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O'Brien MB, McLoughlin RM, Meade KG. Application of the TruCulture® whole blood stimulation system for immune response profiling in cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 221:110025. [PMID: 32086040 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Capturing the phenotypic variation in immune responses holds enormous promise for the development of targeted treatments for disease as well as tailored vaccination schedules. However, accurate detection of true biological variation can be obscured by the lack of standardised immune assays. The TruCulture® whole blood stimulation system has now been extensively used to detect basal and induced immune responses to a range of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in human peripheral blood. This study demonstrates the optimisation of this commercially available assay for systemic immune phenotyping in cattle. The early immune response in Holstein-Friesian bull calves (n = 10) was assessed by haematology, flow cytometry and cytokine expression profiling after 24 h ex-vivo PAMP (LPS, poly (I:C) and zymosan) stimulation in TruCulture® tubes. A comparative analysis was also performed with a traditional whole blood stimulation assay and cell viability using both systems was also evaluated. Results: Supernatant collected from TruCulture® tubes showed a significant increase in IL-1β and IL-8 expression compared to null stimulated tubes in response to both LPS and zymosan. In contrast, a detectable immune response was not apparent at the standard concentration of poly (I:C). Conventional whole blood cultures yielded similar response profiles, although the magnitude of the response was higher to both LPS and zymosan, which may be attributed to prokaryotic strain-specificity or batch of the stimulant used. Despite being a closed system, HIF1A expression - used as a measure of hypoxia was not increased, suggesting the TruCulture® assay did not negatively affect cell viability. This represents the first reported use of this novel standardised assay in cattle, and indicates that the concentration of poly (I:C) immunogenic in humans is insufficient to induce cytokine responses in cattle. We conclude that the low blood volume and minimally invasive TruCulture® assay system offers a practical and informative technique to assess basal and induced systemic immune responses in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan B O'Brien
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Co Meath, Ireland; Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Rachel M McLoughlin
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Kieran G Meade
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Co Meath, Ireland.
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Topliff CL, Alkheraif AA, Kuszynski CA, Davis WC, Steffen DJ, Schmitz JA, Eskridge KM, Charleston B, Henningson JN, Kelling CL. Experimental acute infection of alpacas with Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 subgenotype b alters peripheral blood and GALT leukocyte subsets. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:186-192. [PMID: 28166712 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717690015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a pathogen in cattle and alpacas ( Vicugna pacos), causing acute and persistent BVDV infections. We characterized the effect of acute BVDV infection on the immune system of alpacas by determining lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood and gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) as well as serum interferon levels. Alpacas were experimentally infected with BVDV-1b (strain CO-06). Peripheral blood leukocytes were isolated at 0, 3, 6, and 9 d postinfection (dpi), and leukocytes of GALT at 9 dpi, and evaluated using flow cytometry. Serum interferon levels were determined daily. Flow cytometric analyses of peripheral blood leukocytes showed a significant decrease in CD4+, CD8+, and αβ T-lymphocytes at 3 dpi. CD8+ lymphocytes were significantly increased, and activated lymphocytes were significantly decreased in the C3-stomach region in BVDV-infected alpacas. Serum interferon concentrations significantly increased in BVDV-infected alpacas at 3-6 dpi, peaking at 3 dpi. Our study confirms that BVDV can be a primary acute pathogen in alpacas and that it induces an interferon response and alters leukocyte subset populations. The changes in the proportion of T-lymphocytes during the early stages of BVDV infection may result in transient immunosuppression that may contribute to secondary bacterial and viral infections, similar to cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Topliff
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Topliff, Alkheraif, Steffen, Henningson, Kelling) and Department of Statistics (Eskridge), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE (Kuszynski).,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Davis).,Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (Schmitz).,The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom (Charleston)
| | - Abdulrahman A Alkheraif
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Topliff, Alkheraif, Steffen, Henningson, Kelling) and Department of Statistics (Eskridge), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE (Kuszynski).,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Davis).,Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (Schmitz).,The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom (Charleston)
| | - Charles A Kuszynski
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Topliff, Alkheraif, Steffen, Henningson, Kelling) and Department of Statistics (Eskridge), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE (Kuszynski).,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Davis).,Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (Schmitz).,The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom (Charleston)
| | - William C Davis
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Topliff, Alkheraif, Steffen, Henningson, Kelling) and Department of Statistics (Eskridge), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE (Kuszynski).,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Davis).,Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (Schmitz).,The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom (Charleston)
| | - David J Steffen
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Topliff, Alkheraif, Steffen, Henningson, Kelling) and Department of Statistics (Eskridge), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE (Kuszynski).,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Davis).,Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (Schmitz).,The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom (Charleston)
| | - Jack A Schmitz
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Topliff, Alkheraif, Steffen, Henningson, Kelling) and Department of Statistics (Eskridge), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE (Kuszynski).,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Davis).,Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (Schmitz).,The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom (Charleston)
| | - Kent M Eskridge
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Topliff, Alkheraif, Steffen, Henningson, Kelling) and Department of Statistics (Eskridge), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE (Kuszynski).,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Davis).,Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (Schmitz).,The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom (Charleston)
| | - Bryan Charleston
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Topliff, Alkheraif, Steffen, Henningson, Kelling) and Department of Statistics (Eskridge), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE (Kuszynski).,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Davis).,Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (Schmitz).,The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom (Charleston)
| | - Jamie N Henningson
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Topliff, Alkheraif, Steffen, Henningson, Kelling) and Department of Statistics (Eskridge), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE (Kuszynski).,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Davis).,Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (Schmitz).,The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom (Charleston)
| | - Clayton L Kelling
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Topliff, Alkheraif, Steffen, Henningson, Kelling) and Department of Statistics (Eskridge), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE (Kuszynski).,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Davis).,Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (Schmitz).,The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom (Charleston)
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