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Ackermann-Gäumann R, Lang P, Zens KD. Defining the "Correlate(s) of Protection" to tick-borne encephalitis vaccination and infection - key points and outstanding questions. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1352720. [PMID: 38318179 PMCID: PMC10840404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1352720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE) is a severe disease of the Central Nervous System (CNS) caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). The generation of protective immunity after TBEV infection or TBE vaccination relies on the integrated responses of many distinct cell types at distinct physical locations. While long-lasting memory immune responses, in particular, form the basis for the correlates of protection against many diseases, these correlates of protection have not yet been clearly defined for TBE. This review addresses the immune control of TBEV infection and responses to TBE vaccination. Potential correlates of protection and the durability of protection against disease are discussed, along with outstanding questions in the field and possible areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Ackermann-Gäumann
- Microbiologie, ADMED Analyses et Diagnostics Médicaux, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
- Swiss National Reference Center for Tick-transmitted Diseases, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
| | - Phung Lang
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kyra D. Zens
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Ackermann-Gäumann R, Brêchet A, Smetana J, Salát J, Lienhard R, Croxatto A, Polcarová P, Chlíbek R, Růžek D. Vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis elicits a detectable NS1 IgG antibody response. J Virol Methods 2023; 322:114831. [PMID: 37838083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine-induced protection against tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is mediated by antibodies to the viral particle/envelope protein. The detection of non-structural protein 1 (NS1) specific antibodies has been suggested as a marker indicative of natural infections. However, recent work has shown that TBEV vaccines contain traces of NS1, and immunization of mice induced low amounts of NS1-specific antibodies. In this study, we investigated if vaccination induces TBEV NS1-specific antibodies in humans. Healthy army members (n = 898) were asked to fill in a questionnaire relating to flavivirus vaccination or infection, and blood samples were collected. In addition, samples of 71 suspected acute TBE cases were included. All samples were screened for the presence of TBEV NS1-specific IgG antibodies using an in-house developed ELISA. Antibodies were quantified as percent positivity in reference to a positive control. For qualitative evaluation, cut-off for positivity was defined based on the mean OD of the lower 95% of the vaccinated individuals + 3 SD. We found significantly higher NS1-specific IgG antibody titers (i.e., quantitative evaluation) in individuals having received 2, 3, or 4 or more vaccine doses than in non-vaccinated individuals. Similarly, the percentage of individuals with a positive test result (i.e., qualitative evaluation) was higher in individuals vaccinated against tick-borne encephalitis than in unvaccinated study participants. Although NS1-specific IgG titers remained at a relatively low level when compared to TBE patients, a clear distinction was not always possible. Establishing a clear cut-off point in detection systems is critical for NS1-specific antibodies to serve as a marker for distinguishing the immune response after vaccination and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Ackermann-Gäumann
- Microbiologie, ADMED Analyses et Diagnostics Médicaux, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland; Swiss National Reference Center for Tick-Transmitted Diseases, Switzerland.
