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Xu L, Yang Y, Li Y, Lu Y, Gao C, Bian X, Liu Z, Sun Q. Characterizing the Pathogenicity and Immunogenicity of Simian Retrovirus Subtype 8 (SRV-8) Using SRV-8-Infected Cynomolgus Monkeys. Viruses 2023; 15:1538. [PMID: 37515223 PMCID: PMC10384433 DOI: 10.3390/v15071538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Simian retrovirus subtype 8 (SRV-8) infections have been reported in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in China and America, but its pathogenicity and immunogenicity are rarely reported. In this work, the SRV-8-infected monkeys were identified from the monkeys with anemia, weight loss, and diarrhea. To clarify the impact of SRV-8 infection on cynomolgus monkeys, infected monkeys were divided into five groups according to disease progression. Hematoxylin (HE) staining and viral loads analysis showed that SRV-8 mainly persisted in the intestine and spleen, causing tissue damage. Additionally, the dynamic variations of blood routine indexes, innate and adaptive immunity, and the transcriptomic changes in peripheral blood cells were analyzed during SRV-8 infection. Compared to uninfected animals, red blood cells, hemoglobin, and white blood cells were reduced in SRV-8-infected monkeys. The percentage of immune cell populations was changed after SRV-8 infection. Furthermore, the number of hematopoietic stem cells decreased significantly during the early stages of SRV-8 infection, and returned to normal levels after antibody-mediated viral clearance. Finally, global transcriptomic analysis in PBMCs from SRV-8-infected monkeys revealed distinct gene expression profiles across different disease stages. In summary, SRV-8 infection can cause severe pathogenicity and immune disturbance in cynomolgus monkeys, and it might be responsible for fatal virus-associated immunosuppressive syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libing Xu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yunpeng Yang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yandong Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yong Lu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Changshan Gao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xinyan Bian
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zongping Liu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Yee JL, Grant R, Haertel AJ, Allers C, Carpenter AB, Van Rompay KKA, Roberts JA. Multi-site proficiency testing for validation and standardization of assays to detect specific pathogen-free viruses, coronaviruses, and other agents in nonhuman primates. J Med Primatol 2022; 51:234-245. [PMID: 35426147 PMCID: PMC9851150 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In efforts to increase rigor and reproducibility, the USA National Primate Research Centers (NPRCs) have focused on qualification of reagents, cross-laboratory validations, and proficiency testing for methods to detect infectious agents and accompanying immune responses in nonhuman primates. The pathogen detection working group, comprised of laboratory scientists, colony managers, and leaders from the NPRCs, has championed the effort to produce testing that is reliable and consistent across laboratories. Through multi-year efforts with shared proficiency samples, testing percent agreement has increased from as low as 67.1% for SRV testing in 2010 to 92.1% in 2019. The 2019 average agreement for the four basic SPF agents improved to >96% (86.5% BV, 98.9 SIV, 92.1 SRV, and 97.0 STLV). As new pathogens such as SARS coronavirus type 2 emerge, these steps can now be quickly replicated to develop and implement new assays that ensure rigor, reproducibly, and quality for NHP pathogen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn L. Yee
- Primate Assay Laboratory, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Richard Grant
- Primate Pathogen Detection Services Laboratory, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Andrew J. Haertel
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Carolina Allers
- Pathogen Detection and Quantification Core, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA
| | - Amanda B. Carpenter
- Primate Assay Laboratory, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Koen K. A. Van Rompay
- Primate Assay Laboratory, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA,Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis , CA
| | - Jeffrey A. Roberts
- Primate Assay Laboratory, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA,Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
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3
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Annisaa FLN, Saepuloh U, Iskandriati D, Pamungkas J. Identification and molecular characterization of simian endogenous retrovirus in Macaca fascicularis and Macaca nemestrina from captive breeding facilities in Bogor, Indonesia. Vet World 2022; 15:1827-1834. [PMID: 36185511 PMCID: PMC9394155 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1827-1834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) found in all vertebrates, including non-human primates (NHPs), are known to be genetically inherited. Thus, recent studies have explored ERVs for human immunodeficiency virus vaccine development using human ERV (HERV) due to the hypervariability of exogenous retroviruses which cause conventional vaccines to be ineffective. HERV was also found to be able to induce an immune response in cancer patients. This study aimed to identify and molecularly characterize ERVs from Indonesian NHPs: Macaca fascicularis and Macaca nemestrina. Then, we described the phylogenetic relationship of these isolates with those of the simian ERVs (SERVs) characterized in other species and countries. Materials and Methods: First, 5 mL of whole blood samples was taken from 131 long-tailed macaques and 58 pig-tailed macaques in captive breeding facilities at Bogor, Indonesia, for DNA extraction. Next, the DNA samples were screened using the SYBR Green real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique with specific primers for env (simian retroviruses [SRV]1-5 7585U19 and SRV1-5 7695L21). Positive SERV results were those with cycle threshold (CT) values < 24 (CT < 24) and melting temperature (TM) ranges of 80°C–82°C. Then, whole-genome nucleotide sequences from two pig-tailed macaques samples detected as positive SERV were generated using a nucleic acid sequencing technique which utilized the walking primer method. Subsequently, the sequences were analyzed using bioinformatics programs, such as 4Peaks, Clustal Omega, and BLAST (NCBI). Subsequently, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining method in MEGA X. Results: SYBR Green real-time PCR amplification results indicated that SERV (Mn B1 and Mn B140910)-positive samples had CT values of 22.37–22.54 and TM of 82°C. Moreover, whole-genome sequences resulted in 7991 nucleotide sequences, comprising long terminal repeat, gag, pro, pol, and env genes identical between the sequenced samples. Furthermore, the phylogenetic tree results indicated that both samples from M. nemestrina had 99%–100% nucleotide identities to the Mn 92227 sample identified at the National Primate Center University of Washington (NaPRC UW) which was imported from Indonesia in 1998, confirmed as a novel SERV strain. The phylogenetic tree results also indicated that although SERV whole-genome nucleotide and env amino acid sequences were clustered with SRV-2 (identity values of 82% and 79%, respectively), they had a 99%–100% nucleotide identity to Mn 92227. Meanwhile, the gag, pro, and pol amino acids were clustered with SRV-1, SRV-3, SRV-4, SRV-5, SRV-8, and SERV/1997, with 82% and 88% identity values. Conclusion: Based on the SYBR Green real-time PCR profiles generated, similarities with Mn 92227 were observed. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis confirmed that both samples (Mn B1 and Mn B140919) from pig-tailed macaques in the country of origin were novel SERV strains at NaPRC UW. Therefore, it could be used in biomedical research on ERVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uus Saepuloh
- Primate Research Center, IPB University, Bogor 16128, Indonesia
| | | | - Joko Pamungkas
- Primate Research Center, IPB University, Bogor 16128, Indonesia; Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
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Yee JL, Grant RF, Van Rompay KKA, Roberts JA, Kuller L, Cunningham JL, Simmons JH, Papin JF. In vitro and In vivo Susceptibility of Baboons ( Papio sp.) to Infection with and Apparent Antibody Reactivity to Simian Betaretrovirus (SRV). Comp Med 2020; 70:75-82. [PMID: 31747991 PMCID: PMC7024778 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Despite the lack of confirmed reports of an exogenous Simian betaretrovirus (SRV) isolated from baboons (Papio sp.), reports of simian endogenous gammaretrovirus (SERV) in baboons with complete genomes suggest that such viruses may be potentially infectious. In addition, serologic tests have repeatedly demonstrated antibody reactivity to SRV in baboons from multiple colonies. These findings complicate the management and use of such animals for research. To provide further insight into this situation, we performed in vitro and in vivo studies to determine if baboons are or can be infected with SRV. In our initial experiment, we were not able to isolate SRV from 6 seropositive or sero-indeterminate baboons by coculturing their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with macaque PBMC or permissive cell lines. In a subsequent experiment, we found that baboon PBMC infected in vitro with high dose SRV were permissive to virus replication. To test in vivo infectibil- ity, groups of naive baboons were infused intravenously with either (i) the same SRV tissue culture virus stocks used for the in vitro studies, (ii) SRV antibody positive and PCR positive macaque blood, (iii) SRV antibody positive or indeterminate, but PCR negative baboon blood, or (iv) SRV antibody and PCR negative baboon blood. Sustained SRV infection, as defined by reproducible PCR detection and/or antibody seroconversion, was confirmed in 2 of 3 baboons receiving tissue culture virus but not in any recipients of transfused blood from seropositive macaques or baboons. In conclusion, the data indicate that even though baboon cells can be infected experimentally with high doses of tissue culture grown SRV, baboons that are repeatedly SRV antibody positive and PCR negative are unlikely to be infected with exogenous SRV and thus are unlikely to transmit a virus that would threaten the SPF status of captive baboon colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn L Yee
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Richard F Grant
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Koen K A Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Jeffrey A Roberts
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - LaRene Kuller
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jesse L Cunningham
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Joe H Simmons
- Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas; and
| | - James F Papin
- Department of Pathology, Division of Comparative Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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5
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Ikeda M, Satomura K, Sekizuka T, Hanada K, Endo T, Osada N. Comprehensive phylogenomic analysis reveals a novel cluster of simian endogenous retroviral sequences in Colobinae monkeys. Am J Primatol 2018; 80:e22882. [PMID: 29896810 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Simian retrovirus (SRV) is a type-D betaretrovirus infectious to the Old World monkeys causing a variety of symptoms. SRVs are also present in the Old World monkey genomes as endogenous forms, which are referred to as Simian endogenous retroviruses (SERVs). Although many SERV sequences have been identified in Cercopithecinae genomes, with potential of encoding all functional genes, the distribution of SERVs in genomes and evolutionary relationship between exogeneous SRVs and SERVs remains unclear. In this study, we comprehensively investigated seven draft genome sequences of the Old World monkeys, and identified a novel cluster of SERVs in the two Rhinopithecus (R. roxellana and R. bieti) genomes, which belong to the Colobinae subfamily. The Rhinopithecus genomes harbored higher copy numbers of SERVs than the Cercopithecinae genomes. A reconstructed phylogenetic tree showed that the Colobinae SERVs formed a distinct cluster from SRVs and Cercopithecinae SERVs, and more closely related to exogenous SRVs than Cercopithecinae SERVs. Three radical amino acid substitutions specific to Cercopithecinae SERVs, which potentially affect the infectious ability of SERVs, were also identified in the proviral envelope protein. In addition, we found many integration events of SERVs were genus- or species-specific, suggesting the recent activity of SERVs in the Old World monkey genomes. The results suggest that SERVs in Cercopithecinae and Colobinae monkeys were endogenized after the divergence of subfamilies and do not transmit across subfamilies. Our findings also support the hypothesis that Colobinae SERVs are direct ancestors of SRV-6, which has a different origin from the other exogenous SRVs. These findings shed novel insight into the evolutionary history of SERVs, and may help to understand the process of endogenization of SRVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ikeda
- Department of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Satomura
- Department of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekizuka
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Hanada
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshinori Endo
- Department of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Naoki Osada
- Department of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan.,Global Station for Bid Data and Cybersecurity, GI-CoRE, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
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6
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Yee JL, Grant R, Van Rompay KK, Kuller L, Carpenter A, Watanabe R, Huebner R, Agricola B, Smedley J, Roberts JA. Emerging diagnostic challenges and characteristics of simian betaretrovirus infections in captive macaque colonies. J Med Primatol 2018; 46:149-153. [PMID: 28748661 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To better understand Simian betaretrovirus (SRV) seropositivity in virus-negative macaques, we transfused blood from SRV-infected or suspect donors into immunosuppressed naive recipients. Our results do not support typical SRV1-5 infection as the cause, but provide evidence for several possibilities including serological artifact, new/different SRV, or an endogenous virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn L Yee
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Richard Grant
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Koen K Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - LaRene Kuller
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amanda Carpenter
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robin Watanabe
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rebeca Huebner
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brian Agricola
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Roberts
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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7
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Grant R, Keele B, Kuller L, Watanabe R, Perret A, Smedley J. Identification of novel simian endogenous retroviruses that are indistinguishable from simian retrovirus (SRV) on current SRV diagnostic assays. J Med Primatol 2018; 46:158-161. [PMID: 28748668 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Simian betaretroviruses include the well-known exogenous simian retroviruses (SRV-1 through SRV-8), and some closely related simian endogenous retroviruses (SERV). Here, we characterized two new viral genomes, which appear to represent novel SERVs but have characteristics of both SRV and SERV highlighting the need to develop new assays providing molecular and serologic differentiation of SERV and SRV to avoid false positives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Grant
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brandon Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - LaRene Kuller
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robin Watanabe
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alex Perret
