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Hoffmann G, Shukla A, López-González S, Hafrén A. Cauliflower mosaic virus disease spectrum uncovers novel susceptibility factor NCED9 in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4751-4764. [PMID: 37249342 PMCID: PMC10433934 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are intimately linked with their hosts and especially dependent on gene-for-gene interactions to establish successful infections. On the host side, defence mechanisms such as tolerance and resistance can occur within the same species, leading to differing virus accumulation in relation to symptomology and plant fitness. The identification of novel resistance genes against viruses and susceptibility factors is an important part of understanding viral patho-genesis and securing food production. The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana displays a wide symptom spectrum in response to RNA virus infections, and unbiased genome-wide association studies have proven a powerful tool to identify novel disease-genes. In this study we infected natural accessions of A. thaliana with the pararetrovirus cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) to study the phenotypic variations between accessions and their correlation with virus accumulation. Through genome-wide association mapping of viral accumulation differences, we identified several susceptibility factors for CaMV, the strongest of which was the abscisic acid synthesis gene NCED9. Further experiments confirmed the importance of abscisic acid homeostasis and its disruption for CaMV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesa Hoffmann
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Linnean Center for Plant Biology, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aayushi Shukla
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Linnean Center for Plant Biology, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Silvia López-González
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Linnean Center for Plant Biology, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Hafrén
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Linnean Center for Plant Biology, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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Bilal S, Khan T, Asaf S, Khan NA, Saad Jan S, Imran M, Al-Rawahi A, Khan AL, Lee IJ, Al-Harrasi A. Silicon-Induced Morphological, Biochemical and Molecular Regulation in Phoenix dactylifera L. under Low-Temperature Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076036. [PMID: 37047009 PMCID: PMC10094002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate changes abruptly affect optimum growth temperatures, leading to a negative influence on plant physiology and productivity. The present study aimed to investigate the extent of low-temperature stress effects on date palm growth and physiological indicators under the exogenous application of silicon (Si). Date palm seedlings were treated with Si (1.0 mM) and exposed to different temperature regimes (5, 15, and 30 °C). It was observed that the application of Si markedly improved fresh and dry biomass, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids), plant morphology, and relative water content by ameliorating low-temperature-induced oxidative stress. Low-temperature stress (5 and 15 °C), led to a substantial upregulation of ABA-signaling-related genes (NCED-1 and PyL-4) in non Si treated plants, while Si treated plants revealed an antagonistic trend. However, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid accumulation were markedly elevated in Si treated plants under stress conditions (5 and 15 °C) in comparison with non Si treated plants. Interestingly, the upregulation of low temperature stress related plant plasma membrane ATPase (PPMA3 and PPMA4) and short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR), responsible for cellular physiology, stomatal conductance and nutrient translocation under silicon applications, was observed in Si plants under stress conditions in comparison with non Si treated plants. Furthermore, a significant expression of LSi-2 was detected in Si plants under stress, leading to the significant accumulation of Si in roots and shoots. In contrast, non Si plants demonstrated a low expression of LSi-2 under stress conditions, and thereby, reduced level of Si accumulation were observed. Less accumulation of oxidative stress was evident from the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Additionally, Si plants revealed a significant exudation of organic acids (succinic acid and citric acid) and nutrient accumulation (K and Mg) in roots and shoots. Furthermore, the application of Si led to substantial upregulation of the low temperature stress related soybean cold regulated gene (SRC-2) and ICE-1 (inducer of CBF expression 1), involved in the expression of CBF/DREB (C-repeat binding factor/dehydration responsive element binding factor) gene family under stress conditions in comparison with non Si plants. The current research findings are crucial for exploring the impact on morpho-physio-biochemical attributes of date palms under low temperature and Si supplementation, which may provide an efficient strategy for growing plants in low-temperature fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saqib Bilal
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Taimoor Khan
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Sajjad Asaf
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Nasir Ali Khan
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Syed Saad Jan
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Division of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Kyungpook National University, 80 Dahak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed Al-Rawahi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Abdul Latif Khan
- Department of Engineering Technology, University of Houston, Sugar Land, TX 77479, USA
| | - In-Jung Lee