| | - Arthur Brêchet
- Microbiologie, ADMED Analyses et Diagnostics Médicaux, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
| | - Jan Smetana
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jiři Salát
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Infections, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic; Laboratory of Arbovirology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Reto Lienhard
- Microbiologie, ADMED Analyses et Diagnostics Médicaux, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland; Swiss National Reference Center for Tick-Transmitted Diseases, Switzerland
| | - Antony Croxatto
- Microbiologie, ADMED Analyses et Diagnostics Médicaux, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland; Swiss National Reference Center for Tick-Transmitted Diseases, Switzerland
| | - Petra Polcarová
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Chlíbek
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Růžek
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Infections, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic; Laboratory of Arbovirology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Beicht J, Kubinski M, Zdora I, Puff C, Biermann J, Gerlach T, Baumgärtner W, Sutter G, Osterhaus ADME, Prajeeth CK, Rimmelzwaan GF. Induction of humoral and cell-mediated immunity to the NS1 protein of TBEV with recombinant Influenza virus and MVA affords partial protection against lethal TBEV infection in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1177324. [PMID: 37483628 PMCID: PMC10360051 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1177324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is one of the most relevant tick-transmitted neurotropic arboviruses in Europe and Asia and the causative agent of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). Annually more than 10,000 TBE cases are reported despite having vaccines available. In Europe, the vaccines FSME-IMMUN® and Encepur® based on formaldehyde-inactivated whole viruses are licensed. However, demanding vaccination schedules contribute to sub-optimal vaccination uptake and breakthrough infections have been reported repeatedly. Due to its immunogenic properties as well as its role in viral replication and disease pathogenesis, the non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of flaviviruses has become of interest for non-virion based flavivirus vaccine candidates in recent years. Methods Therefore, immunogenicity and protective efficacy of TBEV NS1 expressed by neuraminidase (NA)-deficient Influenza A virus (IAV) or Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vectors were investigated in this study. Results With these recombinant viral vectors TBEV NS1-specific antibody and T cell responses were induced. Upon heterologous prime/boost regimens partial protection against lethal TBEV challenge infection was afforded in mice. Discussion This supports the inclusion of NS1 as a vaccine component in next generation TBEV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Beicht
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mareike Kubinski
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Isabel Zdora
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover Graduate School for Neurosciences, Infection Medicine, and Veterinary Sciences (HGNI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Puff
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jeannine Biermann
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Gerlach
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover Graduate School for Neurosciences, Infection Medicine, and Veterinary Sciences (HGNI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Division of Virology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Chittappen Kandiyil Prajeeth
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Guus F. Rimmelzwaan
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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Salat J, Strakova P, Ruzek D. Dynamics of Whole Virus and Non-Structural Protein 1 (NS1) IgG Response in Mice Immunized with Two Commercial Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071001. [PMID: 35891164 PMCID: PMC9320558 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of a non-structural protein 1 (NS1) in tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccines and the possible induction of an NS1-specific immune response in vaccinated individuals remains a somewhat controversial topic. Previously, we detected the presence of NS1 in the Encepur TBE vaccine by mass spectrometry and found the induction of NS1-specific IgG antibodies in mice vaccinated with the FSME-Immun TBE vaccine. Here, in this follow-up study, we examined the dynamics and extent of the NS1-specific IgG response in mice vaccinated with these two vaccines in more detail and compared it with the IgG response to the whole virus (WV). Mice were vaccinated at two-week intervals with a total of six doses of each vaccine, and levels of IgG antibodies to TBE virus WV and NS1 were measured by ELISA after each dose. Both vaccines elicited a robust anti-WV IgG response after two doses. The Encepur vaccine did not elicit NS1-specific IgG even after all six doses. In contrast, the FSME-Immun vaccine triggered the production of NS1-specific IgG after four doses. The results indicate that FSME-Immun is the only vaccine that elicits an NS1-specific antibody response in mice. However, compared to WV-specific IgG, the NS1-specific response is weaker, and a higher number of doses is required to induce detectable levels of NS1-specific IgG antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Salat
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Infections, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Laboratory of Arbovirology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, CZ-37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (D.R.)
| | - Petra Strakova
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Infections, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Laboratory of Arbovirology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, CZ-37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Ruzek
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Infections, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Laboratory of Arbovirology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, CZ-37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 735/5, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (D.R.)
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Kubinski M, Beicht J, Gerlach T, Volz A, Sutter G, Rimmelzwaan GF. Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus: A Quest for Better Vaccines against a Virus on the Rise. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E451. [PMID: 32806696 PMCID: PMC7564546 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a member of the family Flaviviridae, is one of the most important tick-transmitted viruses in Europe and Asia. Being a neurotropic virus, TBEV causes infection of the central nervous system, leading to various (permanent) neurological disorders summarized as tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). The incidence of TBE cases has increased due to the expansion of TBEV and its vectors. Since antiviral treatment is lacking, vaccination against TBEV is the most important protective measure. However, vaccination coverage is relatively low and immunogenicity of the currently available vaccines is limited, which may account for the vaccine failures that are observed. Understanding the TBEV-specific correlates of protection is of pivotal importance for developing novel and improved TBEV vaccines. For affording robust protection against infection and development of TBE, vaccines should induce both humoral and cellular immunity. In this review, the adaptive immunity induced upon TBEV infection and vaccination as well as novel approaches to produce improved TBEV vaccines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Kubinski
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation (TiHo), Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.K.); (J.B.); (T.G.)
| | - Jana Beicht
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation (TiHo), Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.K.); (J.B.); (T.G.)
| | - Thomas Gerlach
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation (TiHo), Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.K.); (J.B.); (T.G.)
| | - Asisa Volz
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation (TiHo), Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Guus F. Rimmelzwaan
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation (TiHo), Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.K.); (J.B.); (T.G.)
