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Su Y, Bu F, Zhu Y, Yang L, Wu Q, Zheng Y, Zhao J, Yu L, Jiang N, Wang Y, Wu J, Xie Y, Zhang X, Gao Y, Lan K, Deng Q. Hepatitis B virus core protein as a Rab-GAP suppressor driving liver disease progression. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:2580-2595. [PMID: 38670853 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can lead to advanced liver pathology. Here, we establish a transgenic murine model expressing a basic core promoter (BCP)-mutated HBV genome. Unlike previous studies on the wild-type virus, the BCP-mutated HBV transgenic mice manifest chronic liver injury that culminates in cirrhosis and tumor development with age. Notably, agonistic anti-Fas treatment induces fulminant hepatitis in these mice even at a negligible dose. As the BCP mutant exhibits a striking increase in HBV core protein (HBc) expression, we posit that HBc is actively involved in hepatocellular injury. Accordingly, HBc interferes with Fis1-stimulated mitochondrial recruitment of Tre-2/Bub2/Cdc16 domain family member 15 (TBC1D15). HBc may also inhibit multiple Rab GTPase-activating proteins, including Rab7-specific TBC1D15 and TBC1D5, by binding to their conserved catalytic domain. In cells under mitochondrial stress, HBc thus perturbs mitochondrial dynamics and prevents the recycling of damaged mitochondria. Moreover, sustained HBc expression causes lysosomal consumption via Rab7 hyperactivation, which further hampers late-stage autophagy and substantially increases apoptotic cell death. Finally, we show that adenovirally expressed HBc in a mouse model is directly cytopathic and causes profound liver injury, independent of antigen-specific immune clearance. These findings reveal an unexpected cytopathic role of HBc, making it a pivotal target for HBV-associated liver disease treatment. The BCP-mutated HBV transgenic mice also provide a valuable model for understanding chronic hepatitis B progression and for the assessment of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Su
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fan Bu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuanfei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Laboratory of Cellular Immunity, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Le Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jianjin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Youhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yueqiu Gao
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunity, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Ke Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Qiang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Khan D, Fox PL. Host-like RNA Elements Regulate Virus Translation. Viruses 2024; 16:468. [PMID: 38543832 PMCID: PMC10976276 DOI: 10.3390/v16030468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses are obligate, intracellular parasites that co-opt host cell machineries for propagation. Critical among these machineries are those that translate RNA into protein and their mechanisms of control. Most regulatory mechanisms effectuate their activity by targeting sequence or structural features at the RNA termini, i.e., at the 5' or 3' ends, including the untranslated regions (UTRs). Translation of most eukaryotic mRNAs is initiated by 5' cap-dependent scanning. In contrast, many viruses initiate translation at internal RNA regions at internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs). Eukaryotic mRNAs often contain upstream open reading frames (uORFs) that permit condition-dependent control of downstream major ORFs. To offset genome compression and increase coding capacity, some viruses take advantage of out-of-frame overlapping uORFs (oORFs). Lacking the essential machinery of protein synthesis, for example, ribosomes and other translation factors, all viruses utilize the host apparatus to generate virus protein. In addition, some viruses exhibit RNA elements that bind host regulatory factors that are not essential components of the translation machinery. SARS-CoV-2 is a paradigm example of a virus taking advantage of multiple features of eukaryotic host translation control: the virus mimics the established human GAIT regulatory element and co-opts four host aminoacyl tRNA synthetases to form a stimulatory binding complex. Utilizing discontinuous transcription, the elements are present and identical in all SARS-CoV-2 subgenomic RNAs (and the genomic RNA). Thus, the virus exhibits a post-transcriptional regulon that improves upon analogous eukaryotic regulons, in which a family of functionally related mRNA targets contain elements that are structurally similar but lacking sequence identity. This "thrifty" virus strategy can be exploited against the virus since targeting the element can suppress the expression of all subgenomic RNAs as well as the genomic RNA. Other 3' end viral elements include 3'-cap-independent translation elements (3'-CITEs) and 3'-tRNA-like structures. Elucidation of virus translation control elements, their binding proteins, and their mechanisms can lead to novel therapeutic approaches to reduce virus replication and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjit Khan
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Paul L. Fox
