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Neuroprotective Effects of ZiBuPiYin Recipe on db/db Mice via PI3K-Akt Signaling Pathway by Activating Grb2. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:8825698. [PMID: 33603781 PMCID: PMC7868140 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8825698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes-associated cognitive decline (DACD) is one of the nervous system dysfunctions induced by diabetes mellitus with cognitive impairment as the major symptom. In a previous preliminary proteomic study, we found that endoplasmic reticulum processing and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway might be impaired in DACD pathogenesis. In addition, growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 might be a crucial protein as a molecular target of the neuroprotective effects of ZiBuPiYin recipe (ZBPYR). Methods In this study, 6-8 weeks aged db/db mice were treated with excipients or ZBPYR for 6 weeks. Body weight and RBG were recorded weekly. Oral glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance tests were used to assess insulin sensitivity. Morris water maze (MWM) tests were used to assess memory function. The expression of Grb2, Gab2, Akt, and GSK3β in mouse hippocampus and cerebral cortex were analyzed by Western blotting. Results ZBPYR not only significantly reduced RGB and improved glucose tolerance and insulin resistance, but also improved spatial cognition in DACD mice. The expression of Grb2 and Gab2 in hippocampus and cerebral cortex of db/db mice was upregulated after treated with ZBPYR, and then affected the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and inhibited GSK3β overactivity. Conclusions This study showed that ZBPYR could enhance the memory and learning ability of db/db mice. Such neuroprotective effect might be related to the activation of Grb2-PI3K/Akt signaling which might provide a novel therapeutic target for the clinical treatment of DACD.
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Cummings L, Tucker M, Gibson M, Myers A, Pastinen T, Johnston J, Farrow E, Sampath V. Rare Genetic Variants in Immune Genes and Neonatal Herpes Simplex Viral Infections. Pediatrics 2021; 147:peds.2020-0687. [PMID: 33386334 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-0687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is a devastating disease with high mortality, particularly when disseminated. Studies in adults and children suggest that susceptibility to herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) may represent phenotypes for inborn errors in toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) signaling. However, the genetic basis of susceptibility to neonatal HSV including disseminated disease remains unknown. To test the hypothesis that variants in known HSE-susceptible genes as well as genes mediating HSV immunity will be identified in neonatal HSV, we performed an unbiased exome sequencing study in 10 newborns with disseminated, HSE, and skin, eyes, and mouth disease. Determination of potential impact on function was determined by following American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines. We identified deleterious and potentially deleterious, rare variants in known HSE-related genes including a stop IRF3 variant (disseminated), nonsynonymous variants in TLR3 and TRAF3 (HSE), STAT1 (skin, eyes, and mouth), and DBR1 (disseminated) in our cohort. Novel and rare variants in other immunodeficiency genes or HSV-related immune genes GRB2, RAG2, PRF1, C6, C7, and MSR1 were found in 4 infants. The variant in GRB2, essential for T-lymphocyte cell responses to HSV, is a novel stop variant not found in public databases. In this pilot study, we identified deleterious or potentially deleterious variants in TLR3 pathway and genes that regulate anti-HSV immunity in neonates with HSV including disseminated disease. Larger, definitive studies incorporating functional analysis of genetic variants are required to validate these data and determine the role of immune genetic variants in neonatal HSV susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Margaret Gibson
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
| | | | - Tomi Pastinen
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Jeffrey Johnston
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Emily Farrow
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
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Dogrammatzis C, Waisner H, Kalamvoki M. "Non-Essential" Proteins of HSV-1 with Essential Roles In Vivo: A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 2020; 13:E17. [PMID: 33374862 PMCID: PMC7824580 DOI: 10.3390/v13010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses encode for structural proteins that participate in virion formation and include capsid and envelope proteins. In addition, viruses encode for an array of non-structural accessory proteins important for replication, spread, and immune evasion in the host and are often linked to virus pathogenesis. Most virus accessory proteins are non-essential for growth in cell culture because of the simplicity of the infection barriers or because they have roles only during a state of the infection that does not exist in cell cultures (i.e., tissue-specific functions), or finally because host factors in cell culture can complement their absence. For these reasons, the study of most nonessential viral factors is more complex and requires development of suitable cell culture systems and in vivo models. Approximately half of the proteins encoded by the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) genome have been classified as non-essential. These proteins have essential roles in vivo in counteracting antiviral responses, facilitating the spread of the virus from the sites of initial infection to the peripheral nervous system, where it establishes lifelong reservoirs, virus pathogenesis, and other regulatory roles during infection. Understanding the functions of the non-essential proteins of herpesviruses is important to understand mechanisms of viral pathogenesis but also to harness properties of these viruses for therapeutic purposes. Here, we have provided a comprehensive summary of the functions of HSV-1 non-essential proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Kalamvoki
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (C.D.); (H.W.)
