diseases, no candidates have succeeded in effectively blocking EBV infection in clinical trials. Previous investigations showed that EBV gp350 plays a pivotal role in the infection of B-lymphocytes. Nevertheless, using monomeric gp350 proteins as antigens has not been effective in preventing infection. Multimeric forms of the antigen are more potently immunogenic than monomers; however, the multimerization elements used in previous constructs are not approved for human clinical trials. To prepare a much-needed EBV prophylactic vaccine that is potent, safe, and applicable, we constructed an Fc-based form of gp350 to serve as a dimeric antigen. Here, we show that the Fc-based gp350 antigen exhibits dramatically enhanced immunogenicity compared with wild-type gp350 protein. The complete or partial gp350 ectodomain was fused with the mouse IgG2a Fc domain. Fusion with the Fc domain did not impair gp350 folding, binding to a conformation-dependent neutralizing antibody (nAb) and binding to its receptor by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and surface plasmon resonance. Specific antibody titers against gp350 were notably enhanced by immunization with gp350-Fc dimers compared with gp350 monomers. Furthermore, immunization with gp350-Fc fusion proteins elicited potent nAbs against EBV. Our data strongly suggest that an EBV gp350 vaccine based on Fc fusion proteins may be an efficient candidate to prevent EBV infection in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingchun Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Claude Krummenacher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
| | - Shuo Song
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haojiong Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miao Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qisheng Feng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Musheng Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Xu
- Guiyang City National High School, Guiyang, China
| | - Yixin Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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Snijder J, Ortego MS, Weidle C, Stuart AB, Gray MD, McElrath MJ, Pancera M, Veesler D, McGuire AT. An Antibody Targeting the Fusion Machinery Neutralizes Dual-Tropic Infection and Defines a Site of Vulnerability on Epstein-Barr Virus. Immunity 2018; 48:799-811.e9. [PMID: 29669253 PMCID: PMC5909843 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a causative agent of infectious mononucleosis and is associated with 200,000 new cases of cancer and 140,000 deaths annually. Subunit vaccines against this pathogen have focused on the gp350 glycoprotein and remain unsuccessful. We isolated human antibodies recognizing the EBV fusion machinery (gH/gL and gB) from rare memory B cells. One anti-gH/gL antibody, AMMO1, potently neutralized infection of B cells and epithelial cells, the two major cell types targeted by EBV. We determined a cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of the gH/gL-gp42-AMMO1 complex and demonstrated that AMMO1 bound to a discontinuous epitope formed by both gH and gL at the Domain-I/Domain-II interface. Integrating structural, biochemical, and infectivity data, we propose that AMMO1 inhibits fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. This work identifies a crucial epitope that may aid in the design of next-generation subunit vaccines against this major public health burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Snijder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael S Ortego
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N. PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Connor Weidle
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N. PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Andrew B Stuart
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N. PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Matthew D Gray
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N. PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N. PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N. PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N. PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Andrew T McGuire
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N. PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Rajčáni J, Bánáti F, Szenthe K, Szathmary S. The potential of currently unavailable herpes virus vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:239-248. [PMID: 29313728 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1425620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite overwhelming experimental work, there are no licensed vaccines against the most frequent Alphaherpesviruses, namely herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV1 and 2) nor against the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a member of the subfamily Gammaherpesvirus. AREAS COVERED Since the DNAs of both HSVs reside in the regional sensory ganglia in a latent state (i.e. as circularized episomal molecules), a corresponding vaccine might be useful for immunotherapy rather than for prevention of primary infection. Here we describe the design of a purified subunit vaccine as well as the preparation and