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Kim SE, Park SH, Park WJ, Kim G, Kim SY, Won H, Hwang YH, Lim H, Kim HG, Kim YJ, Kim D, Lee JA. Evaluation of immunogenicity-induced DNA vaccines against different SARS-CoV-2 variants. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295594. [PMID: 38060612 PMCID: PMC10703263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in 2019 and caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic worldwide. As of September 2023, the number of confirmed coronavirus cases has reached over 770 million and caused nearly 7 million deaths. The World Health Organization assigned and informed the characterization of variants of concern (VOCs) to help control the COVID-19 pandemic through global monitoring of circulating viruses. Although many vaccines have been proposed, developing an effective vaccine against variants is still essential to reach the endemic stage of COVID-19. We designed five DNA vaccine candidates composed of the first isolated genotype and major SARS-CoV-2 strains from isolated Korean patients classified as VOCs, such as Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta. To evaluate the immunogenicity of each genotype via homologous and heterologous vaccination, mice were immunized twice within a 3-week interval, and the blood and spleen were collected 1 week after the final vaccination to analyze the immune responses. The group vaccinated with DNA vaccine candidates based on the S genotype and the Alpha and Beta variants elicited both humoral and cellular immune responses, with higher total IgG levels and neutralizing antibody responses than the other groups. In particular, the vaccine candidate based on the Alpha variant induced a highly diverse cytokine response. Additionally, we found that the group subjected to homologous vaccination with the S genotype and heterologous vaccination with S/Alpha induced high total IgG levels and a neutralization antibody response. Homologous vaccination with the S genotype and heterologous vaccination with S/Alpha and S/Beta significantly induced IFN-γ immune responses. The immunogenicity after homologous vaccination with S and Alpha and heterologous vaccination with the S/Alpha candidate was better than that of the other groups, indicating the potential for developing novel DNA vaccines against different SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Eun Kim
- National Institute of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hee Park
- National Institute of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jung Park
- National Institute of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gayeong Kim
- National Institute of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Yeon Kim
- National Institute of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeran Won
- National Institute of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Ho Hwang
- National Institute of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeji Lim
- National Institute of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Guk Kim
- National Institute of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Jin Kim
- National Institute of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokeun Kim
- National Institute of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ah Lee
- National Institute of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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Wimalawansa S. Overcoming Infections Including COVID-19, by Maintaining Circulating 25(OH)D Concentrations Above 50 ng/mL. PATHOLOGY AND LABORATORY MEDICINE INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.2147/plmi.s373617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Lu D, Liu D, Wang X, Liu Y, Liu Y, Ren R, Pang G. Kinetics of Drug Molecule Interactions with a Newly Developed Nano-Gold-Modified Spike Protein Electrochemical Receptor Sensor. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:888. [PMID: 36291025 PMCID: PMC9599096 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic, and the spike protein has been reported to be an important drug target for anti-COVID-19 treatment. As such, in this study, we successfully developed a novel electrochemical receptor biosensor by immobilizing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and using AuNPs-HRP as an electrochemical signal amplification system. Moreover, the time-current method was used to quantify seven antiviral drug compounds, such as arbidol and chloroquine diphosphate. The results show that the spike protein and the drugs are linearly correlated within a certain concentration range and that the detection sensitivity of the sensor is extremely high. In the low concentration range of linear response, the kinetics of receptor-ligand interactions are similar to that of an enzymatic reaction. Among the investigated drug molecules, bromhexine exhibits the smallest Ka value, and thus, is most sensitively detected by the sensor. Hydroxychloroquine exhibits the largest Ka value. Molecular docking simulations of the spike protein with six small-molecule drugs show that residues of this protein, such as Asp, Trp, Asn, and Gln, form hydrogen bonds with the -OH or -NH2 groups on the branched chains of small-molecule drugs. The electrochemical receptor biosensor can directly quantify the interaction between the spike protein and drugs such as abidor and hydroxychloroquine and perform kinetic studies with a limit of detection 3.3 × 10-20 mol/L, which provides a new research method and idea for receptor-ligand interactions and pharmacodynamic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingqiang Lu
- College of Biotechnology & Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Danyang Liu
- College of Biotechnology & Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Xinqian Wang
- College of Biotechnology & Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Yujiao Liu
- College of Biotechnology & Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Yixuan Liu
- College of Biotechnology & Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Ruijuan Ren
- Tianjin Institute for Food Safety Inspection Technology, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Guangchang Pang
- College of Biotechnology & Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Tianjin 300134, China
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