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4
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Banerjee A, Kulkarni S, Mukherjee A. Herpes Simplex Virus: The Hostile Guest That Takes Over Your Home. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:733. [PMID: 32457704 PMCID: PMC7221137 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha (α)-herpesviruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2), like other viruses, are obligate intracellular parasites. They hijack the cellular machinery to survive and replicate through evading the defensive responses by the host. The viral genome of herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) contains viral genes, the products of which are destined to exploit the host apparatus for their own existence. Cellular modulations begin from the entry point itself. The two main gateways that the virus has to penetrate are the cell membrane and the nuclear membrane. Changes in the cell membrane are triggered when the glycoproteins of HSV interact with the surface receptors of the host cell, and from here, the components of the cytoskeleton take over. The rearrangement in the cytoskeleton components help the virus to enter as well as transport to the nucleus and back to the cell membrane to spread out to the other cells. The entire carriage process is also mediated by the motor proteins of the kinesin and dynein superfamily and is directed by the viral tegument proteins. Also, the virus captures the cell’s most efficient cargo carrying system, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–Golgi vesicular transport machinery for egress to the cell membrane. For these reasons, the host cell has its own checkpoints where the normal functions are halted once a danger is sensed. However, a cell may be prepared for the adversities from an invading virus, and it is simply commendable that the virus has the antidote to these cellular strategies as well. The HSV viral proteins are capable of limiting the use of the transcriptional and translational tools for the cell itself, so that its own transcription and translation pathways remain unhindered. HSV prefers to constrain any self-destruction process of the cell—be it autophagy in the lysosome or apoptosis by the mitochondria, so that it can continue to parasitize the cell for its own survival. This review gives a detailed account of the significance of compartmentalization during HSV pathogenesis. It also highlights the undiscovered areas in the HSV cell biology research which demand attention for devising improved therapeutics against the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Banerjee
- Division of Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Smita Kulkarni
- Division of Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Anupam Mukherjee
- Division of Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
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5
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Graber K, Khan F, Glück B, Weigel C, Marzo S, Doshi H, Ehrhardt C, Heller R, Gräler M, Henke A. The role of sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling in HSV-1-infected human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Virus Res 2020; 276:197835. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Buehler J, Carpenter E, Zeltzer S, Igarashi S, Rak M, Mikell I, Nelson JA, Goodrum F. Host signaling and EGR1 transcriptional control of human cytomegalovirus replication and latency. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008037. [PMID: 31725811 PMCID: PMC6855412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained phosphotinositide3-kinase (PI3K) signaling is critical to the maintenance of alpha and beta herpesvirus latency. We have previously shown that the beta-herpesvirus, human cytomegalovirus (CMV), regulates epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), upstream of PI3K, to control states of latency and reactivation. How signaling downstream of EGFR is regulated and how this impacts CMV infection and latency is not fully understood. We demonstrate that CMV downregulates EGFR early in the productive infection, which blunts the activation of EGFR and its downstream pathways in response to stimuli. However, CMV infection sustains basal levels of EGFR and downstream pathway activity in the context of latency in CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). Inhibition of MEK/ERK, STAT or PI3K/AKT pathways downstream of EGFR increases viral reactivation from latently infected CD34+ HPCs, defining a role for these pathways in latency. We hypothesized that CMV modulation of EGFR signaling might impact viral transcription important to latency. Indeed, EGF-stimulation increased expression of the UL138 latency gene, but not immediate early or early viral genes, suggesting that EGFR signaling promotes latent gene expression. The early growth response-1 (EGR1) transcription factor is induced downstream of EGFR signaling through the MEK/ERK pathway and is important for the maintenance of hematopoietic stemness. We demonstrate that EGR1 binds the viral genome upstream of UL138 and is sufficient to promote UL138 expression. Further, disruption of EGR1 binding upstream of UL138 prevents the establishment of latency in CD34+ HPCs. Our results indicate a model whereby UL138 modulation of EGFR signaling feeds back to promote UL138 gene expression and suppression of replication for latency. By this mechanism, the virus has hardwired itself into host cell biology to sense and respond to changes in homeostatic host cell signaling. Host signaling is important for regulating states of cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication and latency. We have shown that human cytomegalovirus regulates EGFR levels and trafficking