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Salat J, Mikulasek K, Larralde O, Pokorna Formanova P, Chrdle A, Haviernik J, Elsterova J, Teislerova D, Palus M, Eyer L, Zdrahal Z, Petrik J, Ruzek D. Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Vaccines Contain Non-Structural Protein 1 Antigen and may Elicit NS1-Specific Antibody Responses in Vaccinated Individuals. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010081. [PMID: 32059489 PMCID: PMC7157539 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is based on the use of formalin-inactivated, culture-derived whole-virus vaccines. Immune response following vaccination is primarily directed to the viral envelope (E) protein, the major viral surface antigen. In Europe, two TBE vaccines are available in adult and pediatric formulations, namely FSME-IMMUN® (Pfizer) and Encepur® (GlaxoSmithKline). Herein, we analyzed the content of these vaccines using mass spectrometry (MS). The MS analysis revealed that the Encepur vaccine contains not only proteins of the whole virus particle, but also viral non-structural protein 1 (NS1). MS analysis of the FSME-IMMUN vaccine failed due to the high content of human serum albumin used as a stabilizer in the vaccine. However, the presence of NS1 in FSME-IMMUN was confirmed by immunization of mice with six doses of this vaccine, which led to a robust anti-NS1 antibody response. NS1-specific Western blot analysis also detected anti-NS1 antibodies in sera of humans who received multiple doses of either of these two vaccines; however, most vaccinees who received ≤3 doses were negative for NS1-specific antibodies. The contribution of NS1-specific antibodies to protection against TBE was demonstrated by immunization of mice with purified NS1 antigen, which led to a significant (p < 0.01) prolongation of the mean survival time after lethal virus challenge. This indicates that stimulation of anti-NS1 immunity by the TBE vaccines may increase their protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Salat
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (P.P.F.); (J.H.); (J.E.); (M.P.); (L.E.)
| | - Kamil Mikulasek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.M.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Osmany Larralde
- The Jack Copland Centre, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, 52 Research Avenue North, Edinburgh EH14 4BE, UK; (O.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Petra Pokorna Formanova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (P.P.F.); (J.H.); (J.E.); (M.P.); (L.E.)
| | - Ales Chrdle
- Hospital Ceske Budejovice, B. Nemcove 585/54, 370 01 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; (A.C.); (D.T.)
- Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot St, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
| | - Jan Haviernik
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (P.P.F.); (J.H.); (J.E.); (M.P.); (L.E.)
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Elsterova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (P.P.F.); (J.H.); (J.E.); (M.P.); (L.E.)
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, CZ-37006 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, CZ-37006 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Teislerova
- Hospital Ceske Budejovice, B. Nemcove 585/54, 370 01 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; (A.C.); (D.T.)
| | - Martin Palus
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (P.P.F.); (J.H.); (J.E.); (M.P.); (L.E.)
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, CZ-37006 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ludek Eyer
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (P.P.F.); (J.H.); (J.E.); (M.P.); (L.E.)
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, CZ-37006 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Zdrahal
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.M.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Juraj Petrik
- The Jack Copland Centre, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, 52 Research Avenue North, Edinburgh EH14 4BE, UK; (O.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Daniel Ruzek
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (P.P.F.); (J.H.); (J.E.); (M.P.); (L.E.)
