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Losinno A, Vissani MA, Sanchez D, Damiani AM. Equid herpesvirus type 3 infection produces membrane-associated and secreted forms of glycoprotein G that are not required for efficient cell-to-cell spread of the virus in vitro. Arch Virol 2023; 168:122. [PMID: 36977931 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05727-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The ORF 70 gene of equid alphaherpesvirus type 3 (EHV-3) encodes glycoprotein G (gG), which is conserved in the majority of alphaherpesviruses. This glycoprotein is located in the viral envelope and has the characteristic of being secreted into the culture medium after proteolytic processing. It modulates the antiviral immune response of the host by interacting with chemokines. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize EHV-3 gG. By constructing viruses with HA-tagged gG, it was possible to detect gG in lysates of infected cells, their supernatants, and purified virions. A 100-, 60-, and 17-kDa form of the protein were detected in viral particles, while a 60-kDa form was identified in supernatants of infected cells. The role of EHV-3 gG in the viral infection cycle was assessed by the construction of a gG-minus EHV-3 mutant and its gG-positive revertant. When growth characteristics in an equine dermal fibroblast cell line were compared, the plaque size and the growth kinetics of the gG-minus mutant were similar to those of the revertant virus, suggesting that EHV-3 gG does not play a role in direct cell-to-cell transmission or virus proliferation of EHV-3 in tissue culture. The identification and characterization of EHV-3 gG described here provide a solid background for further studies to assess whether this glycoprotein has a function in modulating the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Losinno
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo IMBECU, CCT Mendoza, Área de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Aldana Vissani
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA, Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, 1712, Castelar, Argentina
- Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad del Salvador, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego Sanchez
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo IMBECU, CCT Mendoza, Área de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Armando Mario Damiani
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo IMBECU, CCT Mendoza, Área de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Evaluation of the Variability of the ORF34, ORF68, and MLST Genes in EHV-1 from South Korea. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040425. [PMID: 33918404 PMCID: PMC8066002 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is an important pathogen in horses. It affects horses worldwide and causes substantial economic losses. In this study, for the first time, we characterized EHV-1 isolates from South Korea at the molecular level. We then aimed to determine the genetic divergences of these isolates by comparing them to sequences in databases. In total, 338 horse samples were collected, and 12 EHV-1 were isolated. We performed ORF30, ORF33, ORF68, and ORF34 genetic analysis and carried out multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) of 12 isolated EHV-1. All isolated viruses were confirmed as non-neuropathogenic type, showing N752 of ORF30 and highly conserved ORF33 (99.7–100%). Isolates were unclassified using ORF68 analysis because of a 118 bp deletion in nucleotide sequence 701–818. Seven EHV-1 isolates (16Q4, 19R166-1, 19R166-6, 19/10/15-2, 19/10/15-4, 19/10/18-2, 19/10/22-1) belonged to group 1, clade 10, based on ORF34 and MLST analysis. The remaining 5 EHV-1 isolates (15Q25-1, 15D59, 16Q5, 16Q40, 18D99) belonged to group 7, clade 6, based on ORF34 and MLST analysis.
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Preziuso S, Sgorbini M, Marmorini P, Cuteri V. Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 from Italian Horses: Evaluation of the Variability of the ORF30, ORF33, ORF34 and ORF68 Genes. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090851. [PMID: 31540321 PMCID: PMC6784080 DOI: 10.3390/v11090851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is an important pathogen of horses. It is spread worldwide and causes significant economic losses. The ORF33 gene has a conserved region that is often used as target in diagnostic PCR protocols. Single nucleotide point (SNP) mutations in ORF30 are usually used to distinguish between neuropathogenic and non-neuropathogenic genotypes. An ORF68 SNP-based scheme has been used for grouping different isolates. Recently, the highest number of variable sites in EHV-1 from the UK has been found in ORF34. In this study, EHV-1 positive samples from Italian horses with a history of abortion were investigated by amplifying and sequencing the ORF30, ORF33, ORF34 and ORF68 genes. Most animals were infected by the neuropathogenic type A2254G. A 118 bp deletion was found at nucleotide positions 701–818 of the ORF68 gene, making impossible to assign the samples to a known group. Sequencing of the ORF34 gene with a newly designed nested PCR showed new SNPs. Analysis of these sequences and of those obtained from genetic databases allowed the identification of at least 12 groups. These data add depth to the knowledge of EHV-1 genotypes circulating in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Preziuso
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica (MC), Italy.
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
| | | | - Vincenzo Cuteri
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica (MC), Italy.