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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8
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Hwa CZR, Tsai SP, Yee JL, Van Rompay KK, Roberts JA. Evidence of simian retrovirus type D by polymerase chain reaction. J Med Primatol 2017; 46:79-86. [PMID: 28370081 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past few years, there have been reports of finding Simian retrovirus type D (SRV) in macaque colonies where some animals were characterized as antibody positive but virus negative raising questions about how SRV was transmitted or whether there is a variant strain detected by antibody but not polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in current use. METHODS We developed a three-round nested PCR assay using degenerate primers targeting the pol gene to detect for SRV serotypes 1-5 and applied this newly validated PCR assay to test macaque DNA samples collected in China from 2010 to 2015. RESULTS Using the nested PCR assay validated in this study, we found 0.15% of the samples archived on FTA® cards were positive. CONCLUSIONS The source of SRV infection identified within domestic colonies might have originated from imported macaques. The multiplex nested PCR assay developed here may supplement the current assays for SRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Z R Hwa
- Pathogen Detection Laboratory (PDL), California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC), University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sheung Pun Tsai
- Pathogen Detection Laboratory (PDL), California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC), University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - JoAnn L Yee
- Pathogen Detection Laboratory (PDL), California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC), University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Koen K Van Rompay
- Pathogen Detection Laboratory (PDL), California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC), University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Roberts
- Pathogen Detection Laboratory (PDL), California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC), University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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9
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Zao CL, Tomanek L, Cooke A, Berger R, Yang L, Xie C, Chen S, Shi C, Rong R. A novel simian retrovirus subtype discovered in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). J Gen Virol 2016; 97:3017-3023. [PMID: 27609630 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A new simian retrovirus (SRV) subtype was discovered in China and the USA from Cambodian-origin cynomolgus monkeys. Histopathological examination from necropsied animals showed multifocal lymphoplasmacystic and histocytic inflammation. The complete genome sequences demonstrated that the US virus isolates were nearly identical (99.91-99.93 %) and differed only slightly (99.13-99.16 % identical) from the China isolate. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the new virus isolates formed a distinct branch of SRV-1 through -7, and therefore were named this subtype, SRV-8. This SRV-8 variant was also phylogenetically and serologically more closely related to SRV-4 than any other SRV subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Chen Xie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, PR China
| | | | | | - Rong Rong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, PR China
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10
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Yee JL, Vanderford TH, Didier ES, Gray S, Lewis A, Roberts J, Taylor K, Bohm RP. Specific pathogen free macaque colonies: a review of principles and recent advances for viral testing and colony management. J Med Primatol 2016; 45:55-78. [PMID: 26932456 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Specific pathogen free (SPF) macaques provide valuable animal models for biomedical research. In 1989, the National Center for Research Resources [now Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (ORIP)] of the National Institutes of Health initiated experimental research contracts to establish and maintain SPF colonies. The derivation and maintenance of SPF macaque colonies is a complex undertaking requiring knowledge of the biology of the agents for exclusion and normal physiology and behavior of macaques, application of the latest diagnostic technology, facilitiy management, and animal husbandry. This review provides information on the biology of the four viral agents targeted for exclusion in ORIP SPF macaque colonies, describes current state-of-the-art viral diagnostic algorithms, presents data from proficiency testing of diagnostic assays between laboratories at institutions participating in the ORIP SPF program, and outlines management strategies for maintaining the integrity of SPF colonies using results of diagnostic testing as a guide to decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn L Yee
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth S Didier
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Stanton Gray
- Michael E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA
| | - Anne Lewis
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jeffrey Roberts
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kerry Taylor
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Rudolf P Bohm
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA
