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Kaszab E, Bali K, Marton S, Ursu K, Farkas SL, Fehér E, Domán M, Martella V, Bányai K. Metagenomic Identification of Novel Eukaryotic Viruses with Small DNA Genomes in Pheasants. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:237. [PMID: 38254406 PMCID: PMC10812470 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
A panel of intestinal samples collected from common pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) between 2008 and 2017 was used for metagenomic investigation using an unbiased enrichment protocol and different bioinformatic pipelines. The number of sequence reads in the metagenomic analysis ranged from 1,419,265 to 17,507,704 with a viral sequence read rate ranging from 0.01% to 59%. When considering the sequence reads of eukaryotic viruses, RNA and DNA viruses were identified in the samples, including but not limited to coronaviruses, reoviruses, parvoviruses, and CRESS DNA viruses (i.e., circular Rep-encoding single-stranded DNA viruses). Partial or nearly complete genome sequences were reconstructed of at least three different parvoviruses (dependoparvovirus, aveparvovirus and chaphamaparvovirus), as well as gyroviruses and diverse CRESS DNA viruses. Generating information of virus diversity will serve as a basis for developing specific diagnostic tools and for structured epidemiological investigations, useful to assess the impact of these novel viruses on animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Kaszab
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (E.K.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (E.F.); (M.D.)
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
- One Health Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Bali
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (E.K.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (E.F.); (M.D.)
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Marton
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (E.K.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (E.F.); (M.D.)
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Ursu
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, 1143 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Szilvia L. Farkas
- Department of Obstetrics and Food Animal Medicine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Enikő Fehér
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (E.K.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (E.F.); (M.D.)
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marianna Domán
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (E.K.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (E.F.); (M.D.)
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy;
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (E.K.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (E.F.); (M.D.)
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
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Wang G, He Y, Yan X, Sun Y, Yi L, Tu C, He B. Virome Profiling of Chickens with Hepatomegaly Rupture Syndrome Reveals Coinfection of Multiple Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:1249. [PMID: 37376549 DOI: 10.3390/v15061249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases seriously challenge the health of chickens raised on scaled farms and cause tremendous economic losses to farm owners. The causative agents for liver diseases are still elusive, even though various pathogens, such as the hepatitis E virus, have been reported. In the winter of 2021, a liver disease was observed on a chicken farm in Dalian, China, which increased chicken mortality by up to 18%. We conducted panvirome profiling of the livers, spleens, kidneys, and recta of 20 diseased chickens. The viromic results revealed coinfection of multiple viruses, including pathogenic ones, in these organs. The viruses were highly identical to those detected in other provinces, and the vaccine and field strains of avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV) and chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) cocirculated on the farm. In particular, the liver showed higher abundance of AEV and multiple fowl adenoviruses than other organs. Furthermore, the liver also contracted avian leukemia virus and CIAV. Experimental animals with infected liver samples developed minor to medium lesions of the liver and showed a virus abundance profile for AEV across internal organs similar to that in the original samples. These results suggest that coinfection with multiple pathogenic viruses influences the occurrence and development of infectious liver disease. The results also highlight that strong farm management standards with strict biosafety measures are needed to minimize the risk of pathogenic virus introduction to the farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoshuai Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Yaqi He
- Beijing Centre Biology Co., Ltd., Beijing 102600, China
| | - Xiaomin Yan
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Le Yi
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Changchun Tu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Biao He
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
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Yang M, Yang Q, Bi X, Shi H, Yang J, Cheng X, Yan T, Zhang H, Cheng Z. The Synergy of Chicken Anemia Virus and Gyrovirus Homsa 1 in Chickens. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020515. [PMID: 36851729 PMCID: PMC9964263 DOI: 10.3390/v15020515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicken anemia virus (CAV) and Gyrovirus homsa 1 (GyH1) are members of the Gyrovirus genus. The two viruses cause similar clinical manifestations in chickens, aplastic anemia and immunosuppression. Our previous investigation displays that CAV and GyH1 often co-infect chickens. However, whether they have synergistic pathogenicity in chickens remains elusive. Here, we established a co-infection model of CAV and GyH1 in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens to explore the synergy between CAV and GyH1. We discovered that CAV and GyH1 significantly inhibited weight gain, increased mortality, and hindered erythropoiesis in co-infected chickens. Co-infected chickens exhibited severe immune organ atrophy and lymphocyte exhaustion. The proventriculus and gizzard had severe hemorrhagic necrosis and inflammation. We also discovered that the viral loads and shedding levels were higher and lasted longer in CAV and GyH1 co-infected chickens than in mono-infected chickens. Our results demonstrate that CAV and GyH1 synergistically promote immunosuppression, pathogenicity, and viral replication in co-infected chicken, highlighting the interaction between CAV and GyH1 in the disease process and increasing potential health risk in the poultry breeding industry, and needs further attention.