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Characterization of Intracellular Precore-Derived Proteins and Their Functions in Hepatitis B Virus-Infected Human Hepatocytes. mBio 2023; 14:e0350122. [PMID: 36715515 PMCID: PMC9973328 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03501-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) precore protein is not essential for viral replication but is thought to facilitate chronic infection. In addition to the secreted precore products, including the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and PreC protein, intracellular precore-derived proteins in HBV-infected human hepatocytes remain poorly characterized, and their roles, if any, remain largely unknown. Here, we detected multiple precore derivatives, including the nonprocessed precursor p25 and the processing intermediate p22, in HBV-infected human hepatocytes as well as human hepatoma cells overexpressing the HBV precore protein. Both p25 and p22 showed phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms, which were located in different intracellular compartments. Interestingly, precore expression was associated with decreases in intracellular HBV core protein (HBc) and secreted DNA-containing virions but was also associated with an increase in secreted empty virions. The decrease in HBc by precore could be attributed to cytosolic p22, which caused HBc degradation, at least in part by the proteasome, and consequently decreased HBV pregenomic RNA packaging and DNA synthesis. In addition, cytosolic p22 formed chimeric capsids with HBc in the cell, which were further secreted in virions. In contrast, the PreC antigen, like HBeAg, was secreted via the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi secretory pathway and was thus unable to form capsids in the cell or be secreted in virions. Furthermore, p25, as well as p22, were secreted in virions from HBV-infected human hepatocytes and were detected in the sera of HBV-infected chimpanzees. In summary, we have detected multiple intracellular precore-derived proteins in HBV-infected human hepatocytes and revealed novel precore functions in the viral life cycle. IMPORTANCE Chronic hepatitis B remains a worldwide public health issue. The hepatitis B virus (HBV) precore protein is not essential for HBV replication but may facilitate viral persistence. In this study, we have detected multiple precore protein species in HBV-infected human hepatocytes and studied their functions in the HBV life cycle. We found that the HBV precore proteins decreased intracellular HBV core protein and reduced secretion of complete virions but enhanced secretion of empty virions. Interestingly, the cytosolic precore protein species formed chimeric capsids with the core protein and were secreted in virions. Our results shed new light on the functions of intracellular precore protein species in the HBV life cycle and have implications for the roles of precore proteins in HBV persistence and pathogenesis.
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Immunopathogenesis of HBV Infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1179:71-107. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9151-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Lee J, Zong L, Krotow A, Qin Y, Jia L, Zhang J, Tong S, Li J. N-Linked Glycosylation Is Not Essential for Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide To Mediate Hepatitis B Virus Infection In Vitro. J Virol 2018; 92:e00732-18. [PMID: 29793953 PMCID: PMC6052319 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00732-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) has been identified as a hepatitis B virus (HBV) receptor, and its overexpression in HepG2 cell lines leads to efficient secretion of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) following challenge with a large dose of cell culture-derived HBV (cHBV) particles. However, NTCP-reconstituted HepG2 cells are inefficiently infected by patient serum-derived HBV (sHBV) and release very little hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) following cHBV infection, unlike differentiated HepaRG cells, which are naturally susceptible to both cHBV and sHBV particles. Here, we investigated whether NTCP could explain the different behaviors of the two cell types. Endogenous NTCP protein from differentiated HepaRG cells was unglycosylated despite wild-type coding sequence. HepaRG cells stably transfected with an epitope-tagged NTCP expression construct displayed higher sHBV but not cHBV susceptibility than cells transfected with the null mutant. Tagged NTCP introduced to both HepG2 and HepaRG cells was glycosylated, with N5 and N11 being sites of N-linked glycosylation. Mutating N5, N11, or both did not alter cell surface availability of NTCP or its subcellular localization, with both the singly glycosylated and nonglycosylated forms still capable of mediating cHBV infection in HepG2 cells. In conclusion, nonglycosylated NTCP is expressed by differentiated HepaRG cells and capable of mediating cHBV infection in HepG2 cells, but it cannot explain differential susceptibility of HepaRG and HepG2/NTCP cells to cHBV versus sHBV infection and different HBsAg/HBeAg ratios following cHBV infection. The responsible host factor(s) remains to be identified.IMPORTANCE HBV can infect differentiated HepaRG cells and also HepG2 cells overexpressing NTCP, the currently accepted HBV receptor. However, HepG2/NTCP cells remain poorly susceptible to patient serum-derived HBV particles and release very little hepatitis B surface antigen following infection by cell culture-derived HBV. We found differentiated HepaRG cells expressed nonglycosylated NTCP despite a wild-type coding sequence. NTCP introduced to HepG2 cells was glycosylated at two N-linked glycosylation sites, but mutating either or both sites failed to prevent infection by cell culture-derived HBV or to confer susceptibility to serum-derived HBV. Overexpressing NTCP in HepRG cells did not increase infection by cell culture-derived HBV or distort the ratio between the two viral antigens. These findings suggest that host factors unique to HepaRG cells are required for efficient infection by serum-derived HBV, and factors other than NTCP contribute to balanced viral antigen production following infection by cell culture-derived HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Lee
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Li Zong
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Alexander Krotow
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Yanli Qin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lucy Jia
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jiming Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuping Tong
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jisu Li