efficacy of a recombinant fusion protein consisting of the gD ectodomain from our domestic attenuated HSV1 strain HSZP. The EBV vaccines considered so far, were destined for prevention of infectious mononucleosis (IM) or to prevent formation of EBV related tumors. To design the EBV peptide vaccine, at least 15 carefully selected immunogenic epitopes coming from 12 virus coded proteins were bound to synthetic micro-particle carriers along with a non-specific pathogen recognizing receptor (PRR) stimulating both the T as well as B lymphocytes. EXPERT COMMENTARY The efficacy of a novel EBV peptide in the rabbit model was based on criteria such as antibody formation (EA-D detected by ELISA, early and capsid proteins tested by immunoblot), presence of LMP1 antigen and of viral DNA in peripheral white blood cells. Out of 19 peptide combinations used for vaccination, at least 6 showed a satisfactory protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Július Rajčáni
- a RT-Europe Nonprofit Research Center , Mosonmagyaróvár , Hungary
| | - Ferenc Bánáti
- a RT-Europe Nonprofit Research Center , Mosonmagyaróvár , Hungary
| | - Kálmán Szenthe
- a RT-Europe Nonprofit Research Center , Mosonmagyaróvár , Hungary
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Cohen JI. Vaccine Development for Epstein-Barr Virus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1045:477-493. [PMID: 29896681 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7230-7_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the primary cause of infectious mononucleosis and is associated with several malignancies, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, and lymphomas in immunocompromised persons, as well as multiple sclerosis. A vaccine is currently unavailable. While monomeric EBV gp350 was shown in a phase 2 trial to reduce the incidence of infectious mononucleosis, but not the rate of EBV infection, newer formulations of gp350 including multimeric forms, viruslike particles, and nanoparticles may be more effective. A vaccine that also includes additional viral glycoproteins, lytic proteins, or latency proteins might improve the effectiveness of an EBV gp350 vaccine. Clinical trials to determine if an EBV vaccine can reduce the rate of infectious mononucleosis or posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease should be performed. The former is important since infectious mononucleosis can be associated with debilitating fatigue as well as other complications, and EBV infectious mononucleosis is associated with increased rates of Hodgkin lymphoma and multiple sclerosis. A vaccine to reduce EBV posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease would be an important proof of principle to prevent an EBV-associated malignancy. Trials of an EBV vaccine to reduce the incidence of Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple sclerosis, or Burkitt lymphoma would be difficult but feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey I Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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37
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Li RC, Du Y, Zeng QY, Tang LQ, Zhang H, Li Y, Liu WL, Zhong Q, Zeng MS, Huang XM. Epstein-Barr virus glycoprotein gH/gL antibodies complement IgA-viral capsid antigen for diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 7:16372-83. [PMID: 27093005 PMCID: PMC4941321 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether measuring antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) glycoprotein gH/gL in serum could improve diagnostic accuracy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cases, gH/gL expressed in a recombinant baculovirus system was used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibodies in two independent cohorts. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed using results from a training cohort (n = 406) to establish diagnostic mathematical models, which were validated in a second independent cohort (n = 279). Levels of serum gH/gL antibodies were higher in NPC patients than in healthy controls (p < 0.001). In the training cohort, the IgA-gH/gL ELISA had a sensitivity of 83.7%, specificity of 82.3% and area under the curve (AUC) of 0.893 (95% CI, 0.862-0.924) for NPC diagnosis. Furthermore, gH/gL maintained diagnostic capacity in IgA-VCA negative NPC patients (sensitivity = 78.1%, specificity = 82.3%, AUC = 0.879 [95% CI, 0.820 - 0.937]). Combining gH/gL and viral capsid antigen (VCA) detection improved diagnostic capacity as compared to individual tests alone in both the training cohort (sensitivity = 88.5%, specificity = 97%, AUC = 0.98 [95% CI, 0.97 - 0.991]), and validation cohort (sensitivity = 91.2%, specificity = 96.5%, AUC = 0.97 [95% CI, 0.951-0.988]). These findings suggest that EBV gH/gL detection complements VCA detection in the diagnosis of NPC and aids in the identification of patients with VCA-negative NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Chen Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qiu-Yao Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lin-Quan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wan-Li Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ming Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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Perez