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An SH, Lee CY, Choi JG, Lee YJ, Kim JH, Kwon HJ. Generation of highly productive and mammalian nonpathogenic recombinant H9N2 avian influenza viruses by optimization of 3'end promoter and NS genome. Vet Microbiol 2018; 228:213-218. [PMID: 30593370 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We developed A/PR/8/34 (PR8) virus-based reverse genetics system in which six internal genes of PR8 and attenuated hemagglutinin and intact neuraminidase genes of field avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been used for the generation of highly productive recombinant vaccine strains. The 6 + 2 recombinant vaccine strains can induce protective humoral immunity against intended field AIVs; however, the epitopes of B and T cells encoded by internal genes may be important for heterosubtypic protection. Therefore, it is advantageous to use homologous internal genes of field AIVs for recombinant vaccine strains. However, the rescue of recombinant viruses having whole internal genes of field AIVs by the PR8-based reverse genetics system was unsuccessful in some cases. Although partial replacement of an internal gene has been successful for generation of highly productive and mammalian nonpathogenic recombinant viruses, complete replacement of internal genes may be more favorable. In this study, we successfully generated complete recombinant H9N2 AIVs possessing 8 genomes of H9N2 AIVs by optimal combinations of 3' end promoter sequences of polymerase genomes, and a NS genome. All the generated recombinant viruses showed highly productive and mammalian nonpathogenic traits but some of them showed much higher virus titers in embryonated chicken eggs. Additionally, we found the same mutations of NS1 gene determined pathogenicity of AIVs in chicken embryos as well as mammals. Thus, the 3' end promoter optimization, and highly productive and mammalian nonpathogenic internal genes may be useful to develop vaccines against AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hee An
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jun-Gu Choi
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk-Joon Kwon
- Department of Farm Animal Medicine, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Farm Animal Clinical Training and Research Center (FACTRC), GBST, Seoul National University, 25354, Pyeongchangdae-ro, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
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Lee CY, Kwon HJ, Nguyen TT, Kim I, Jang HK, Kim JH. Effect of the fourth nucleotide at the 3' end of neuraminidase and matrix viral genomic RNA on the pathogenicity of influenza virus A/PR/8/34. J Vet Sci 2018; 18:307-313. [PMID: 28859270 PMCID: PMC5583418 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.s1.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Twelve nucleotides located at the 3′ end of viral genomic RNA (vRNA) are conserved among influenza A viruses (IAV) and have a promoter function. Hoffmann's 8-plasmid reverse genetics vector system introduced mutations at position 4, C nucleotide (C4) to U nucleotide (U4), of the 3′ ends of neuraminidase (NA) and matrix (M) vRNAs of wild-type A/PR/8/34 (PR8). This resulted in a constellation of C4 and U4 vRNAs coding for low (polymerases) and relatively high (all others) copy number proteins, respectively. U4 has been reported to increase promoter activity in comparison to C4, but the constellation effect on the replication efficiency and pathogenicity of reverse genetics PR8 (rgPR8) has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we generated 3 recombinant viruses with C4 in the NA and/or M vRNAs and rgPR8 by using reverse genetics and compared their pathobiological traits. The mutant viruses showed lower replication efficiency than rgPR8 due to the low transcription levels of NA and/or M genes. Furthermore, C4 in the NA and/or M vRNAs induced lower PR8 virus pathogenicity in BALB/c mice. The results suggest that the constellation of C4 and U4 among vRNAs may be one of the multigenic determinants of IAV pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Young Lee
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyuk-Joon Kwon
- Laboratory of Poultry Production Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Farm Animal Clinical Training and Research Center, Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
| | - Thanh Trung Nguyen
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ilhwan Kim
- Division of Antimicrobial Resistance, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Research Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (KCDC), Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Hyung-Kwan Jang
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Development of high-yield influenza A virus vaccine viruses. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8148. [PMID: 26334134 PMCID: PMC4569720 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most cost-effective ways to prevent infection. Influenza vaccines propagated in cultured cells are approved for use in humans, but their yields are often suboptimal. Here, we screened A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) virus mutant libraries to develop vaccine backbones (defined here as the six viral RNA segments not encoding haemagglutinin and neuraminidase) that support high yield in cell culture. We also tested mutations in the coding and regulatory regions of the virus, and chimeric haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes. A combination of high-yield mutations from these screens led to a PR8 backbone that improved the titres of H1N1, H3N2, H5N1 and H7N9 vaccine viruses in African green monkey kidney and Madin–Darby canine kidney cells. This PR8 backbone also improves titres in embryonated chicken eggs, a common propagation system for influenza viruses. This PR8 vaccine backbone thus represents an advance in seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccine development. The availability of high-yield virus strains remains an important bottleneck in the rapid production of influenza vaccines. Here, the authors report the development of influenza A vaccine backbone that improves the virus yield of various seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccine strains in cell culture.