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, CZ-37006 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-777-786-218
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Watterson D, Modhiran N, Muller DA, Stacey KJ, Young PR. Plugging the Leak in Dengue Shock. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1062:89-106. [PMID: 29845527 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-8727-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent structural and functional advances provide fresh insight into the biology of the dengue virus non-structural protein, NS1 and suggest new avenues of research. The work of our lab and others have shown that the secreted, hexameric form of NS1 has a systemic toxic effect, inducing inflammatory cytokines and acting directly on endothelial cells to produce the hallmark of dengue disease, vascular leak. We also demonstrated that NS1 exerts its toxic activity through recognition by the innate immune receptor TLR4, mimicking the bacterial endotoxin LPS. This monograph covers the background underpinning these new findings and discusses new avenues for antiviral and vaccine intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Watterson
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Naphak Modhiran
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David A Muller
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Katryn J Stacey
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Paul R Young
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Ti J, Li Z, Li X, Lu Y, Diao Y, Li F. Identification of one B-cell epitope from NS1 protein of duck Tembusu virus with monoclonal antibodies. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181177. [PMID: 28746401 PMCID: PMC5528836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the identification of one linear B-cell epitope on TMUV NS1 protein with monoclonal antibody (mAb) 3G2 by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In this study, NS1 protein was expressed in prokaryotic expression system and purified. One mAb against NS1 protein was generated from Balb/c mice immunized with recombinant protein NS1. A set of 35 partially-overlapping polypeptides covering the entire NS1 protein was expressed with PGEX-6P-1 vector and screened with mAb 3G2. One polypeptide against the mAb was acquired and identified by indirect ELISA and western-blot. To map the epitope accurately, one or two amino acid residues were removed from the carboxy and amino terminal of polypeptide sequentially. A series of truncated oligopeptides were expressed and purified. The minimal determinant of the linear B cell epitope was recognized and identified with mAb 3G2. The accurate linear B-cell epitope was 269DEKEIV274 located in NS1 protein. Furthermore, sequence alignment showed that the epitope was highly conserved and specific among TMUV strains and other flavivirus respectively. The linear B-cell epitope of TMUV NS1 protein could benefit the development of new vaccines and diagnostic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Ti
- Zoology Institute, Shan Dong Agricultural University, Shan Dong province, Tai’an, China
- Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Shan Dong province, Weifang, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Shan Dong province, Weifang, China
| | - Xiuli Li
- Zoology Institute, Shan Dong Agricultural University, Shan Dong province, Tai’an, China
| | - Yunjian Lu
- Zoology Institute, Shan Dong Agricultural University, Shan Dong province, Tai’an, China
| | - Youxiang Diao
- Zoology Institute, Shan Dong Agricultural University, Shan Dong province, Tai’an, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Fang Li
- Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Shan Dong province, Weifang, China
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9
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Muller DA, Young PR. The flavivirus NS1 protein: molecular and structural biology, immunology, role in pathogenesis and application as a diagnostic biomarker. Antiviral Res 2013; 98:192-208. [PMID: 23523765 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The flavivirus nonstructural glycoprotein NS1 is an enigmatic protein whose structure and mechanistic function have remained somewhat elusive ever since it was first reported in 1970 as a viral antigen circulating in the sera of dengue-infected patients. All flavivirus NS1 genes share a high degree of homology, encoding a 352-amino-acid polypeptide that has a molecular weight of 46-55 kDa, depending on its glycosylation status. NS1 exists in multiple oligomeric forms and is found in different cellular locations: a cell membrane-bound form in association with virus-induced intracellular vesicular compartments, on the cell surface and as a soluble secreted hexameric lipoparticle. Intracellular NS1 co-localizes with dsRNA and other components of the viral replication complex and plays an essential cofactor role in replication. Although this makes NS1 an ideal target for inhibitor design, the precise nature of its cofactor function has yet to be elucidated. A plethora of potential interacting partners have been identified, particularly for the secreted form of NS1, with many being implicated in immune evasion strategies. Secreted and cell-surface-associated NS1 are highly immunogenic and both the proteins themselves and the antibodies they elicit have been implicated in the seemingly contradictory roles of protection and pathogenesis in the infected host. Finally, NS1 is also an important biomarker for early diagnosis of disease. In this article, we provide an overview of these somewhat disparate areas of research, drawing together the wealth of data generated over more than 40 years of study of this fascinating protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Muller
