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Jennings J, Bracey H, Nguyen DT, Dasgupta R, Rivera AV, Sluis-Cremer N, Shi J, Aiken C. The HIV-1 capsid serves as a nanoscale reaction vessel for reverse transcription. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.08.566350. [PMID: 37986899 PMCID: PMC10659366 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.08.566350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The viral capsid performs critical functions during HIV-1 infection and is a validated target for antiviral therapy. Previous studies have established that the proper structure and stability of the capsid are required for efficient HIV-1 reverse transcription in target cells. Moreover, it has recently been demonstrated that permeabilized virions and purified HIV-1 cores undergo efficient reverse transcription in vitro when the capsid is stabilized by addition of the host cell metabolite inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6). However, the molecular mechanism by which the capsid promotes reverse transcription is undefined. Here we show that wild type HIV-1 particles can undergo efficient reverse transcription in vitro in the absence of a membrane-permeabilizing agent. This activity, originally termed "natural endogenous reverse transcription" (NERT), depends on expression of the viral envelope glycoprotein during virus assembly and its incorporation into virions. Truncation of the gp41 cytoplasmic tail markedly reduced NERT activity, indicating that gp41 permits the entry of nucleotides into virions. Protease treatment of virions markedly reduced NERT suggesting the presence of a proteinaceous membrane channel. By contrast to reverse transcription in permeabilized virions, NERT required neither the addition of IP6 nor a mature capsid, indicating that an intact viral membrane can substitute for the function of the viral capsid during reverse transcription in vitro. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the viral capsid functions as a nanoscale container for reverse transcription during HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Jennings
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology and Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Harrison Bracey
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology and Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Danny T. Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology and Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Rishav Dasgupta
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology and Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Alondra Vázquez Rivera
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Sluis-Cremer
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jiong Shi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology and Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Christopher Aiken
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology and Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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Nieto‐Garai JA, Arboleya A, Otaegi S, Chojnacki J, Casas J, Fabriàs G, Contreras F, Kräusslich H, Lorizate M. Cholesterol in the Viral Membrane is a Molecular Switch Governing HIV-1 Env Clustering. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003468. [PMID: 33552873 PMCID: PMC7856888 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 entry requires the redistribution of envelope glycoproteins (Env) into a cluster and the presence of cholesterol (chol) in the viral membrane. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the specific role of chol in infectivity and the driving force behind Env clustering remain unknown. Here, gp41 is demonstrated to directly interact with chol in the viral membrane via residues 751-854 in the cytoplasmic tail (CT751-854). Super-resolution stimulated emission depletion (STED) nanoscopy analysis of Env distribution further demonstrates that both truncation of gp41 CT751-854 and depletion of chol leads to dispersion of Env clusters in the viral membrane and inhibition of virus entry. This work reveals a direct interaction of gp41 CT with chol and indicates that this interaction is an important orchestrator of Env clustering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Ander Nieto‐Garai
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC)University of the Basque CountryLeioaE‐48940Spain
- Fundación Biofísica Bizkaia/Biofisika Bizkaia Fundazioa (FBB)Barrio Sarriena s/nLeioaE‐48940Spain
| | - Aroa Arboleya
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC)University of the Basque CountryLeioaE‐48940Spain
- Fundación Biofísica Bizkaia/Biofisika Bizkaia Fundazioa (FBB)Barrio Sarriena s/nLeioaE‐48940Spain
| | - Sara Otaegi
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC)University of the Basque CountryLeioaE‐48940Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyFaculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of the Basque CountryLeioaE‐48940Spain
| | | | - Josefina Casas
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules. Department of Biological ChemistryInstitute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC‐CSIC)BarcelonaCatalonia08034Spain
- Liver and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Center (CIBEREHD) ISCIIMadrid28029Spain
| | - Gemma Fabriàs
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules. Department of Biological ChemistryInstitute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC‐CSIC)BarcelonaCatalonia08034Spain
- Liver and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Center (CIBEREHD) ISCIIMadrid28029Spain
| | - F‐Xabier Contreras
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC)University of the Basque CountryLeioaE‐48940Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyFaculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of the Basque CountryLeioaE‐48940Spain
- IkerbasqueBasque Foundation for ScienceBilbao48013Spain
| | - Hans‐Georg Kräusslich
- Department of Infectious DiseasesVirologyUniversitätsklinikum HeidelbergHeidelberg69120Germany
| | - Maier Lorizate
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC)University of the Basque CountryLeioaE‐48940Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyFaculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of the Basque CountryLeioaE‐48940Spain
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Sertznig H, Hillebrand F, Erkelenz S, Schaal H, Widera M. Behind the scenes of HIV-1 replication: Alternative splicing as the dependency factor on the quiet. Virology 2018; 516:176-188. [PMID: 29407375 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing plays a key role in the HIV-1 life cycle and is essential to maintain an equilibrium of mRNAs that encode viral proteins and polyprotein-isoforms. In particular, since all early HIV-1 proteins are expressed from spliced intronless and late enzymatic and structural proteins from intron containing, i.e. splicing repressed viral mRNAs, cellular splicing factors and splicing regulatory proteins are crucial for the replication capacity. In this review, we will describe the complex network of cis-acting splicing regulatory elements (SREs), which are mainly localized in the neighbourhoods of all HIV-1 splice sites and warrant the proper ratio of individual transcript isoforms. Since SREs represent binding sites for trans-acting cellular splicing factors interacting with the cellular spliceosomal apparatus we will review the current knowledge of interactions between viral RNA and cellular proteins as well as their impact on viral replication. Finally, we will discuss potential therapeutic approaches targeting HIV-1 alternative splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Sertznig
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Frank Hillebrand
- Institute of Virology, Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Steffen Erkelenz
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Heiner Schaal
- Institute of Virology, Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marek Widera
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Mu X, Fu Y, Zhu Y, Wang X, Xuan Y, Shang H, Goff SP, Gao G. HIV-1 Exploits the Host Factor RuvB-like 2 to Balance Viral Protein Expression. Cell Host Microbe 2015. [PMID: 26211835 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The correct ratio of the HIV-1 structural protein Gag to the envelope protein (Env) is important for maximal virion infectivity. How the virus ensures the production of Gag and Env proteins in an appropriate ratio remains unknown. We report that HIV-1 exploits the host factor RuvB-like 2 (RVB2) to balance relative expression of Gag and Env for efficient production of infectious virions. RVB2 inhibits Gag expression by interacting with both the encoded Matrix (MA) domain of Gag protein and 5' UTR of the translating mRNA and promoting mRNA degradation in a translation-dependent manner. This inhibitory activity of RVB2 is antagonized by Env through competitive interaction with MA, allowing Gag synthesis to proceed when Env levels are adequate for virion assembly. In HIV-1-positive patients, RVB2 levels positively correlate with viral loads and disease progression status. These findings reveal a mechanism by which HIV-1 regulates its protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Mu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yajing Fu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Yiping Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York NY, 10032, USA
| | - Xinlu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yifang Xuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hong Shang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Stephen P Goff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York NY, 10032, USA
| | - Guangxia Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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