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Porcine Adenovirus Type 3 E3 Encodes a Structural Protein Essential for Capsid Stability and Production of Infectious Progeny Virions. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00680-18. [PMID: 30068639 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00680-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenovirus E3 region encodes proteins that are not essential for viral replication in vitro The porcine adenovirus type 3 (PAdV-3) E3 region encodes three proteins, including 13.7K. Here, we report that 13.7K is expressed as an early protein, which localizes to the nucleus of infected cells. The 13.7K protein is a structural protein, as it is incorporated in CsCl-purified virions. The 13.7K protein appears to be essential for PAdV-3 replication, as mutant PAV13.73A expressing a mutated 13.7K could be isolated only in VIDO AS2 cells expressing the 13.7K protein. Analysis of PAV13.73A suggested that even in the presence of reduced levels of some late viral proteins, there appeared to be no effect on virus assembly and production of mature virions. Further analysis of CsCl-purified PAV13.73A by transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of disrupted/broken capsids, suggesting that inactivation of 13.7K protein expression may produce fragile capsids. Our results suggest that the PAdV-3 E3 region-encoded 13.7K protein is a capsid protein, which appears to be essential for the formation of stable capsids and production of infectious progeny virions.IMPORTANCE Although E3 region-encoded proteins are involved in the modulation of leukocyte functions (N. Arnberg, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:19976-19977, 2013) and inducing a lytic infection of lymphocytes (V. K. Murali, D. A. Ornelles, L. R. Gooding, H. T. Wilms, W. Huang, A. E. Tollefson, W. S. Wold, and C. Garnett-Benson, J Virol 88:903-912, 2014), none of the E3 proteins appear to be a component of virion capsid or required for replication of adenovirus. Here, we demonstrate that the 13.7K protein encoded by the E3 region of porcine adenovirus type 3 is a component of progeny virion capsids and appears to be essential for maintaining the integrity of virion capsid and production of infectious progeny virions. To our knowledge, this is the first report to suggest that an adenovirus E3-encoded protein is an essential structural protein.
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Said A, Wang W, Woldermariam T, Tikoo SK. Domains of bovine adenovirus-3 protein 22K involved in interacting with viral protein 52K and cellular importins α-5/α-7. Virology 2018; 522:209-219. [PMID: 30053654 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The L6 region of bovine adenovirus-3 (BAdV-3) encodes unspliced and spliced proteins named 22K and 33K, respectively. Earlier, anti-22K sera detected two proteins of 42- and 37-kDa in infected cells and 42-kDa protein in transfected cells. Here, we demonstrate that 22K protein localizes to the nucleus of BAdV-3 infected or transfected cells. Analysis of mutant 22K proteins suggested that amino acids 231-250 of non-conserved C-terminus of 22K are required for nuclear localization. The nuclear import of 22K appears to utilize multiple importin (α-5 and α-7) of importin α/β nuclear import pathway. Mutational analysis of 22K identified four basic residues 238RRRK241, which apparently are essential for the nuclear localization of 22K. Our results suggest that the nuclear localization of 22K appear essential for virus replication and production of progeny BAdV-3. Furthermore, we demonstrate that N-terminus amino acid 35-65 conserved in 22K and 33K interact with 52K protein in BAdV-3 infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman Said
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E3; Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Wenxiu Wang
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E3; Shandong Binzhou Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine Academy, 256600 Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Tekeleselassie Woldermariam
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E3; Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E3
| | - Suresh K Tikoo
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E3; Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E3; Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E3.