EM, Foley J, Tison T, Silva R, Ogembo JG. Novel Epstein-Barr virus-like particles incorporating gH/gL-EBNA1 or gB-LMP2 induce high neutralizing antibody titers and EBV-specific T-cell responses in immunized mice. Oncotarget 2017; 8:19255-19273. [PMID: 27926486 PMCID: PMC5386682 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) prophylactic vaccines based on the major surface glycoprotein gp350/220 as an immunogen have failed to block viral infection in humans, suggesting a need to target other viral envelope glycoproteins. In this study, we reasoned that incorporating gH/gL or gB, critical glycoproteins for viral fusion and entry, on the surface of a virus-like particle (VLP) would be more immunogenic than gp350/220 for generating effective neutralizing antibodies to prevent viral infection of both epithelial and B cell lines. To boost the humoral response and trigger cell-mediated immunity, EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and latent membrane protein 2 (LMP2), intracellular latency proteins expressed in all EBV-infected cells, were also included as critical components of the polyvalent EBV VLP. gH/gL-EBNA1 and gB-LMP2 VLPs were efficiently produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells, an FDA-approved vehicle for mass-production of biologics. Immunization with gH/gL-EBNA1 and gB-LMP2 VLPs without adjuvant generated both high neutralizing antibody titers in vitro and EBV-specific T-cell responses in BALB/c mice. These data demonstrate that EBV glycoprotein(s)-based VLPs have excellent immunogenicity, and represent a potentially safe vaccine that will be invaluable not only in preventing EBV infection, but importantly, in preventing and treating the 200,000 cases of EBV-associated cancers that occur globally every year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Perez
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Joslyn Foley
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Timelia Tison
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Rute Silva
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Javier Gordon Ogembo
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
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Lin R, Heeke D, Liu H, Rao E, Marshall JD, Chio V, Cataniag F, Yu L, Zuo F, McCarthy MP. Development of a robust, higher throughput green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) micro-neutralization assay. J Virol Methods 2017; 247:15-21. [PMID: 28457783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The goal of most prophylactic vaccines is to elicit robust and effective neutralizing antibodies against the human pathogen target. The titer of neutralizing antibodies to Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a useful biomarker for evaluating EBV vaccines. Here, the development and optimization of a 96-well micro-neutralization fluorescent imaging assay (FIA) using an EBV virus-encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) to infect adherent EBV recipient cells is reported. The conditions were optimized for generating reproducible EBV-GFP virus, for maintaining viral infectivity for months, and for efficient viral infection of recipient cell culture. The utility of the EBV-GFP FIA neutralization assay was demonstrated in a mouse study of an investigational adjuvanted EBV gp350 subunit vaccine. This assay confirmed the generation of high titers of anti-EBV-neutralizing antibodies which correlated well with the established Raji cell-based flow cytometry-based EBV neutralization assay, as well as with anti-gp350 IgG titers. In naturally infected EBV+ human serum samples, a good correlation between anti-gp350 IgG ELISA titer and EBV-GFP FIA neutralization antibody titer was also observed. Taken together, these results demonstrate the establishment of a scalable high throughput EBV-GFP FIA micro-neutralization assay suitable to measure humoral EBV vaccine response in a large-scale human trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Lin
- Applied Immunology and Microbiology Group, MedImmune, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Darren Heeke
- Applied Immunology and Microbiology Group, MedImmune, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- Applied Immunology and Microbiology Group, MedImmune, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Eileen Rao
- Translational Biology Group, MedImmune, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | - Vera Chio
- Applied Immunology and Microbiology Group, MedImmune, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Floro Cataniag
- Vaccine Platform Group, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Li Yu
- Statistical Sciences, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Fengrong Zuo
- Applied Immunology and Microbiology Group, MedImmune, Mountain View, CA, USA
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40