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Okamoto M, Miyazawa T, Morikawa S, Ono F, Nakamura S, Sato E, Yoshida T, Yoshikawa R, Sakai K, Mizutani T, Nagata N, Takano JI, Okabayashi S, Hamano M, Fujimoto K, Nakaya T, Iida T, Horii T, Miyabe-Nishiwaki T, Watanabe A, Kaneko A, Saito A, Matsui A, Hayakawa T, Suzuki J, Akari H, Matsuzawa T, Hirai H. Emergence of infectious malignant thrombocytopenia in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) by SRV-4 after transmission to a novel host. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8850. [PMID: 25743183 PMCID: PMC4351523 DOI: 10.1038/srep08850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We discovered a lethal hemorrhagic syndrome arising from severe thrombocytopenia in Japanese macaques kept at the Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University. Extensive investigation identified that simian retrovirus type 4 (SRV-4) was the causative agent of the disease. SRV-4 had previously been isolated only from cynomolgus macaques in which it is usually asymptomatic. We consider that the SRV-4 crossed the so-called species barrier between cynomolgus and Japanese macaques, leading to extremely severe acute symptoms in the latter. Infectious agents that cross the species barrier occasionally amplify in virulence, which is not observed in the original hosts. In such cases, the new hosts are usually distantly related to the original hosts. However, Japanese macaques are closely related to cynomolgus macaques, and can even hybridize when given the opportunity. This lethal outbreak of a novel pathogen in Japanese macaques highlights the need to modify our expectations about virulence with regards crossing species barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munehiro Okamoto
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Takayuki Miyazawa
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shigeru Morikawa
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Fumiko Ono
- The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, 1-16-2 Sakura, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0003, Japan
| | - Shota Nakamura
- Department of Infection Metagenomics, Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eiji Sato
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yoshida
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Rokusuke Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kouji Sakai
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Noriyo Nagata
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Jun-ichiro Takano
- 1] The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, 1-16-2 Sakura, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0003, Japan [2] Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 1-1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
| | - Sachi Okabayashi
- The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, 1-16-2 Sakura, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0003, Japan
| | - Masataka Hamano
- The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, 1-16-2 Sakura, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0003, Japan
| | - Koji Fujimoto
- The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, 1-16-2 Sakura, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0003, Japan
| | - Takaaki Nakaya
- 1] Department of Infection Metagenomics, Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan [2] Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kawaramachi-hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Iida
- Department of Infection Metagenomics, Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Horii
- 1] Department of Infection Metagenomics, Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan [2] Department of Molecular Protozoology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takako Miyabe-Nishiwaki
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Akino Watanabe
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Akihisa Kaneko
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Akatsuki Saito
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Atsushi Matsui
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Hayakawa
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Juri Suzuki
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Akari
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Matsuzawa
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Hirai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
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12
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Aktar SJ, Jabeen A, Ali LM, Vivet-Boudou V, Marquet R, Rizvi TA. SHAPE analysis of the 5' end of the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV) genomic RNA reveals structural elements required for genome dimerization. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 19:1648-1658. [PMID: 24152551 PMCID: PMC3884649 DOI: 10.1261/rna.040931.