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Analysis of Select Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) Proteins for Restriction of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1): HSV-1 gM Protein Potently Restricts HIV-1 by Preventing Intracellular Transport and Processing of Env gp160. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01476-17. [PMID: 29093081 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01476-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-encoded proteins that impair or shut down specific host cell functions during replication can be used as probes to identify potential proteins/pathways used in the replication of viruses from other families. We screened nine proteins from herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) for the ability to enhance or restrict human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. We show that several HSV-1 proteins (glycoprotein M [gM], US3, and UL24) potently restricted the replication of HIV-1. Unlike UL24 and US3, which reduced viral protein synthesis, we observed that gM restriction of HIV-1 occurred through interference with the processing and transport of gp160, resulting in a significantly reduced level of mature gp120/gp41 released from cells. Finally, we show that an HSV-1 gM mutant lacking the majority of the C-terminal domain (HA-gM[Δ345-473]) restricted neither gp160 processing nor the release of infectious virus. These studies identify proteins from heterologous viruses that can restrict viruses through novel pathways.IMPORTANCE HIV-1 infection of humans results in AIDS, characterized by the loss of CD4+ T cells and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections. Both HIV-1 and HSV-1 can infect astrocytes and microglia of the central nervous system (CNS). Thus, the identification of HSV-1 proteins that directly restrict HIV-1 or interfere with pathways required for HIV-1 replication could lead to novel antiretroviral strategies. The results of this study show that select viral proteins from HSV-1 can potently restrict HIV-1. Further, our results indicate that the gM protein of HSV-1 restricts HIV-1 through a novel pathway by interfering with the processing of gp160 and its incorporation into virus maturing from the cell.
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Alteri C, Surdo M, Bellocchi MC, Saccomandi P, Continenza F, Armenia D, Parrotta L, Carioti L, Costa G, Fourati S, Di Santo F, Scutari R, Barbaliscia S, Fedele V, Carta S, Balestra E, Alcaro S, Marcelin AG, Calvez V, Ceccherini-Silberstein F, Artese A, Perno CF, Svicher V. Incomplete APOBEC3G/F Neutralization by HIV-1 Vif Mutants Facilitates the Genetic Evolution from CCR5 to CXCR4 Usage. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:4870-81. [PMID: 26055363 PMCID: PMC4505216 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00137-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Incomplete APOBEC3G/F neutralization by a defective HIV-1Vif protein can promote genetic diversification by inducing G-to-A mutations in the HIV-1 genome. The HIV-1 Env V3 loop, critical for coreceptor usage, contains several putative APOBEC3G/F target sites. Here, we determined if APOBEC3G/F, in the presence of Vif-defective HIV-1 virus, can induce G-to-A mutations at V3 positions critical to modulation of CXCR4 usage. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) from 2 HIV-1-negative donors were infected with CCR5-using 81.A-VifWT virus (i.e., with wild-type [WT] Vif protein), 81.A-VifE45G, or 81.A-VifK22E (known to incompletely/partially neutralize APOBEC3G/F). The rate of G-toA mutations was zero or extremely low in 81.A-VifWT- and 81.A-VifE45G-infected PBMC from both donors. Conversely, G-to-A enrichment was detected in 81.A-VifK22E-infected PBMC (prevalence ranging from 2.18% at 7 days postinfection [dpi] to 3.07% at 21 dpi in donor 1 and from 10.49% at 7 dpi to 8.69% at 21 dpi in donor 2). A similar scenario was found in MDM. G-to-A mutations occurred at 8 V3 positions, resulting in nonsynonymous amino acid substitutions. Of them, G24E and E25K strongly correlated with phenotypically/genotypically defined CXCR4-using viruses (P = 0.04 and 5.5e-7, respectively) and increased the CXCR4 N-terminal binding affinity for V3 (WT, -40.1 kcal/mol; G24E, -510 kcal/mol; E25K, -522 kcal/mol). The analysis of paired V3 and Vif DNA sequences from 84 HIV-1-infected patients showed that the presence of a Vif-defective virus correlated with CXCR4 usage in proviral DNA (P = 0.04). In conclusion, incomplete APOBEC3G/F neutralization by a single Vif amino acid substitution seeds a CXCR4-using proviral reservoir. This can have implications for the success of CCR5 antagonist-based therapy, as well as for the risk of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Alteri
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Surdo
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Patrizia Saccomandi
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Armenia
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Parrotta
- Università Magna Graecia di Catanzaro, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Campus Universitario, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luca Carioti
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Rome, Italy
| | - Giosuè Costa
- Università Magna Graecia di Catanzaro, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Campus Universitario, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Slim Fourati
- Department of Virology, Hospital "Pitie Salpietrere," Paris, France
| | - Fabiola Di Santo
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossana Scutari
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Barbaliscia
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Emanuela Balestra
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Università Magna Graecia di Catanzaro, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Campus Universitario, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Vincent Calvez
- Department of Virology, Hospital "Pitie Salpietrere," Paris, France
| | | | - Anna Artese
- Università Magna Graecia di Catanzaro, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Campus Universitario, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carlo Federico Perno
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Rome, Italy INMI L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Svicher
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Rome, Italy
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