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Torii Y, Kawada JI, Murata T, Yoshiyama H, Kimura H, Ito Y. Epstein-Barr virus infection-induced inflammasome activation in human monocytes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175053. [PMID: 28369146 PMCID: PMC5378412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are cytoplasmic sensors that regulate the activity of caspase-1 and the secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) or interleukin-18 (IL-18) in response to foreign molecules, including viral pathogens. They are considered to be an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. However, the mechanism by which inflammasome activation occurs during primary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection remains unknown. Human B lymphocytes and epithelial cells are major targets of EBV, although it can also infect a variety of other cell types. In this study, we found that EBV could infect primary human monocytes and the monocyte cell line, THP-1, inducing inflammasome activation. We incubated cell-free EBV with THP-1 cells or primary human monocytes, then confirmed EBV infection using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Lytic and latent EBV genes were detected by real-time RT-PCR in EBV-infected monocytes. EBV infection of THP-1 cells and primary human monocytes induced caspase-dependent IL-1β production, while EBV infection of B-cell or T-cell lines did not induce IL-1β production. To identify the sensor molecule responsible for inflammasome activation during EBV infection, we examined the mRNA and the protein levels of NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), and interferon-inducible protein 16 (IFI16). Increased AIM2 levels were observed in EBV-infected THP-1 cells and primary human monocytes, whereas levels of IFI16 and NLRP3 did not show remarkable change. Furthermore, knockdown of AIM2 by small interfering RNA attenuated caspase-1 activation. Taken together, our results suggest that EBV infection of human monocytes induces caspase-1-dependent IL-1β production, and that AIM2, acting as an inflammasome, is involved in this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Torii
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kawada
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takayuki Murata
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hironori Yoshiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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High Epstein-Barr Virus Load and Genomic Diversity Are Associated with Generation of gp350-Specific Neutralizing Antibodies following Acute Infectious Mononucleosis. J Virol 2016; 91:JVI.01562-16. [PMID: 27733645 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01562-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) gp350 glycoprotein interacts with the cellular receptor to mediate viral entry and is thought to be the major target for neutralizing antibodies. To better understand the role of EBV-specific antibodies in the control of viral replication and the evolution of sequence diversity, we measured EBV gp350-specific antibody responses and sequenced the gp350 gene in samples obtained from individuals experiencing primary EBV infection (acute infectious mononucleosis [AIM]) and again 6 months later (during convalescence [CONV]). EBV gp350-specific IgG was detected in the sera of 17 (71%) of 24 individuals at the time of AIM and all 24 (100%) individuals during CONV; binding antibody titers increased from AIM through CONV, reaching levels equivalent to those in age-matched, chronically infected individuals. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP) was rarely detected during AIM (4 of 24 individuals; 17%) but was commonly detected during CONV (19 of 24 individuals; 79%). The majority (83%) of samples taken during AIM neutralized infection of primary B cells; all samples obtained at 6 months postdiagnosis neutralized EBV infection of cultured and primary target cells. Deep sequencing revealed interpatient gp350 sequence variation but conservation of the CR2-binding site. The levels of gp350-specific neutralizing activity directly correlated with higher peripheral blood EBV DNA levels during AIM and a greater evolution of diversity in gp350 nucleotide sequences from AIM to CONV. In summary, we conclude that the viral load and EBV gp350 diversity during early infection are associated with the development of neutralizing antibody responses following AIM. IMPORTANCE Antibodies against viral surface proteins can blunt the spread of viral infection by coating viral particles, mediating uptake by immune cells, or blocking interaction with host cell receptors, making them a desirable component of a sterilizing vaccine. The EBV surface protein gp350 is a major target for antibodies. We report the detection of EBV gp350-specific antibodies capable of neutralizing EBV infection in vitro The majority of gp350-directed vaccines focus on glycoproteins from lab-adapted strains, which may poorly reflect primary viral envelope diversity. We report some of the first primary gp350 sequences, noting that the gp350 host receptor binding site is remarkably stable across patients and time. However, changes in overall gene diversity were detectable during infection. Patients with higher peripheral blood viral loads in primary infection and greater changes in viral diversity generated more efficient antibodies. Our findings provide insight into the generation of functional antibodies, necessary for vaccine development.