and that sustained EGFR or downstream PI3K signaling is a requirement for viral latency. Changes in host signaling have the ability to alter viral and host gene expression to impact the outcome of infection. Here we show that EGFR signaling through MEK/ERK pathway induces the host EGR1 transcription factor that is highly expressed in hematopoietic stem cells and necessary for the maintenance of hematopoietic stemness. Downregulation of EGR1 promotes stem cell mobilization and differentiation, known stimuli for CMV reactivation. We identified functional EGR1 binding sites upstream of the UL138 CMV latency gene and EGR1 stimulated UL138 expression to reinforce the latent infection. Mutant viruses where the regulation of UL138 by EGR1 is disrupted are unable to establish latency in CD34+ HPCs. This study advances our understanding of how host signaling impacts decisions to enter into or exit from latency. The regulation of viral gene expression by host signaling allows the virus to sense and respond to changes in host stress or differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Buehler
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Ethan Carpenter
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Sebastian Zeltzer
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Suzu Igarashi
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Michael Rak
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Iliyana Mikell
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jay A. Nelson
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Felicia Goodrum
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Roelants C, Giacosa S, Pillet C, Bussat R, Champelovier P, Bastien O, Guyon L, Arnoux V, Cochet C, Filhol O. Combined inhibition of PI3K and Src kinases demonstrates synergistic therapeutic efficacy in clear-cell renal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:30066-30078. [PMID: 30046388 PMCID: PMC6059021 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Potent inhibitors of PI3K (GDC-0941) and Src (Saracatinib) exhibit as individual agents, excellent oral anticancer activity in preclinical models and have entered phase II clinical trials in various cancers. We found that PI3K and Src kinases are dysregulated in clear cell renal carcinomas (ccRCCs), an aggressive disease without effective targeted therapies. In this study we addressed this challenge by testing GDC-0941 and Saracatinib as either single agents or in combination in ccRCC cell lines, as well as in mouse and PDX models. Our findings demonstrate that combined inhibition of PI3K and Src impedes cell growth and invasion and induces cell death of renal carcinoma cells providing preclinical evidence for a pairwise combination of these anticancer drugs as a rational strategy to improve renal cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Roelants
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Inserm U1036, CEA, BIG-BCI, Grenoble, France.,Inovarion, Paris, France
| | - Sofia Giacosa
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Inserm U1036, CEA, BIG-BCI, Grenoble, France
| | - Catherine Pillet
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Inserm U1038, CEA, BIG-BGE, Grenoble, France
| | - Rémi Bussat
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Inserm U1036, CEA, BIG-BCI, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Olivier Bastien
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS-CEA-INRA, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurent Guyon
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Inserm U1036, CEA, BIG-BCI, Grenoble, France
| | - Valentin Arnoux
- Centre Hospitalier Université Grenoble-Alpes, CS 10217, Grenoble, France
| | - Claude Cochet
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Inserm U1036, CEA, BIG-BCI, Grenoble, France
| | - Odile Filhol
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Inserm U1036, CEA, BIG-BCI, Grenoble, France
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8
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Lahmidi S, Strunk U, Smiley JR, Pearson A, Duplay P. Herpes simplex virus 1 infection of T cells causes VP11/12-dependent phosphorylation and degradation of the cellular protein Dok-2. Virology 2017; 511:66-73. [PMID: 28841444 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that HSV-1 infection of lymphocytes induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins that might correspond to viral or host proteins. VP11/12, a viral tegument protein, is the major HSV-induced tyrosine phosphorylated protein identified thus far. In this report, we demonstrated that the cellular adaptor proteins Dok-2 and Dok-1 are tyrosine phosphorylated upon HSV-1 infection. In addition, HSV-1 induced the selective degradation of Dok-2. Finally, we provide evidence that Dok-2 interacts with VP11/12, and that HSV-induced tyrosine phosphorylation and degradation of Dok-2 require VP11/12. Inactivation of either the Src Family Kinases binding motifs or the SHC binding motif of VP11/12 eliminated the interaction of Dok-2 with VP11/12. Elimination of the binding of Dok-2 to VP11/12 prevented Dok-2 phosphorylation and degradation. We propose that HSV-induced Dok phosphorylation and Dok-2 degradation is an immune evasion mechanism to inactivate T cells that might play an important role in HSV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumia Lahmidi
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada H7V 1B7
| | - Ulrike Strunk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2
| | - James R Smiley
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2
| | - Angela Pearson
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada H7V 1B7.
| | - Pascale Duplay
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada H7V 1B7.