- Division of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Kyungpook National University, 80 Dahak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
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Pouresmaeil M, Dall'Ara M, Salvato M, Turri V, Ratti C. Cauliflower mosaic virus: Virus-host interactions and its uses in biotechnology and medicine. Virology 2023; 580:112-119. [PMID: 36812696 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) was the first discovered plant virus with genomic DNA that uses reverse transcriptase for replication. The CaMV 35S promoter is a constitutive promoter and thus, an attractive driver of gene expression in plant biotechnology. It is used in most transgenic crops to activate foreign genes which have been artificially inserted into the host plant. In the last century, producing food for the world's population while preserving the environment and human health is the main topic of agriculture. The damage caused by viral diseases has a significant negative economic impact on agriculture, and disease control is based on two strategies: immunization and prevention to contain virus spread, so correct identification of plant viruses is important for disease management. Here, we discuss CaMV from different aspects: taxonomy, structure and genome, host plants and symptoms, transmission and pathogenicity, prevention, control and application in biotechnology as well as in medicine. Also, we calculated the CAI index for three ORFs IV, V, and VI of the CaMV virus in host plants, the results of which can be used in the discussion of gene transfer or antibody production to identify the CaMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahin Pouresmaeil
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Azarbijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mattia Dall'Ara
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Bologna, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Salvato
- University of Maryland, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Valentina Turri
- Healthcare Direction, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per Lo Studio e La Cura Dei Tumori, IRCCS, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Claudio Ratti
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Bologna, 40127, Bologna, Italy
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Akhter MS, Nakahara KS, Masuta C. Resistance induction based on the understanding of molecular interactions between plant viruses and host plants. Virol J 2021; 18:176. [PMID: 34454519 PMCID: PMC8400904 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01647-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral diseases cause significant damage to crop yield and quality. While fungi- and bacteria-induced diseases can be controlled by pesticides, no effective approaches are available to control viruses with chemicals as they use the cellular functions of their host for their infection cycle. The conventional method of viral disease control is to use the inherent resistance of plants through breeding. However, the genetic sources of viral resistance are often limited. Recently, genome editing technology enabled the publication of multiple attempts to artificially induce new resistance types by manipulating host factors necessary for viral infection. MAIN BODY In this review, we first outline the two major (R gene-mediated and RNA silencing) viral resistance mechanisms in plants. We also explain the phenomenon of mutations of host factors to function as recessive resistance genes, taking the eIF4E genes as examples. We then focus on a new type of virus resistance that has been repeatedly reported recently due to the widespread use of genome editing technology in plants, facilitating the specific knockdown of host factors. Here, we show that (1) an in-frame mutation of host factors necessary to confer viral resistance, sometimes resulting in resistance to different viruses and that (2) certain host factors exhibit antiviral resistance and viral-supporting (proviral) properties. CONCLUSION A detailed understanding of the host factor functions would enable the development of strategies for the induction of a new type of viral resistance, taking into account the provision of a broad resistance spectrum and the suppression of the appearance of resistance-breaking strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shamim Akhter
- Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Joydebpur, Gazipur, 1701, Bangladesh
| | - Kenji S Nakahara
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Chikara Masuta
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan.
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Huang C. From Player to Pawn: Viral Avirulence Factors Involved in Plant Immunity. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040688. [PMID: 33923435 PMCID: PMC8073968 DOI: 10.3390/v13040688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the plant immune system, according to the 'gene-for-gene' model, a resistance (R) gene product in the plant specifically surveils a corresponding effector protein functioning as an avirulence (Avr) gene product. This system differs from other plant-pathogen interaction systems, in which plant R genes recognize a single type of gene or gene family because almost all virus genes with distinct structures and functions can also interact with R genes as Avr determinants. Thus, research conducted on viral Avr-R systems can provide a novel understanding of Avr and R gene product interactions and identify mechanisms that enable rapid co-evolution of plants and phytopathogens. In this review, we intend to provide a brief overview of virus-encoded proteins and their roles in triggering plant resistance, and we also summarize current progress in understanding plant resistance against virus Avr genes. Moreover, we present applications of Avr gene-mediated phenotyping in R gene identification and screening of segregating populations during breeding processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650021, China
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