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Cui X, Cao Z, Chen Q, Arjunaraja S, Snow AL, Snapper CM. Rabbits immunized with Epstein-Barr virus gH/gL or gB recombinant proteins elicit higher serum virus neutralizing activity than gp350. Vaccine 2016; 34:4050-5. [PMID: 27291087 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the primary cause of infectious mononucleosis and has been strongly implicated in the etiology of multiple epithelial and lymphoid cancers, such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. There is currently no licensed prophylactic vaccine for EBV. Most efforts to develop prophylactic vaccines have focused on EBV gp350, which binds to CD21/CD35 to gain entry into B cells, and is a major target of serum neutralizing antibody in EBV seropositive humans. However, a recombinant monomeric gp350 protein failed to prevent EBV infection in a phase II clinical trial. Thus, alternative or additional target antigens may be necessary for a successful prophylactic vaccine. EBV gH/gL and gB proteins coordinately mediate EBV fusion and entry into B cells and epithelial cells, strongly suggesting that vaccination with these proteins might elicit antibodies that will prevent EBV infection. We produced recombinant trimeric and monomeric EBV gH/gL heterodimeric proteins and a trimeric EBV gB protein, in addition to tetrameric and monomeric gp350(1-470) proteins, in Chinese hamster ovary cells. We demonstrated that vaccination of rabbits with trimeric and monomeric gH/gL, trimeric gB, and tetrameric gp350(1-470) induced serum EBV-neutralizing titers, using cultured human B cells, that were >100-fold, 20-fold, 18-fold, and 4-fold higher, respectively, than monomeric gp350(1-470). These data strongly suggest a role for testing EBV gH/gL and EBV gB in a future prophylactic vaccine to prevent EBV infection of B cells, as well as epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinle Cui
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Zhouhong Cao
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Quanyi Chen
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Swadhinya Arjunaraja
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Andrew L Snow
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Clifford M Snapper
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States.
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Identification of GLA/SE as an effective adjuvant for the induction of robust humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to EBV-gp350 in mice and rabbits. Vaccine 2016; 34:2562-9. [PMID: 27085175 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Childhood infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is often asymptomatic and may result in mild flu-like symptoms, but exposure during adolescence and young adulthood can lead to acute infectious mononucleosis (AIM) with a pathology characterized by swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, and severe fatigue lasting weeks or months. A vaccine targeting the envelope glycoprotein gp350 adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide complexed with the TLR4 agonist monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) achieved a 78% reduction in AIM incidence in a small phase II trial of college-age individuals, but development of this vaccine was halted by the manufacturer. Here, we report the evaluation in mice and rabbits of an EBV-gp350 vaccine combined with an adjuvant composed of the synthetic TLR4 agonist glucopyranosyl lipid A (GLA) integrated into stable emulsion (SE). In mice, GLA/SE-adjuvanted gp350 generated high IgG titers (both IgG1 and IgG2a/c subtypes), elevated EBV-neutralizing antibody titers, and robust poly-functional anti-gp350 CD4(+) T cell responses. In addition, GLA/SE routinely demonstrated superior performance over aluminum hydroxide in all immunological readouts, including induction of durable neutralizing antibody titers out to at least 1 year post-vaccination. Both components of the GLA/SE adjuvant were found to be required to get optimal responses in both arms of the immune response: specifically, SE for neutralizing antibodies and GLA for induction of T cell responses. Furthermore, this vaccine also elicited high neutralizing antibody titers in a second species, rabbit. These promising results suggest that clinical development of a vaccine comprised of EBV-gp350 plus GLA/SE has the potential to prevent AIM in post-adolescents.
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44
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Kinetics of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Neutralizing and Virus-Specific Antibodies after Primary Infection with EBV. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:363-9. [PMID: 26888186 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00674-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prospective studies of antibodies to multiple Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) proteins and EBV neutralizing antibodies in the same individuals before, during, and after primary EBV infection have not been reported. We studied antibody responses to EBV in college students who acquired primary EBV infection during prospective surveillance and correlated the kinetics of antibody response with the severity of disease. Neutralizing antibodies and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antibodies to gp350, the major target of neutralizing antibody, reached peak levels at medians of 179 and 333 days after the onset of symptoms of infectious mononucleosis, respectively. No clear correlation was found between the severity of the symptoms of infectious mononucleosis and the peak levels of antibody to individual viral proteins or to neutralizing antibody. In summary, we found that titers of neutralizing antibody and antibodies to multiple EBV proteins increase over many months after primary infection with EBV.