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Earlier genetic and structural prediction analyses revealed that the packaging determinants of Mason Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV) include two discontinuous core regions at the 5' end of its genomic RNA. RNA secondary structure predictions suggested that these packaging determinants fold into several stem-loops (SLs). To experimentally validate this structural model, we employed selective 2' hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE), which examines the flexibility of the RNA backbone at each nucleotide position. Our SHAPE data validated several predicted structural motifs, including U5/Gag long-range interactions (LRIs), a stretch of single-stranded purine (ssPurine)-rich region, and a distinctive G-C-rich palindromic (pal) SL. Minimum free-energy structure predictions, phylogenetic, and in silico modeling analyses of different MPMV strains revealed that the U5 and gag sequences involved in the LRIs differ minimally within strains and maintain a very high degree of complementarity. Since the pal SL forms a helix loop containing a canonical "GC" dyad, it may act as a RNA dimerization initiation site (DIS), enabling the virus to package two copies of its genome. Analyses of wild-type and pal mutant RNAs revealed that disruption of pal sequence strongly affected RNA dimerization. However, when in vitro transcribed trans-complementary pal mutants were incubated together showed RNA dimerization was restored authenticating that the pal loop (5'-CGGCCG-3') functions as DIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suriya J. Aktar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ayesha Jabeen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lizna M. Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Valérie Vivet-Boudou
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, IBMC, CNRS, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Roland Marquet
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, IBMC, CNRS, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Tahir A. Rizvi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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13
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Population dynamics of rhesus macaques and associated foamy virus in Bangladesh. Emerg Microbes Infect 2013; 2:e29. [PMID: 26038465 PMCID: PMC3675400 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2013.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Foamy viruses are complex retroviruses that have been shown to be transmitted from nonhuman primates to humans. In Bangladesh, infection with simian foamy virus (SFV) is ubiquitous among rhesus macaques, which come into contact with humans in diverse locations and contexts throughout the country. We analyzed microsatellite DNA from 126 macaques at six sites in Bangladesh in order to characterize geographic patterns of macaque population structure. We also included in this study 38 macaques owned by nomadic people who train them to perform for audiences. PCR was used to analyze a portion of the proviral gag gene from all SFV-positive macaques, and multiple clones were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis was used to infer long-term patterns of viral transmission. Analyses of SFV gag gene sequences indicated that macaque populations from different areas harbor genetically distinct strains of SFV, suggesting that geographic features such as forest cover play a role in determining the dispersal of macaques and SFV. We also found evidence suggesting that humans traveling the region with performing macaques likely play a role in the translocation of macaques and SFV. Our studies found that individual animals can harbor more than one strain of SFV and that presence of more than one SFV strain is more common among older animals. Some macaques are infected with SFV that appears to be recombinant. These findings paint a more detailed picture of how geographic and sociocultural factors influence the spectrum of simian-borne retroviruses.
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14
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Comprehensive in vitro analysis of simian retrovirus type 4 susceptibility to antiretroviral agents. J Virol 2013; 87:4322-9. [PMID: 23365453 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03208-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian retrovirus type 4 (SRV-4), a simian type D retrovirus, naturally infects cynomolgus monkeys, usually without apparent symptoms. However, some infected monkeys presented with an immunosuppressive syndrome resembling that induced by simian immunodeficiency virus infection. Antiretrovirals with inhibitory activity against SRV-4 are considered to be promising agents to combat SRV-4 infection. However, although some antiretrovirals have been reported to have inhibitory activity against SRV-1 and SRV-2, inhibitors with anti-SRV-4 activity have not yet been studied. In this study, we identified antiretroviral agents with anti-SRV-4 activity from a panel of anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drugs using a robust in vitro luciferase reporter assay. Among these, two HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors, zidovudine (AZT) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), potently inhibited SRV-4 infection within a submicromolar to nanomolar range, which was similar to or higher than the activities against HIV-1, Moloney murine leukemia virus, and feline immunodeficiency virus. In contrast, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors did not exhibit any activities against SRV-4. Although both AZT and TDF effectively inhibited cell-free SRV-4 transmission, they exhibited only partial inhibitory activities against cell-to-cell transmission. Importantly, one HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitor, raltegravir (RAL), potently inhibited single-round infection as well as cell-free and cell-to-cell SRV-4 transmission. These findings indicate that viral expansion routes impact the inhibitory activity of antiretrovirals against SRV-4, while only RAL is effective in suppressing both the initial SRV-4 infection and subsequent SRV-4 replication.