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Finkel Y, Stern‐Ginossar N, Schwartz M. Viral Short ORFs and Their Possible Functions. Proteomics 2018; 18:e1700255. [PMID: 29150926 PMCID: PMC7167739 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Definition of functional genomic elements is one of the greater challenges of the genomic era. Traditionally, putative short open reading frames (sORFs) coding for less than 100 amino acids were disregarded due to computational and experimental limitations; however, it has become clear over the past several years that translation of sORFs is pervasive and serves diverse functions. The development of ribosome profiling, allowing identification of translated sequences genome wide, revealed wide spread, previously unidentified translation events. New computational methodologies as well as improved mass spectrometry approaches also contributed to the task of annotating translated sORFs in different organisms. Viruses are of special interest due to the selective pressure on their genome size, their rapid and confining evolution, and the potential contribution of novel peptides to the host immune response. Indeed, many functional viral sORFs were characterized to date, and ribosome profiling analyses suggest that this may be the tip of the iceberg. Our computational analyses of sORFs identified by ribosome profiling in DNA viruses demonstrate that they may be enriched in specific features implying that at least some of them are functional. Combination of systematic genome editing strategies with synthetic tagging will take us into the next step-elucidation of the biological relevance and function of this intriguing class of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaara Finkel
- Department of Molecular GeneticsWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | | | - Michal Schwartz
- Department of Molecular GeneticsWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
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Lim CS, Brown CM. Know Your Enemy: Successful Bioinformatic Approaches to Predict Functional RNA Structures in Viral RNAs. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2582. [PMID: 29354101 PMCID: PMC5758548 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Structured RNA elements may control virus replication, transcription and translation, and their distinct features are being exploited by novel antiviral strategies. Viral RNA elements continue to be discovered using combinations of experimental and computational analyses. However, the wealth of sequence data, notably from deep viral RNA sequencing, viromes, and metagenomes, necessitates computational approaches being used as an essential discovery tool. In this review, we describe practical approaches being used to discover functional RNA elements in viral genomes. In addition to success stories in new and emerging viruses, these approaches have revealed some surprising new features of well-studied viruses e.g., human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, influenza, and dengue viruses. Some notable discoveries were facilitated by new comparative analyses of diverse viral genome alignments. Importantly, comparative approaches for finding RNA elements embedded in coding and non-coding regions differ. With the exponential growth of computer power we have progressed from stem-loop prediction on single sequences to cutting edge 3D prediction, and from command line to user friendly web interfaces. Despite these advances, many powerful, user friendly prediction tools and resources are underutilized by the virology community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Shen Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Chris M Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Xiao SR, Xu GD, Wei WJ, Peng B, Deng YB. Antiviral effect of hepatitis B virus S gene-specific anti-gene locked nucleic acid in hepatitis B virus transgenic mice. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:2782-2790. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i31.2782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the antiviral effect of hepatitis B virus (HBV) S gene-specific anti-gene locked nucleic acid (LNA) in transgenic mice.
METHODS Thirty HBV transgenic mice were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 6 each): blank control group, negative control group (unrelated sequence), lamivudine group, antisense-LNA treatment group, and anti-gene LNA treatment group. LNA was injected into transgenic mice via the tail vein, and lamivudine was given by gavage. Serum HBV DNA was tested by real-time PCR; serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was determined by ELISA; the mRNA level of HBV S gene was detected by RT-PCR; and the positive rate of HBsAg in liver cells was detected by immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS On 3, 5, and 7 d after anti-gene LNA treatment, HBV DNA was reduced by 37.18%, 50.27%, and 61.46%, respectively, and HBsAg was reduced by 30.17%, 44%, and 57.76%, respectively; there was a significant difference in HBV DNA and HBsAg compared with those before administration (P < 0.05) or compared with control groups (blank control, negative control, lamivudine, and antisense-LNA) (P < 0.05). The mRNA level of HBV S gene (0.33) and the HBsAg positive rate of liver cells (31%) were significantly reduced compared with control groups (P < 0.05). The function of liver and kidney tests and tissue HE staining showed no abnormal changes.
CONCLUSION Anti-gene LNA targeting the S gene has a strong inhibitory effect on HBV replication and expression in HBV transgenic mice, and this provides experimental basis for gene therapy of HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Rong Xiao
- Center for Medical Laboratory Science, the Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Gui-Dan Xu
- Center for Medical Laboratory Science, the Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wu-Jun Wei
- Center for Medical Laboratory Science, the Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Bin Peng
- Center for Medical Laboratory Science, the Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yi-Bin Deng
- Center for Medical Laboratory Science, the Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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