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45
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Coghill AE, Bu W, Nguyen H, Hsu WL, Yu KJ, Lou PJ, Wang CP, Chen CJ, Hildesheim A, Cohen JI. High Levels of Antibody that Neutralize B-cell Infection of Epstein-Barr Virus and that Bind EBV gp350 Are Associated with a Lower Risk of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:3451-7. [PMID: 26920891 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Elevated IgA antibodies indicative of ongoing exposure to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are high-risk biomarkers for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), an EBV-related epithelial tumor. However, protective biomarkers that limit exposure to the virus have not been defined. We evaluated whether antibodies that can neutralize EBV infection by targeting glycoproteins involved in viral cell entry, including EBV vaccine candidate glycoprotein 350 (gp350), were associated with lower NPC risk. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In a prospective cohort of 2,557 individuals from 358 high-risk NPC multiplex families in Taiwan, we identified 21 incident NPC cases and 50 disease-free controls. To complement data from high-risk families, we further identified 30 prevalent NPC cases and 50 healthy controls from the general Taiwanese population. We quantified EBV-neutralizing antibody, antibodies against EBV glycoproteins involved in B-cell and epithelial cell entry, and anti-EBNA1 IgA, a high-risk NPC biomarker. RESULTS EBV-neutralizing antibodies blocking B-cell infection and anti-gp350 antibodies were present at significantly higher levels in disease-free controls compared with incident NPC cases (P < 0.03). Family members with both low EBV-neutralizing potential and elevated EBNA1 IgA had a 7-fold increased risk of NPC (95% CI, 1.9-28.7). Neutralizing antibodies against epithelial cell infection did not differ between incident cases and disease-free controls. Anti-glycoprotein antibody levels measured at diagnosis (prevalent NPC) were significantly higher than levels measured prior to diagnosis (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Elevated titers of EBV-neutralizing antibody and anti-gp350 antibody were low-risk biomarkers for NPC. These data suggest that a vaccine that induces potent EBV gp350 and B-cell-neutralizing antibodies could reduce the risk of EBV-related cancers such as NPC. Clin Cancer Res; 22(14); 3451-7. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Coghill
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Wei Bu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hanh Nguyen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wan-Lun Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kelly J Yu
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland. Division of Cancer Prevention, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Pei-Jen Lou
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ping Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Jen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Allan Hildesheim
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
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Servat E, Ro BW, Cayatte C, Gemmell L, Barton C, Rao E, Lin R, Zuo F, Woo JC, Hayes GM. Identification of the critical attribute(s) of EBV gp350 antigen required for elicitation of a neutralizing antibody response in vivo. Vaccine 2015; 33:6771-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Berguido FJ, Bodjo SC, Loitsch A, Diallo A. Specific detection of peste des petits ruminants virus antibodies in sheep and goat sera by the luciferase immunoprecipitation system. J Virol Methods 2015; 227:40-6. [PMID: 26506137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a contagious and often fatal transboundary animal disease affecting mostly sheep, goats and wild small ruminants. This disease is endemic in most of Africa, the Middle, Near East, and large parts of Asia. The causal agent is peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), which belongs to the genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae. This genus also includes measles virus (MV), canine distemper virus (CDV) and rinderpest virus (RPV). All are closely related viruses with serological cross reactivity. In this study, we have developed a Luciferase Immunoprecipitation System (LIPS) for the rapid detection of antibodies against PPRV in serum samples and for specific differentiation from antibodies against RPV. PPR and rinderpest (RP) serum samples were assayed by PPR-LIPS and two commercially available PPR cELISA tests. The PPR-LIPS showed high sensitivity and specificity for the samples tested and showed no cross reactivity with RPV unlike the commercial PPR cELISA tests which did cross react with RPV. Based on the results shown in this study, PPR-LIPS is presented as a good candidate for the specific serosurveillance of PPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Berguido
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Agriculture and & Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories Seibersdorf, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A1400, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sanne Charles Bodjo
- Pan African Veterinary Vaccine Center of the African Union (AU-PANVAC), P.O Box 1746, Debre-Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Angelika Loitsch
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Moedling, Austria (AGES)
| | - Adama Diallo
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Agriculture and & Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories Seibersdorf, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A1400, Vienna, Austria
