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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose is to review recent novel approaches in HIV vaccine research and development being undertaken in the preclinical and early clinical space, as well as related and novel nonvaccine approaches such as genetic delivery of broadly neutralizing antibodies for protection from HIV infection and AIDS. RECENT FINDINGS We review novel HIV envelope immunogen design, including native trimer and germline targeting approaches as well as genetic delivery of broadly neutralizing antibodies and replicating vector vaccinesSUMMARY: Despite 30+ years of research and development, and billions of dollars spent, a well tolerated and effective HIV vaccine remains a public health priority for any chance of ending the AIDS pandemic. It has become very clear that significant investments in novel technologies, innovation, and multidisciplinary science will be necessary to accelerate progress.
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Zhang X, Wallace OL, Domi A, Wright KJ, Driscoll J, Anzala O, Sanders EJ, Kamali A, Karita E, Allen S, Fast P, Gilmour J, Price MA, Parks CL. Canine distemper virus neutralization activity is low in human serum and it is sensitive to an amino acid substitution in the hemagglutinin protein. Virology 2015; 482:218-24. [PMID: 25880113 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Serum was analyzed from 146 healthy adult volunteers in eastern Africa to evaluate measles virus (MV) and canine distemper virus (CDV) neutralizing antibody (nAb) prevalence and potency. MV plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) results indicated that all sera were positive for MV nAbs. Furthermore, the 50% neutralizing dose (ND50) for the majority of sera corresponded to antibody titers induced by MV vaccination. CDV nAbs titers were low and generally were detected in sera with high MV nAb titers. A mutant CDV was generated that was less sensitive to neutralization by human serum. The mutant virus genome had 10 nucleotide substitutions, which coded for single amino acid substitutions in the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin (H) glycoproteins and two substitutions in the large polymerase (L) protein. The H substitution occurred in a conserved region involved in receptor interactions among morbilliviruses, implying that this region is a target for cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsheng Zhang
- AIDS Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Brooklyn, NY, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
| | - Olivia L Wallace
- AIDS Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Arban Domi
- AIDS Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Kevin J Wright
- AIDS Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan Driscoll
- AIDS Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Omu Anzala
- Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative (KAVI)-Institute of Clinical Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eduard J Sanders
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kilifi, Kenya & Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, UK
| | - Anatoli Kamali
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Virus Research Unit on AIDS, Masaka and Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Susan Allen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pat Fast
- Department of Medical Affairs, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, NY, NY, USA
| | - Jill Gilmour
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, London, UK
| | - Matt A Price
- Department of Medical Affairs, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, NY, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher L Parks
- AIDS Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Brooklyn, NY, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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Coleman JW, Wright KJ, Wallace OL, Sharma P, Arendt H, Martinez J, DeStefano J, Zamb TP, Zhang X, Parks CL. Development of a duplex real-time RT-qPCR assay to monitor genome replication, gene expression and gene insert stability during in vivo replication of a prototype live attenuated canine distemper virus vector encoding SIV gag. J Virol Methods 2014; 213:26-37. [PMID: 25486083 PMCID: PMC7111484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The duplex assay monitored replication, tissue distribution, and mRNA expression. The duplex assay monitored insert genetic stability during in vivo replication. Primary site of CDV replication in ferrets was abdominal cavity lymphoid tissue. CDV gRNA or mRNA was undetectable in brain tissue. Specific primers were used in the RT step to distinguish gRNA from mRNA.
Advancement of new vaccines based on live viral vectors requires sensitive assays to analyze in vivo replication, gene expression and genetic stability. In this study, attenuated canine distemper virus (CDV) was used as a vaccine delivery vector and duplex 2-step quantitative real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) assays specific for genomic RNA (gRNA) or mRNA have been developed that concurrently quantify coding sequences for the CDV nucleocapsid protein (N) and a foreign vaccine antigen (SIV Gag). These amplicons, which had detection limits of about 10 copies per PCR reaction, were used to show that abdominal cavity lymphoid tissues were a primary site of CDV vector replication in infected ferrets, and importantly, CDV gRNA or mRNA was undetectable in brain tissue. In addition, the gRNA duplex assay was adapted for monitoring foreign gene insert genetic stability during in vivo replication by analyzing the ratio of CDV N and SIV gag genomic RNA copies over the course of vector infection. This measurement was found to be a sensitive probe for assessing the in vivo genetic stability of the foreign gene insert.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Coleman
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, The AIDS Vaccine Design & Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, NY 11220, United States.
| | - Kevin J Wright
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, The AIDS Vaccine Design & Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, NY 11220, United States
| | - Olivia L Wallace
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, The AIDS Vaccine Design & Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, NY 11220, United States
| | - Palka Sharma
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, The AIDS Vaccine Design & Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, NY 11220, United States
| | - Heather Arendt
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, The AIDS Vaccine Design & Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, NY 11220, United States
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, The AIDS Vaccine Design & Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, NY 11220, United States
| | - Joanne DeStefano
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, The AIDS Vaccine Design & Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, NY 11220, United States
| | - Timothy P Zamb
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, The AIDS Vaccine Design & Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, NY 11220, United States
| | - Xinsheng Zhang
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, The AIDS Vaccine Design & Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, NY 11220, United States; Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Graduate Studies, The State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Christopher L Parks
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, The AIDS Vaccine Design & Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, NY 11220, United States; Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Graduate Studies, The State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
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