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Zhang S, Yuan S, Yan T, Li G, Hao X, Zhou D, Li R, Li Y, Cheng Z. Serological investigation of Gyrovirus homsa1 infections in chickens in China. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:231. [PMID: 35717195 PMCID: PMC9206369 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gyrovirus homsa1 (GyH1) (also known as Gyrovirus 3, GyV3) is a non-enveloped, small, single-stranded DNA virus, which was first identified in children with acute diarrhea, and was subsequently detected in marketed chickens, broilers with transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP), and mammals. GyH1 is a pathogenic virus in chickens, causing aplastic anemia, immunosuppression, and multisystem damage. However, the seroepidemiology of GyH1 infection in chickens remains unclear. Here, we investigated the seroprevalence of GyH1 in chickens by ELISA to reveal the endemic status of GyH1 in China. RESULTS An indirect ELISA with high sensitivity and specificity was developed for investigation of seroepidemiology of GyH1 in chickens in China. The seropositive rate of GyH1 ranged from 0.6% to 7.7% in thirteen provinces, and ranged from 4.1% to 8.1% in eight species chickens. The seropositive rate of GyH1 in broiler breeders was significantly higher than that of in layers. There was a negative correlation between seropositive rate and age of chickens. The highest and lowest seropositive rate were present in chickens at 30-60 days and over 180 days, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The seroepidemiological investigation results demonstrated that natural GyH1 infection is widespread in chickens in China. Different species showed different susceptibility for GyH1. Aged chickens showed obvious age-resistance to GyH1. GyH1 has shown a high risk to the poultry industry and should be highly concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, No.61, Daizong Street, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Shiyu Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, No.61, Daizong Street, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Tianxing Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, No.61, Daizong Street, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Gen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Xiaojing Hao
- Qingdao Animal Husbandry Workstation (Qingdao Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute), Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Defang Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, No.61, Daizong Street, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Ruiqi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, No.61, Daizong Street, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Yubao Li
- Agricultural Science and Engineering School, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China.
| | - Ziqiang Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, No.61, Daizong Street, Taian, 271018, China.
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Liu Y, Lv Q, Li Y, Yu Z, Huang H, Lan T, Wang W, Cao L, Shi Y, Sun W, Zheng M. Cross-species transmission potential of chicken anemia virus and avian gyrovirus 2. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 99:105249. [PMID: 35183752 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Gyrovirus genus consists of nonenveloped, icosahedral viruses with small circular single-stranded DNA genomes. Gyroviruses have been detected in diverse hosts, including humans, chickens, rodents, and cats. Two Gyroviruses were detected in canine serum samples using PCR in this study. The results indicated that four serum samples were positive for CAV (0.28%, 2/700) or AGV2 (0.28%, 2/700). Additionally, recombination analysis showed that AGV2 and CAV might have originated from the recombination of viruses similar to those detected in chickens and humans. We detected a total of 14 mutations in CAV VP1 amino acid sequences and identified new mutations at positions 31, 388, 390, 399, and 421 for the first time. The identification of T390C, C912T, T1230C, and T1297C mutations in AGV2 VP1, R93C mutations in AGV2 VP2, and R58C mutations AGV2 VP3 indicated that the differences might be related to a transboundary movement among hosts, which requires further elucidation. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report of an AGV2-infected dog in China, suggesting that the cross-species transmission of viruses with circular single-stranded DNA genomes is a public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Qiao Lv
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yuying Li
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Ziping Yu
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Haixin Huang
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Tian Lan
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Liang Cao
- College of Laboratory, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Yaokai Shi
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Wenchao Sun
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Min Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Centre for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China.
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Fehér E, Bali K, Kaszab E, Ihász K, Jakab S, Nagy B, Ursu K, Farkas SL, Bányai K. A novel gyrovirus in a common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) with poult enteritis and mortality syndrome. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1349-1353. [PMID: 35306591 PMCID: PMC9038835 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05417-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A novel gyrovirus was detected in an intestinal specimen of a common pheasant that died due to poult enteritis and mortality syndrome. The genome of the pheasant-associated gyrovirus (PAGyV) is 2353 nucleotides (nt) long and contains putative genes for the VP1, VP2, and VP3 proteins in an arrangement that is typical for gyroviruses. Gyrovirus-specific motifs were identified in both the coding region and the intergenic region of the PAGyV genome. The VP1 of PAGyV shares up to 67.6% pairwise nt sequence identity with reference sequences and forms a distinct branch in the phylogenetic tree. Thus, according to the recently described species demarcation criteria, PAGyV belongs to a novel species in the genus Gyrovirus, family Anelloviridae, for which we propose the name "Gyrovirus phaco 1".