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Sun W, Li J, Han P, Yang Y, Kang X, Li Y, Li J, Zhang Y, Wu X, Jiang T, Qin C, Hu Y, Zhu Q. U4 at the 3' UTR of PB1 segment of H5N1 influenza virus promotes RNA polymerase activity and contributes to viral pathogenicity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93366. [PMID: 24676059 PMCID: PMC3968160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase has been found to contribute to efficient replication in mammalian systems and to the high pathogenicity of H5N1 influenza A virus in humans and other mammals. The terminal untranslated regions of the viral segments perform functions such as polyadenylation and contain signals for genomic packaging and initiation of RNA synthesis. These sequences are highly conserved, apart from a U/C polymorphism at position 4 of the 3′ end, most often seen in the polymerase gene segments. However, no study has yet tested whether the untranslated regions of H5N1 make any contribution to its high pathogenicity. Herein, the association of the fourth nucleotide at the 3′ end of the untranslated region in segment 2 (PB1), of A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1), with pathogenicity was examined in mice. To this end, an RNA polymerase reporter system was constructed, and viruses with mutations at this site were rescued. Results showed the U4 in PB1 was found to contribute to greater amounts of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity and differentially regulate genomic transcription and replication. Although a recombinant H5N1 virus with the rarer C4 sequence in all eight segments was viable and replicated to high titers in vitro, replacing a single U4 at the 3′ termini of the PB1 gene segment enhanced viral reproduction and more pathogenesis. In this way, these data showed the importance of untranslated regions of H5N1 influenza virus to pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Pengfei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yinhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuchang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jiaming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Tao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chengfeng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, PR China
- * E-mail: (QYZ); (YH)
| | - Qingyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, PR China
- * E-mail: (QYZ); (YH)
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Lee MK, Bottini A, Kim M, Bardaro MF, Zhang Z, Pellecchia M, Choi BS, Varani G. A novel small-molecule binds to the influenza A virus RNA promoter and inhibits viral replication. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 50:368-70. [PMID: 24247110 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc46973e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Through screening by NMR spectroscopy, we discovered a novel scaffold (DPQ: 6,7-dimethoxy-2-(1-piperazinyl)-4-quinazolinamine) that binds specifically to the influenza A virus RNA promoter. The solution structure of the RNA-DPQ complex reported here demonstrates that the internal loop is the binding site of DPQ. The scaffold exhibits antiviral activity against influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Kyung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Rapid sequencing of influenza A virus vRNA, cRNA and mRNA non-coding regions. J Virol Methods 2013; 195:26-33. [PMID: 24096269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the genomic sequences of influenza A viruses is important for pathophysiological and evolutionary studies. Noncoding regions (NCR) of influenza A virus have been shown to play critical roles in replication and transcription but their sequences are infrequently determined. In this study, a method employing poly(A) addition and SMART (switching mechanism at 5' end of RNA transcript) technology is described for directly determining and discriminating both NCR ends of viral RNA (vRNA), complementary RNA (cRNA), or NCR and cap sequences from viral mRNA. This modified method may also be used to characterize the NCRs of influenza A virus samples in which the RNA has been degraded.
