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Lloyd SB, Lichtfuss M, Amarasena TH, Alcantara S, De Rose R, Tachedjian G, Alinejad-Rokny H, Venturi V, Davenport MP, Winnall WR, Kent SJ. High fidelity simian immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase mutants have impaired replication in vitro and in vivo. Virology 2016; 492:1-10. [PMID: 26896929 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The low fidelity of HIV replication facilitates immune and drug escape. Some reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor drug-resistance mutations increase RT fidelity in biochemical assays but their effect during viral replication is unclear. We investigated the effect of RT mutations K65R, Q151N and V148I on SIV replication and fidelity in vitro, along with SIV replication in pigtailed macaques. SIVmac239-K65R and SIVmac239-V148I viruses had reduced replication capacity compared to wild-type SIVmac239. Direct virus competition assays demonstrated a rank order of wild-type>K65R>V148I mutants in terms of viral fitness. In single round in vitro-replication assays, SIVmac239-K65R demonstrated significantly higher fidelity than wild-type, and rapidly reverted to wild-type following infection of macaques. In contrast, SIVmac239-Q151N was replication incompetent in vitro and in pigtailed macaques. Thus, we showed that RT mutants, and specifically the common K65R drug-resistance mutation, had impaired replication capacity and higher fidelity. These results have implications for the pathogenesis of drug-resistant HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Lloyd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Marit Lichtfuss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Thakshila H Amarasena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sheilajen Alcantara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Robert De Rose
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Gilda Tachedjian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3010, Australia; Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | | | - Vanessa Venturi
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Miles P Davenport
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Wendy R Winnall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3010, Australia; Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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MIV-150/zinc acetate gel inhibits cell-associated simian-human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase infection in a macaque vaginal explant model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:3829-37. [PMID: 25870063 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00073-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmission of both cell-free and cell-associated immunodeficiency viruses has been demonstrated directly in multiple animal species and possibly occurs in humans, as suggested by genotyping of the infecting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in acutely infected women and in semen from their partners. Therefore, a microbicide may need to block both mechanisms of HIV transmission to achieve maximum efficacy. To date, most of the preclinical evaluation of candidate microbicides has been performed using cell-free HIV. New models of mucosal transmission of cell-associated HIV are needed to evaluate candidate microbicide performance. The MIV-150/zinc acetate/carrageenan (MZC) gel protects Depo-Provera-treated macaques against cell-free simian-human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase (SHIV-RT) infection when applied vaginally up to 8 h before challenge. We recently demonstrated the potent activity of MZC gel against cell-free SHIV-RT in macaque vaginal explants. In the current study, we established a cell-associated SHIV-RT infection model of macaque vaginal tissues and tested the activity of MZC gel in this model. MZC gel protected tissues against cell-associated SHIV-RT infection when present at the time of viral exposure or when applied up to 4 days prior to viral challenge. These data support clinical testing of the MZC gel. Overall, our ex vivo model of cell-associated SHIV-RT infection in macaque vaginal mucosa complements the cell-free infection models, providing tools for prioritization of products that block both modes of HIV transmission.
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Winnall WR, Lloyd SB, De Rose R, Alcantara S, Amarasena TH, Hedger MP, Girling JE, Kent SJ. Simian immunodeficiency virus infection and immune responses in the pig-tailed macaque testis. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:599-609. [PMID: 25605872 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a0914-438r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The testis is a site of immune privilege in rodents, and there is evidence that T cell responses are also suppressed in the primate testis. Local immunosuppression is a potential mechanism for HIV persistence in tissue reservoirs that few studies have examined. The response of the pig-tailed macaque testis to SIVmac239 infection was characterized to test this possibility. Testes were surgically removed during early-chronic (10 wk) and late-chronic (24-30 wk) SIV infection in 4 animals and compared with those from 7 uninfected animals. SIV infection caused only minor disruption to the seminiferous epithelium without marked evidence of inflammation or consistent changes in total intratesticular leukocyte numbers. Infection also led to an increase in the relative proportion of testicular effector memory CD8(+) T cell numbers and a corresponding reduction in central memory CD4(+) T cells. A decrease in the relative proportion of resident-type CD163(+) macrophages and DCs was also observed. SIV-specific CD8(+) T cells were detectable in the testis, 10-11 wk after infection by staining with SIV Gag-specific or Tat-specific MHC-I tetramers. However, testicular CD8(+) T cells from the infected animals had suppressed cytokine responses to mitogen activation. These results support the possibility that local immunosuppression in the testis may be restricting the ability of T cells to respond to SIV or HIV infection. Local immunosuppression in the testis may be an underexplored mechanism allowing HIV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy R Winnall
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Reproductive Health, Monash Institute of Medical Research-Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia; and Gynaecology Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah B Lloyd
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Reproductive Health, Monash Institute of Medical Research-Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia; and Gynaecology Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert De Rose
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Reproductive Health, Monash Institute of Medical Research-Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia; and Gynaecology Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sheilajen Alcantara
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Reproductive Health, Monash Institute of Medical Research-Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia; and Gynaecology Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thakshila H Amarasena
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Reproductive Health, Monash Institute of Medical Research-Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia; and Gynaecology Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark P Hedger
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Reproductive Health, Monash Institute of Medical Research-Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia; and Gynaecology Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane E Girling
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Reproductive Health, Monash Institute of Medical Research-Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia; and Gynaecology Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Reproductive Health, Monash Institute of Medical Research-Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia; and Gynaecology Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Peterson CW, Younan P, Polacino PS, Maurice NJ, Miller HW, Prlic M, Jerome KR, Woolfrey AE, Hu SL, Kiem HP. Robust suppression of env-SHIV viremia in Macaca nemestrina by 3-drug ART is independent of timing of initiation during chronic infection. J Med Primatol 2014; 42:237-46. [PMID: 24025078 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are an important model organism for studies of HIV pathogenesis and preclinical evaluation of anti-HIV therapies. The successful translation of NHP-derived data to clinically relevant anti-HIV studies will require better understanding of the viral strains and NHP species used and their responses to existing antiretroviral therapies (ART). METHODS Five pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) were productively infected with the SIV/HIV chimeric virus SHIV-1157 ipd3N4 following intravenous challenge. After 8 or 27 weeks, ART (PMPA, FTC, raltegravir) was initiated. Viral load, T-cell counts, and production of SHIV-specific antibodies were monitored throughout the course of infection and ART. RESULTS ART led to a rapid and sustained decrease in plasma viral load. Suppression of plasma viremia by ART was independent of the timing of initiation during chronic infection. CONCLUSIONS We present a new NHP model of HIV infection on antiretroviral therapy, which should prove applicable to multiple clinically relevant anti-HIV approaches.
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