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9
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Martin C, Leyton L, Hott M, Arancibia Y, Spichiger C, McNiven MA, Court FA, Concha MI, Burgos PV, Otth C. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Neuronal Infection Perturbs Golgi Apparatus Integrity through Activation of Src Tyrosine Kinase and Dyn-2 GTPase. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:371. [PMID: 28879169 PMCID: PMC5572415 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a ubiquitous pathogen that establishes a latent persistent neuronal infection in humans. The pathogenic effects of repeated viral reactivation in infected neurons are still unknown. Several studies have reported that during HSV-1 epithelial infection, the virus could modulate diverse cell signaling pathways remodeling the Golgi apparatus (GA) membranes, but the molecular mechanisms implicated, and the functional consequences to neurons is currently unknown. Here we report that infection of primary neuronal cultures with HSV-1 triggers Src tyrosine kinase activation and subsequent phosphorylation of Dynamin 2 GTPase, two players with a role in GA integrity maintenance. Immunofluorescence analyses showed that HSV-1 productive neuronal infection caused a scattered and fragmented distribution of the GA through the cytoplasm, contrasting with the uniform perinuclear distribution pattern observed in control cells. In addition, transmission electron microscopy revealed swollen cisternae and disorganized stacks in HSV-1 infected neurons compared to control cells. Interestingly, PP2, a selective inhibitor for Src-family kinases markedly reduced these morphological alterations of the GA induced by HSV-1 infection strongly supporting the possible involvement of Src tyrosine kinase. Finally, we showed that HSV-1 tegument protein VP11/12 is necessary but not sufficient to induce Dyn2 phosphorylation. Altogether, these results show that HSV-1 neuronal infection triggers activation of Src tyrosine kinase, phosphorylation of Dynamin 2 GTPase, and perturbation of GA integrity. These findings suggest a possible neuropathogenic mechanism triggered by HSV-1 infection, which could involve dysfunction of the secretory system in neurons and central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Martin
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile
| | - Luis Leyton
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile
| | - Melissa Hott
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile
| | - Yennyfer Arancibia
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos Spichiger
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile
| | - Mark A McNiven
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Mayo ClinicRochester, MN, United States
| | - Felipe A Court
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad MayorSantiago, Chile
| | - Margarita I Concha
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile
| | - Patricia V Burgos
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencia y Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina, Universidad San SebastiánSantiago, Chile.,Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios del Sistema Nervioso (CISNe), Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile
| | - Carola Otth
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile.,Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios del Sistema Nervioso (CISNe), Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile
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10
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Ge S, Xiong Y, Wu X, Xie J, Liu F, He J, Xiang T, Cheng N, Lai L, Zhong Y. Role of growth factor receptor-bound 2 in CCl 4-induced hepatic fibrosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 92:942-951. [PMID: 28618656 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth Factor Receptor-bound 2 (GRB2) plays a crucial role in regulation of cellular function including proliferation and differentiation, and we previously identified GRB2 as promoting HSCs (HSCs) proliferation. However, the underlying mechanisms that are involving in the regulation of GRB2 in hepatic fibrogenesis remain unknown. METHODS In the present study, we tested the function of GRB2 in hepatic fibrosis. Hepatic fibrosis was induced by subcutaneous CCl4 administration at a dose of 3mL/kg in rats. The rat HSC cell line HSC-T6 were cultured for proliferation investigation by CCK-8 and BrdU incorporation method. The levels of GRB2, HMGB1, PI3K/AKT, COL1A1 and α-SMA were analyzed by western blot or real-time PCR. RESULTS showed that the expression of GRB2 and HMGB1 was obviously increased in liver tissues of hepatic fibrosis rats accompanied by up-regulation of COL1A1 and α-SMA. In cultured HSCs, application of exogenous HMGB1 induced cell proliferation and cell proliferation rate concomitantly with up-regulation of GRB2 expression and PI3K/AKT phosphorylation. The effects of HMGB1-induced proliferation of HSCs and up-regulation of COL1A1 and α-SMA were abolished by GRB2 siRNA. HMGB1-induced proliferation of HSCs and up-regulation of COL1A1 and α-SMA was reversed in the presence of LY294002, an inhibitor of PI3K inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that GRB2 plays an important role in CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis by regulating HSCs' function, and up-regulation of GRB2 induced by HMGB1 is mediated via the PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanfei Ge
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Xiaoping Wu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Jianping Xie
- Department of Infectious Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Jinni He
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Tianxing Xiang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Na Cheng
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Lingling Lai
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Yuanbin Zhong
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
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