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Bryant NA, Wilkie GS, Russell CA, Compston L, Grafham D, Clissold L, McLay K, Medcalf L, Newton R, Davison AJ, Elton DM. Genetic diversity of equine herpesvirus 1 isolated from neurological, abortigenic and respiratory disease outbreaks. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:817-832. [PMID: 29423949 PMCID: PMC5947664 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV‐1) causes respiratory disease, abortion, neonatal death and neurological disease in equines and is endemic in most countries. The viral factors that influence EHV‐1 disease severity are poorly understood, and this has hampered vaccine development. However, the N752D substitution in the viral DNA polymerase catalytic subunit has been shown statistically to be associated with neurological disease. This has given rise to the term “neuropathic strain,” even though strains lacking the polymorphism have been recovered from cases of neurological disease. To broaden understanding of EHV‐1 diversity in the field, 78 EHV‐1 strains isolated over a period of 35 years were sequenced. The great majority of isolates originated from the United Kingdom and included in the collection were low passage isolates from respiratory, abortigenic and neurological outbreaks. Phylogenetic analysis of regions spanning 80% of the genome showed that up to 13 viral clades have been circulating in the United Kingdom and that most of these are continuing to circulate. Abortion isolates grouped into nine clades, and neurological isolates grouped into five. Most neurological isolates had the N752D substitution, whereas most abortion isolates did not, although three of the neurological isolates from linked outbreaks had a different polymorphism. Finally, bioinformatic analysis suggested that recombination has occurred between EHV‐1 clades, between EHV‐1 and equine herpesvirus 4, and between EHV‐1 and equine herpesvirus 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Bryant
- Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | - G S Wilkie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - C A Russell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - L Compston
- Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | - D Grafham
- Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - L Clissold
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - K McLay
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - L Medcalf
- Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | - R Newton
- Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | - A J Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - D M Elton
- Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
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Li JX, Said A, Ge XG, Wang W, Zhang Y, Jin T. Development and validation of immortalized bovine mammary epithelial cell line as an in vitro model for the study of mammary gland functions. Cytotechnology 2018; 70:67-82. [PMID: 28918563 PMCID: PMC5809642 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-017-0114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a bovine mammary epithelial (BME) cell line model, which provides a possibility to determine functional properties of the bovine mammary gland. The primary cell culture was derived from bovine mammary gland tissues and processed enzymatically to obtain cell colonies with epithelial-like morphology. The cultures of BME cells were purified and optimally cultured at 37 °C in DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. The BME cells were identified as epithelial cell line by the evaluating the expression of keratin-18 using immunofluorescence staining. A novel gene expression system strongly enhances the expression of telomerase, has been used to immortalize BME cell line termed hTBME cell line. Interestingly, telomerase remained active even after over 60 passages of hTBME cell line, required for immortalization of BME cells. In addition, the hTBME cell line was continuously subcultured with a spontaneous epithelial-like morphology, with a great proliferation activity, and without evidence of apoptotic and necrotic effects. Further characterization showed that hTBME cell line can be continuously propagated in culture with constant chromosomal features and without tumorigenic properties. Finally, established hTBME cell line was evaluated for mammary gland specific functions. Our results demonstrated that the hTBME cell line was able to retain functional-morphological structure, and functional differentiation by expression of beta (β)-casein as in the bovine mammary gland in vivo. Taken together, our findings suggest that the established hTBME cell line can serve as a valuable tool for the study of bovine mammary gland functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Xia Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Abdelrahman Said
- Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Xiu-Guo Ge
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxiu Wang
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, 256600, Shandong, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tianming Jin
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China.
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Wang W, Said A, Wang Y, Fu Q, Xiao Y, Lv S, Shen Z. Establishment and characterization of duck embryo epithelial (DEE) cell line and its use as a new approach toward DHAV-1 propagation and vaccine development. Virus Res 2015; 213:260-268. [PMID: 26739426 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The primary cell culture was derived from duck embryonic tissue, digested with collagenase type I. The existence of cell colonies with epithelial-like morphology, named duck embryo epithelial (DEE), were purified and optimally maintained at 37°C in M199 medium supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum. The purified cells were identified as epithelial cell line by detecting Keratin-18 expression using immunofluorescence assay. Our findings demonstrated that DEE cell line can be propagated in culture with (i) a great capacity to adhere, (ii) a great proliferation activity, and (iii) a population doubling time of approximately 18h. Chromosomal features of the DEE cell line were remained constant after the 50th passage. Further characterizations of DEE cell line showed that cell line can normally be grown even after several passages and never converted to tumorigenic cells either in vitro or in vivo study. Susceptibility of DEE cell line was determined for transfection and duck hepatitis A type 1 virus (DHAV-1)-infection. Interestingly, the 50% egg lethal dose (ELD50) of the propagated virus in DEE cell line was higher than ELD50 of the propagated virus in embryonated eggs. Finally, DEE cell line was evaluated to be used as a candidate for DHAV-1 vaccine development. Our results showed that the propagated DHAV-1 vaccine strain SDE in DEE cell line was able to protect ducklings against DHAV-1 challenge. Taken together, our findings suggest that the DEE cell line can serve as a valuable tool for DHAV-1 propagation and vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Wang
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine Academy, 256600 Binzhou, Shandong, China; Shandong Lvdu Bio-Sciences &Technology Co. Ltd., 256600 Binzhou, Shandong, China.
| | - Abdelrahman Said
- Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), 120 Veterinary Road, University of Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - Yan Wang
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine Academy, 256600 Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine Academy, 256600 Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Yueqiang Xiao
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine Academy, 256600 Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Sufang Lv
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine Academy, 256600 Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine Academy, 256600 Binzhou, Shandong, China; Shandong Lvdu Bio-Sciences &Technology Co. Ltd., 256600 Binzhou, Shandong, China.
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