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15
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Takano JI, Leon A, Kato M, Abe Y, Fujimoto K. Isolation and DNA characterization of a simian retrovirus 5 from a Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata). J Gen Virol 2013; 94:955-959. [PMID: 23324469 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.047621-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An SRV-like virus was isolated from a colony-born Japanese monkey. To identify this SRV-like virus, we designed universal primers at regions that were conserved among the reported SRV sequences in the 5'-LTR and the short ORF and we obtained plasmid clones containing the complete gag, prt, pol and env genes. The full-length sequences of the isolate were determined from the plasmids and by direct sequencing. Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses indicated that this SRV-like virus had a sequence identical to the reported 626 bp of SRV-5. In this study, we isolated SRV5/JPN/2005/V1 from a Japanese monkey and characterized the full-length SRV-5 sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichiro Takano
- The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, 1-16-2 Sakura, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0003, Japan.,Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 1-1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
| | - Arlene Leon
- BioReliance Corporation, 9630 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Miyoko Kato
- The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, 1-16-2 Sakura, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0003, Japan
| | - Yuko Abe
- Amami Wild Animal Research Center Inc., Tatsugo, Amami, Kagoshima 894-0105, Japan
| | - Koji Fujimoto
- The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, 1-16-2 Sakura, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0003, Japan
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16
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Zao CL, Ward JA, Tomanek L, Cooke A, Berger R, Armstrong K. Virological and serological characterization of SRV-4 infection in cynomolgus macaques. Arch Virol 2011; 156:2053-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1068-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Vesicular stomatitis virus-simian retrovirus type 2 vaccine protects macaques from detectable infection and B-cell destruction. J Virol 2011; 85:5889-96. [PMID: 21490096 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02523-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural infection with simian retrovirus (SRV) has long been recognized in rhesus macaques (RMs) and may result in an AIDS-like disease. Importantly, SRV infections persist as a problem in recently imported macaques. Therefore, there is a clear need to control SRV spread in macaque colonies. We developed a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-SRV vaccine consisting of replication-competent hybrid VSVs that express SRV gag and env in separate vectors. The goal of this study was to assess the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the VSV-SRV serotype 2 vaccine prime-boost approach in RMs. The VSV-SRV vector (expressing either SRV gag or env) vaccines were intranasally administered in 4 RMs, followed by a boost 1 month after the first vaccination. Four RMs served as controls and received the VSV vector alone. Two months after the boost, all animals were intravenously challenged with SRV-2 and monitored for 90 days. After the SRV-2 challenge, all four controls became infected, and viral loads (VLs) ranged from 10(6) to 10(8) SRV RNA copies/ml of plasma. Two animals in the control group developed simian AIDS within 7 to 8 weeks postinfection and were euthanized. Anemia and weight loss were observed in the remaining controls. During acute infection, severe B-cell depletion and no significant changes in T-cell population were observed in the control group. Control RMs with greater preservation of B cells and lower VLs survived longer. SRV-2 was undetectable in vaccinated animals, which remained healthy, with no clinical or biological signs of infection and preservation of B cells. Our study showed that the VSV-SRV vaccine is a strong approach for preventing clinically relevant type D retrovirus infection and disease in RMs, with protection of 4/4 RMs from SRV infection and prevention of B-cell destruction. B-cell protection was the strongest correlate of the long-term survival of all vaccinated and control RMs.
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