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Panikkar A, Smith C, Hislop A, Tellam N, Dasari V, Hogquist KA, Wykes M, Moss DJ, Rickinson A, Balfour HH, Khanna R. Impaired Epstein-Barr Virus-Specific Neutralizing Antibody Response during Acute Infectious Mononucleosis Is Coincident with Global B-Cell Dysfunction. J Virol 2015; 89:9137-41. [PMID: 26109734 PMCID: PMC4524077 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01293-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we present evidence for previously unappreciated B-cell immune dysregulation during acute Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated infectious mononucleosis (IM). Longitudinal analyses revealed that patients with acute IM have undetectable EBV-specific neutralizing antibodies and gp350-specific B-cell responses, which were associated with a significant reduction in memory B cells and no evidence of circulating antibody-secreting cells. These observations correlate with dysregulation of tumor necrosis factor family members BAFF and APRIL and increased expression of FAS on circulating B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Panikkar
- QIMR Berghofer Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Corey Smith
- QIMR Berghofer Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew Hislop
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Tellam
- QIMR Berghofer Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Vijayendra Dasari
- QIMR Berghofer Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kristin A Hogquist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michelle Wykes
- QIMR Berghofer Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Denis J Moss
- QIMR Berghofer Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alan Rickinson
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Henry H Balfour
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rajiv Khanna
- QIMR Berghofer Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Orange JS, Du W, Falsey AR. Therapeutic Immunoglobulin Selected for High Antibody Titer to RSV also Contains High Antibody Titers to Other Respiratory Viruses. Front Immunol 2015; 6:431. [PMID: 26379667 PMCID: PMC4551866 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific antibodies against infections most relevant to patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases are not routinely evaluated in commercial polyclonal immunoglobulin preparations. A polyclonal immunoglobulin prepared from plasma of donors having high neutralizing antibody titers to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was studied for the presence of antibody titers against seven additional respiratory viruses. While donors were not selected for antibody titers other than against RSV, the immunoglobulin preparation had significantly higher titers to 6 of 7 viruses compared to those present in 10 commercially available therapeutic immunoglobulin products (p ≤ 0.01 to p ≤ 0.001). To consider this as a donor-specific attribute, 20 random donor plasma samples were studied individually and identified a significant correlation between the RSV antibody titer and other respiratory virus titers: donors with high RSV titers were more likely to have higher titers to other respiratory viruses. These findings suggest either some humoral antiviral response bias or more frequent viral exposure of certain individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S Orange
- Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Wei Du
- Clinical Statistics Consulting , Blue Bell, PA , USA
| | - Ann R Falsey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, University of Rochester , Rochester, NY , USA
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50
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Kanekiyo M, Bu W, Joyce MG, Meng G, Whittle JRR, Baxa U, Yamamoto T, Narpala S, Todd JP, Rao SS, McDermott AB, Koup RA, Rossmann MG, Mascola JR, Graham BS, Cohen JI, Nabel GJ. Rational Design of an Epstein-Barr Virus Vaccine Targeting the Receptor-Binding Site. Cell 2015; 162:1090-100. [PMID: 26279189 PMCID: PMC4757492 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) represents a major global health problem. Though it is associated with infectious mononucleosis and ∼200,000 cancers annually worldwide, a vaccine is not available. The major target of immunity is EBV glycoprotein 350/220 (gp350) that mediates attachment to B cells through complement receptor 2 (CR2/CD21). Here, we created self-assembling nanoparticles that displayed different domains of gp350 in a symmetric array. By focusing presentation of the CR2-binding domain on nanoparticles, potent neutralizing antibodies were elicited in mice and non-human primates. The structurally designed nanoparticle vaccine increased neutralization 10- to 100-fold compared to soluble gp350 by targeting a functionally conserved site of vulnerability, improving vaccine-induced protection in a mouse model. This rational approach to EBV vaccine design elicited potent neutralizing antibody responses by arrayed presentation of a conserved viral entry domain, a strategy that can be applied to other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Bu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M Gordon Joyce
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Geng Meng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - James R R Whittle
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ulrich Baxa
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sandeep Narpala
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John-Paul Todd
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Srinivas S Rao
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael G Rossmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Gary J Nabel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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