Sumoylation of nucleoprotein (NP) mediated by activation of NADPH oxidase complex is a consequence of oxidative cellular stress during infection by Infectious salmon anemia (ISA) virus necessary to viral progeny

In vitro antiviral activity of eugenol on Singapore grouper iridovirus

The high mortality rate of Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) posing a serious threat to the grouper aquaculture industry and causing significant economic losses. Therefore, finding effective drugs against SGIV is of great significance. Eugenol (C10H12O2) is a phenolic aromatic compound, has been widely studied for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiviral capacity. In this study, we explored the effect of eugenol on SGIV infection and its possible mechanisms using grouper spleen cells (GS) as an in vitro model. We found that treatment of GS cells with 100 μM eugenol for 4 h exhibited the optimal inhibitory effect on SGIV. Eugenol was able to reduce the expression level of inflammatory factors by inhibiting the activation of MAPK pathway and also inhibited the activity of NF-κB and AP-1 promoter. On the other hand, eugenol attenuated cellular oxidative stress by reducing intracellular ROS and promoted the expression of interferon-related genes. Therefore, we conclude that eugenol inhibits SGIV infection by enhancing cellular immunity through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant functions.

Berberine inhibits SGIV replication by suppressing inflammatory response and oxidative stress

Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) is one of the major infectious diseases responsible for high mortality and huge economic losses in the grouper aquaculture industry. Berberine (BBR), a naturally occurring plant alkaloid, is a phytochemical having a variety of biological properties, such as antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. In this work, we used an in vitro model based on Western blot, ROS fluorescence probe, and real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) to examine the antiviral qualities of BBR against SGIV. The outcomes demonstrated that varying BBR concentrations could significantly inhibit the replication of SGIV. In addition, BBR greatly inhibited the production of genes associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines in SGIV-infected or SGIV-uninfected GS cells based on qRT-PCR data. Subsequent investigations demonstrated that BBR suppressed the expression of the promoter activity of NF-κB and NF-κB-p65 protein. Additionally, BBR reduced the phosphorylation of ERK 1/2, JNK, and p38. Furthermore, BBR also inhibits SGIV-induced ROS production by upregulating the expression of antioxidant-related genes. In conclusion, BBR is a viable therapy option for SGIV infection due to its antiviral properties.