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Wang Q, Weng L, Jiang H, Zhang S, Toyoda T. Fluorescent primer-based in vitro transcription system of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Anal Biochem 2012; 433:92-4. [PMID: 23103398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Viral infection is a leading cause of disease and death. Although vaccines are the most effective method of controlling viral infections, antiviral drugs are also important. Here, we established an in vitro transcription system by using fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated primers for RNA polymerases of viruses that are important disease-causing human pathogens (influenza, hepatitis C, Japanese encephalitis viruses, and enterovirus 71). This technology will allow us to analyze RNA polymerase activity without using radioisotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Unit of Viral Genome Regulation, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
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Wang Q, Zhang S, Jiang H, Wang J, Weng L, Mao Y, Sekiguchi S, Yasui F, Kohara M, Buchy P, Deubel V, Xu K, Sun B, Toyoda T. PA from an H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus activates viral transcription and replication and induces apoptosis and interferon expression at an early stage of infection. Virol J 2012; 9:106. [PMID: 22681768 PMCID: PMC3507744 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although gene exchange is not likely to occur freely, reassortment between the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) and currently circulating human viruses is a serious concern. The PA polymerase subunit of H5N1 HPAIV was recently reported to activate the influenza replicon activity. Methods The replicon activities of PR8 and WSN strains (H1N1) of influenza containing PA from HPAIV A/Cambodia/P0322095/2005 (H5N1) and the activity of the chimeric RNA polymerase were analyzed. A reassortant WSN virus containing the H5N1 Cambodia PA (C-PA) was then reconstituted and its growth in cells and pathogenicity in mice examined. The interferon promoter, TUNEL, and caspase 3, 8, and 9 activities of C-PA-infected cells were compared with those of WSN-infected cells. Results The activity of the chimeric RNA polymerase was slightly higher than that of WSN, and C-PA replicated better than WSN in cells. However, the multi-step growth of C-PA and its pathogenicity in mice were lower than those of WSN. The interferon promoter, TUNEL, and caspase 3, 8, and 9 activities were strongly induced in early infection in C-PA-infected cells but not in WSN-infected cells. Conclusions Apoptosis and interferon were strongly induced early in C-PA infection, which protected the uninfected cells from expansion of viral infection. In this case, these classical host-virus interactions contributed to the attenuation of this strongly replicating virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 411 Hefei Road, 200025, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Molecular mechanisms of transcription and replication of the influenza A virus genome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-011-1151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Jiang H, Xu Y, Li L, Weng L, Wang Q, Zhang S, Jia B, Hu H, He Y, Jacob Y, Toyoda T. Inhibition of influenza virus replication by constrained peptides targeting nucleoprotein. Antivir Chem Chemother 2011; 22:119-30. [PMID: 22095520 DOI: 10.3851/imp1902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of high mutation rates, new drug-resistant viruses are rapidly evolving, thus making the necessary control of influenza virus infection difficult. METHODS We screened a constrained cysteine-rich peptide library mimicking μ-conotoxins from Conus geographus and a proline-rich peptide library mimicking lebocin 1 and 2 from Bombyx mori by using influenza virus RNA polymerase (PB1, PB2 and PA) and nucleoprotein (NP) as baits. RESULTS Among the 22 peptides selected from the libraries, we found that the NP-binding proline-rich peptide, PPWCCCSPMKRASPPPAQSDLPATPKCPP, inhibited influenza replicon activity to mean±sd 40.7%±15.8% when expressed as a GFP fusion peptide in replicon cells. Moreover, when the GFP fusion peptide was transduced into cells by an HIV-TAT protein transduction domain sequence, the replication of influenza virus A/WSN/33 (WSN) at a multiplicity of infection of 0.01 was inhibited to 20% and 69% at 12 and 24 h post-infection, respectively. In addition, the TAT-GFP fusion peptide was able to slightly protect Balb/c mice from WSN infection when administrated prior to the infection. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest the potential of this peptide as the seed of an anti-influenza drug and reveal the usefulness of the constrained peptide strategy for generating inhibitors of influenza infection. The results also suggest that influenza NP, which is conserved among the influenza A viruses, is a good target for influenza inhibition, despite being the most abundant protein in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbing Jiang
- Unit of Viral Genome Regulation, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
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