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Sun EC, Zhao J, Liu NH, Yang T, Ma JN, Geng HW, Wang LF, Qin YL, Bu ZG, Yang YH, Lunt RA, Wang LF, Wu DL. Comprehensive mapping of West Nile virus (WNV)- and Japanese encephalitis virus serocomplex-specific linear B-cell epitopes from WNV non-structural protein 1. J Gen Virol 2011; 93:50-60. [PMID: 21940411 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.034900-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) non-structural protein 1 (NS1) elicits protective immune responses during infection of animals. WNV NS1-specific antibody responses can provide the basis for serological diagnostic reagents, so the antigenic sites in NS1 that are targeted by host immune responses need to be identified and the conservation of these sites among the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) serocomplex members also needs to be defined. The present study describes the mapping of linear B-cell epitopes in WNV NS1. We screened eight NS1-specific mAbs and antisera (polyclonal antibodies; pAbs) from mice immunized with recombinant NS1 for reactivity against 35 partially overlapping peptides covering the entire WNV NS1. The screen using mAbs identified four WNV-specific (including Kunjin virus) epitopes, located at aa 21-36, 101-116, 191-206 and 261-276 in WNV NS1. However, using pAbs, only three WNV-specific epitopes were identified, located at positions 101-116, 191-206 and 231-246. Two of these epitopes (aa 21-36 and 261-276) had different reactivity with mAbs and pAbs. The knowledge and reagents generated in this study have potential applications in differential diagnostics and epitope-based marker vaccine development for WNV and viruses of the JEV serocomplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Cheng Sun
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China.,The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China.,The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Ni-Hong Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Tao Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Jian-Nan Ma
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China.,The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Hong-Wei Geng
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Ling-Feng Wang
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China.,The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Yong-Li Qin
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China.,The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Zhi-Gao Bu
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Yin-Hui Yang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Ross A Lunt
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Dong-Lai Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
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11
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Enhancing the utility of a prM/E-expressing chimeric vaccine for Japanese encephalitis by addition of the JEV NS1 gene. Vaccine 2011; 29:7444-55. [PMID: 21798299 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated that a single-cycle West Nile virus (WNV) named RepliVAX WN could be used to produce a chimeric Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine (RepliVAX JE) by replacing the WNV prM/E genes with those of JEV. Here, we tested if replacement of WNV NS1 gene in RepliVAX JE with that of JEV (producing TripliVAX JE) could produce a superior vaccine. TripliVAX JE elicited higher anti-E immunity and displayed better efficacy in mice than RepliVAX JE. Furthermore, TripliVAX JE displayed reduced immune interference caused by pre-existing anti-NS1 immunity. Thus, we propose prM/E/NS1 chimerization as a new strategy for flavivirus vaccine development.
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12
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Sun EC, Ma JN, Liu NH, Yang T, Zhao J, Geng HW, Wang LF, Qin YL, Bu ZG, Yang YH, Lunt RA, Wang LF, Wu DL. Identification of two linear B-cell epitopes from West Nile virus NS1 by screening a phage-displayed random peptide library. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:160. [PMID: 21729328 PMCID: PMC3158561 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The West Nile virus (WNV) nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is an important antigenic protein that elicits protective antibody responses in animals and can be used for the serological diagnosis of WNV infection. Although previous work has demonstrated the vital role of WNV NS1-specific antibody responses, the specific epitopes in the NS1 have not been identified. Results The present study describes the identification of two linear B-cell epitopes in WNV NS1 through screening a phage-displayed random 12-mer peptide library with two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 3C7 and 4D1 that directed against the NS1. The mAbs 3C7 and 4D1 recognized phages displaying peptides with the consensus motifs LTATTEK and VVDGPETKEC, respectively. Exact sequences of both motifs were found in the NS1 (895LTATTEK901 and 925VVDGPETKEC934). Further identification of the displayed B cell epitopes were conducted using a set of truncated peptides expressed as MBP fusion proteins. The data indicated that 896TATTEK901 and925VVDGPETKEC934 are minimal determinants of the linear B cell epitopes recognized by the mAbs 3C7 and 4D1, respectively. Antibodies present in the serum of WNV-positive horses recognized the minimal linear epitopes in Western blot analysis, indicating that the two peptides are antigenic in horses during infection. Furthermore, we found that the epitope recognized by 3C7 is conserved only among WNV strains, whereas the epitope recognized by 4D1 is a common motif shared among WNV and other members of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) serocomplex. Conclusions We identified TATTEK and VVDGPETKEC as NS1-specific linear B-cell epitopes recognized by the mAbs 3C7 and 4D1, respectively. The knowledge and reagents generated in this study may have potential applications in differential diagnosis and the development of epitope-based marker vaccines against WNV and other viruses of JEV serocomplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Cheng Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, PR China
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13
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Whiteman MC, Li L, Wicker JA, Kinney RM, Huang C, Beasley DW, Chung KM, Diamond MS, Solomon T, Barrett AD. Development and characterization of non-glycosylated E and NS1 mutant viruses as a potential candidate vaccine for West Nile virus. Vaccine 2010; 28:1075-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Identification of a virus-specific and conserved B-cell epitope on NS1 protein of Japanese encephalitis virus. Virus Res 2009; 141:90-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Volkova TD, Koroev DO, Titova MA, Oboznaia MB, Filatova MP, Pankratov AA, Morozova NB, Zolotavkina IB, Iakubovskaia RI, Vol'pina OM. [Antitumor immunotherapy with the use of synthetic fragments of survivin]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2008; 34:457-63. [PMID: 18695717 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162008040031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous protein survivin is present in tumor cells and inhibits apoptosis. The influence of vaccination of mice by survivin fragments on growth of various types of tumors was studied to examine the possibility of creation of an antitumor vaccinating agent on its basis. Two peptides corresponding to the (118-144) and (80-88)-(153-165) sequences of survivin 2B were chosen and synthesized on the basis of literature data and theoretical calculations. Their ability to stimulate antibody production in mice of the C57BL/6J line (b haplotype) and in BDF1 hybrids (b x d haplotype) was investigated. Both peptides were shown to stimulate production of antibodies that bound the recombinant survivin in the BDF1 mice. Immunization of the BDF1 and C57BL/6J mice with the recombinant survivin resulted in the formation of antibodies that reacted with the (118-144) peptide. The effect of preventive vaccination with the peptides and the recombinant protein on the dynamics of growth of several species of tumors was studied. Vaccination with the (80-88)-(153-165) peptide was found to cause an antitumor effect in BDF1 mice suffering from sarcoma S-37. Thus, the creation of an antitumor agent on the basis of this peptide is a promising area of further studies.
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16
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Ishikawa T, Widman DG, Bourne N, Konishi E, Mason PW. Construction and evaluation of a chimeric pseudoinfectious virus vaccine to prevent Japanese encephalitis. Vaccine 2008; 26:2772-81. [PMID: 18433947 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Revised: 03/01/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple vaccines exist to control Japanese encephalitis (JE), but all suffer from problems. We have developed a new type of flavivirus vaccine, a pseudoinfectious virus (RepliVAX WN) that prevents West Nile virus (WNV)-induced disease. Here, we describe production of a chimeric RepliVAX (RepliVAX JE) that expresses the JE virus (JEV) prM and E proteins. Our prototype RepliVAX JE replicated poorly in cells, but blind passage produced a better-growing derivative, and analyses of this derivative allowed us to engineer a second-generation RepliVAX (RepliVAX JE.2) that grew to high titers. RepliVAX JE.2 elicited neutralizing antibodies in both mice and hamsters and provided 100% protection from a lethal challenge with JEV or WNV, respectively. These results demonstrate the utility our RepliVAX platform for producing a JE vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ishikawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0436, United States
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17