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Affiliation(s)
- Enikő Fehér
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt 21, Budapest, 1143, Hungary.
| | - Krisztina Bali
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt 21, Budapest, 1143, Hungary
| | - Eszter Kaszab
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt 21, Budapest, 1143, Hungary
| | - Katalin Ihász
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt 21, Budapest, 1143, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Jakab
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt 21, Budapest, 1143, Hungary
| | - Borbála Nagy
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt 21, Budapest, 1143, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Ursu
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Tábornok utca 2, Budapest, 1143, Hungary
| | - Szilvia L Farkas
- University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt 21, Budapest, 1143, Hungary.,University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
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Diverse single-stranded DNA viruses identified in New Zealand (Aotearoa) South Island robin (Petroica australis) fecal samples. Virology 2021; 565:38-51. [PMID: 34715607 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The South Island robin (Petroica australis) is a small passerine bird endemic to New Zealand (Aotearoa). Although its population has declined recently and it is considered 'at risk,' little research has been done to identify viruses in this species. This study aimed to survey the diversity of single-stranded DNA viruses associated with South Island robins in a small, isolated population on Nukuwaiata Island. In total, 108 DNA viruses were identified from pooled fecal samples collected from 38 individual robins sampled. These viruses belong to the Circoviridae (n = 10), Genomoviridae (n = 12), and Microviridae (n = 73) families. A number of genomes that belong to the phylum Cressdnaviricota but are otherwise unclassified (n = 13) were also identified. These results greatly expand the known viral diversity associated with South Island robins, and we identify a novel group of viruses most closely related genomoviruses.
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Li G, Zhou D, Zhao M, Liu Q, Hao X, Yan T, Yuan S, Zhang S, Cheng Z. Kinetic analysis of pathogenicity and tissue tropism of gyrovirus 3 in experimentally infected chickens. Vet Res 2021; 52:120. [PMID: 34526128 PMCID: PMC8442313 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00990-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gyrovirus 3 (GyV3), the third novel emerging species of the genus Gyrovirus of the Anelloviridae family, has been described in multiple hosts. Epidemiologically, there are suggestions that GyV3 is associated with diarrhea/proventriculitis, however, no direct causal evidence exists between GyV3 infection and specific clinical diseases. Herein, we infected special pathogen-free (SPF) chickens with GyV3, and then assessed the pathogenicity and tissue tropism. The results revealed that GyV3 induced persistent infection characterized by diarrhea, aplastic anemia, immunosuppression, and persistent systemic lymphocytic inflammation. Clinically, the infected chickens presented ruffled feathers, diarrhea, anemia, and weight loss. Aplastic anemia was characterized by progressive depletion of hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow, immunosuppression was associated with atrophy of the thymus, spleen, and bursa of Fabricious, progressive lymphocytic inflammations were characterized by proventriculitis, adrenalitis, pancreatitis, hepatitis, nephritis, and bronchitis. Viral loads of GyV3 in tissues exhibited “M”, “N”, “W” or “V” type dynamic changes. The highest level of viral loads was reported in bone marrow at 7dpi, followed by the adrenal gland at 2 dpi, the sciatic nerve at 7 dpi, and bile at 35 dpi. The bone marrow and kidney demonstrate the strongest immunostaining of GyV3-VP1 antigen and were suggested as the target tissues of GyV3. Collectively, GyV3 is an immunosuppressive pathogenic virus that targets the bone marrow and kidney in chickens. Exploring the pathogenicity and tissue tropism of GyV3 will guide the basic understanding of the biology of GyV3 and its pathogenesis in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Defang Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Manda Zhao
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Vocational-Technical School of Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Weifang, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Service Center of Jinan Zoo, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaojing Hao
- Qindao Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Tianxing Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Shiyu Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Ziqiang Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
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Yuan S, Yan T, Huang L, Hao X, Zhao M, Zhang S, Zhou D, Cheng Z. Cross-species pathogenicity of gyrovirus 3 in experimentally infected chickens and mice. Vet Microbiol 2021; 261:109191. [PMID: 34385005 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gyrovirus 3 (GyV3) has been identified in humans and other hosts, suggesting its cross-species pathogenicity, which poses an increased public health risk. In the current study, we established chicken and mouse models of GyV3 infection. We found that GyV3 induced persistent infections, characterized by viremia, aplastic anemia, immunosuppression, and systematic lymphocytic inflammation, in both species. Kinetic viral loads and antigen expression demonstrated rapid viral replication and broad tissue tropism of GyV3 in both models. The highest viral loads and the strongest antigen immunostaining were present in bone marrow and cerebrum in both chickens and mice, indicating that these are target tissues for GyV3. Genetic diversity analysis of VP1 in infected chickens and mice showed that GyV3 adapts to new hosts via rapid evolution of the hypervariable region of the gene encoding the structural protein VP1. Overall, our results indicate that GyV3 is a cross-species pathogenic virus; therefore, more attention needs to be paid to high levels of GyV3-induced neurotropism and aplastic anemia as a public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai`an, 271018, China
| | - Tianxing Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai`an, 271018, China
| | - Libo Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai`an, 271018, China
| | - Xiaojing Hao
- Qingdao Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Manda Zhao
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Vocational-technical School of Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Weifang, 261061, China
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai`an, 271018, China
| | - Defang Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai`an, 271018, China
| | - Ziqiang Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai`an, 271018, China.
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