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Lin CW, Liu KT, Huang HD, Chen WJ. Protective immunity of E. coli-synthesized NS1 protein of Japanese encephalitis virus. Biotechnol Lett 2007; 30:205-14. [PMID: 17876533 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-007-9529-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) NS1 proteins generated using DNA vaccines and recombinant viruses have been demonstrated to induce protection in mice against a challenge of JEV at a lethal dose. The West Nile virus NS1 region expressed in E. coli is recognized by these protective monoclonal antibodies and, in this study, we compare immunogenicity and protective immunity of the E. coli-synthesized NS1 protein with another protective immunogen, the envelope domain III (ED3). Pre-challenge, detectable titers of JEV-specific neutralizing antibody were detected in the immunized mice with E. coli-synthesized ED3 protein (PRNT50 = 1:28) and the attenuated JEV strain T1P1 (PRNT50 = 1:53), but neutralizing antibodies were undetectable in the immunized mice with E. coli-synthesized NS1 protein (PRNT50 < 1:10). However, the survival rate of the NS1-immunized mice against the JEV challenge was 87.5% (7/8), showing significantly higher levels of protection than the ED3-immunized mice, 62.5% (5/8) (P = 0.041). In addition, E. coli-synthesized NS1 protein induced a significant increase of anti-NS1 IgG1 antibodies, resulting in an ELISA titer of 100,1000 in the immunized sera before lethal JEV challenge. Surviving mice challenged with the virulent JEV strain Beijing-1 showed a ten-fold or greater rise in IgG1 and IgG2b titers of anti-NS1 antibodies, implying that the Th2 cell activation might be predominantly responsible for antibody responses and mice protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wen Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan, ROC.
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18
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Volkova TD, Koroev DO, Titova MA, Oboznaia MB, Filatova MP, Vorovich MF, Ozherelkov SV, Timofeev AV, Vol'pina OM. [Synthetic fragments of the NS1 protein of the tick-borne encephalitis virus exhibiting a protective effect]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2007; 33:229-34. [PMID: 17476983 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162007020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Potentially immunoactive regions of the NS1 nonstructural protein of the tick-borne encephalitis virus that can stimulate the antibody formation in vivo and protect animals from this disease were chosen on the basis of theoretical calculations. Eleven 16- to 27-aa peptides containing the chosen regions were synthesized. The ability of the free peptides (without any high-molecular-mass carrier) to stimulate the production of antipeptide antibodies in mice of three lines and ensure the formation of protective immunity was studied. Most of these peptides were shown to exhibit the immunogenic activity in a free state. Five fragments that can protect mice from the infection by a lethal dose of tick-borne encephalitis virus were found.
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19
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Chung KM, Nybakken GE, Thompson BS, Engle MJ, Marri A, Fremont DH, Diamond MS. Antibodies against West Nile Virus nonstructural protein NS1 prevent lethal infection through Fc gamma receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms. J Virol 2006; 80:1340-51. [PMID: 16415011 PMCID: PMC1346945 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.3.1340-1351.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2005] [Accepted: 11/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The flavivirus nonstructural protein NS1 is a highly conserved secreted glycoprotein that does not package with the virion. Immunization with NS1 elicits a protective immune response against yellow fever, dengue, and tick-borne encephalitis flaviviruses through poorly defined mechanisms. In this study, we purified a recombinant, secreted form of West Nile virus (WNV) NS1 glycoprotein from baculovirus-infected insect cells and generated 22 new NS1-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). By performing competitive binding assays and expressing truncated NS1 proteins on the surface of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and in bacteria, we mapped 21 of the newly generated MAbs to three NS1 fragments. Prophylaxis of C57BL/6 mice with any of four MAbs (10NS1, 14NS1, 16NS1, and 17NS1) strongly protected against lethal WNV infection (75 to 95% survival, respectively) compared to saline-treated controls (17% survival). In contrast, other anti-NS1 MAbs of the same isotype provided no significant protection. Notably, 14NS1 and 16NS1 also demonstrated marked efficacy as postexposure therapy, even when administered as a single dose 4 days after infection. Virologic analysis showed that 17NS1 protects at an early stage in infection through a C1q-independent and Fc gamma receptor-dependent pathway. Interestingly, 14NS1, which maps to a distinct region on NS1, protected through a C1q- and Fc gamma receptor-independent mechanism. Overall, our data suggest that distinct regions of NS1 can elicit protective humoral immunity against WNV through different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Min Chung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8051, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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