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Pang F, Long Q, Wei M. Immune evasion strategies of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1282526. [PMID: 37900320 PMCID: PMC10613064 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1282526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a significant pathogen that causes great economic losses in the global livestock industry. During the long-term interactions between BVDV and its hosts, the virus has evolved multiple strategies to evade the host's innate immunity and adaptive immunity, thereby promoting viral survival and replication. This review focuses on the most recent research on immune evasion strategies employed by BVDV, including evading type I IFN signaling pathway, evading host adaptive immunity, mediating NF-κB signaling pathway, mediating cell apoptosis and inducing autophagy. Unraveling BVDV's immune evasion strategies will enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of BVDV and contribute to the development of more effective therapies for the prevention, control and eradication of BVDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Pang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Hong T, Yang Y, Wang P, Zhu G, Zhu C. Pestiviruses infection: Interferon-virus mutual regulation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1146394. [PMID: 36936761 PMCID: PMC10018205 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1146394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pestiviruses are a class of viruses that in some cases can cause persistent infection of the host, thus posing a threat to the livestock industry. Interferons (IFNs) are a group of secreted proteins that play a crucial role in antiviral defense. In this review, on the one hand, we elaborate on how pestiviruses are recognized by the host retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I), melanoma-differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), and Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) proteins to induce the synthesis of IFNs. On the other hand, we focus on reviewing how pestiviruses antagonize the production of IFNs utilizing various strategies mediated by self-encoded proteins, such as the structural envelope protein (Erns) and non-structural protein (Npro). Hence, the IFN signal transduction pathway induced by pestiviruses infection and the process of pestiviruses blockade on the production of IFNs intertwines into an intricate regulatory network. By reviewing the interaction between IFN and pestiviruses (based on studies on BVDV and CSFV), we expect to provide a theoretical basis and reference for a better understanding of the mechanisms of induction and evasion of the innate immune response during infection with these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Hong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Pengzhi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guoqiang Zhu, ; Congrui Zhu,
| | - Congrui Zhu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guoqiang Zhu, ; Congrui Zhu,
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Shin S, Han D, Cho H, Kim E, Choi K. Non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhoea virus 2 induces autophagy to enhance its replication. Vet Med Sci 2022; 9:405-416. [PMID: 36533845 PMCID: PMC9856993 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is an important viral pathogen that has an economic impact on the livestock industry worldwide. Autophagy is one of the earliest cell-autonomous defence mechanisms against microbial invasion, and many types of viruses can induce autophagy by infecting host cells. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to identify the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of non-cytopathic (ncp) BVDV2 infection. METHODS Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells were treated with ncp BVDV2, rapamycin, or 3-methyladenine (MA) and ncp BVDV2 and then incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Cells were harvested, and the effects of autophagy were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), confocal laser microscopy, western blotting and qRT-PCR. Apoptotic analysis was also performed using western blotting and flow cytometry. RESULTS In ncp BVDV2-infected MDBK cells, more autophagosomes were observed by TEM, and the number of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B (LC3B) with green fluorescent protein puncta was also increased. The ncp BVDV2-infected cells showed significantly enhanced conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II, as well as upregulation of autophagy-related proteins, including ATG5 and Beclin 1, and substantial degradation of p62/SQSTM1. These results are similar to those induced by rapamycin, an autophagy inducer. E2 protein expression, which is associated with viral replication, increased over time in ncp BVDV2-infected cells. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA in ncp BVDV2-infected MDBK cells downregulated the expressions of LC3-II, ATG5 and Beclin 1 and prevented the degradation of p62/SQSTM1. Moreover, the expressions of phosphorylated Akt and procaspase-3 were significantly increased in ncp BVDV2-infected cells. In addition, the mRNA level of protein kinase R (PKR) was significantly reduced in ncp BVDV2-infected cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that ncp BVDV2 infection induced autophagy in MDBK cells via anti-apoptosis and PKR suppression. Therefore, autophagy may play a role in establishing persistent infection caused by ncp BVDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung‐Uk Shin
- Department of Animal Science and BiotechnologyCollege of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National UniversitySangjuSouth Korea
| | - Du‐Gyeong Han
- Korea National Institute of HealthCheongjuChungcheongbuk‐doSouth Korea
| | - Hyung‐Chul Cho
- Department of Animal Science and BiotechnologyCollege of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National UniversitySangjuSouth Korea
| | - Eun‐Mi Kim
- Department of Animal Science and BiotechnologyCollege of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National UniversitySangjuSouth Korea
| | - Kyoung‐Seong Choi
- Department of Animal Science and BiotechnologyCollege of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National UniversitySangjuSouth Korea
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Vijayakumar P, Singaravadivelan A, Mishra A, Jagadeesan K, Bakyaraj S, Suresh R, Sivakumar T. Whole-Genome comparative analysis reveals genetic mechanisms of disease resistance and heat tolerance of tropical Bos indicus cattle breeds. Genome 2021; 65:241-254. [PMID: 34914549 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2021-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Bos indicus cattle breeds have been naturally selected over thousands of years for disease resistance and thermo-tolerance. However, a genetic mechanism of these specific inherited characteristics needs to be discovered. Hence, in this study, the whole-genome comparative analysis of Bos indicus cattle breeds of Kangayam, Tharparkar, Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, and Hariana of the Indian subcontinent was conducted. The genetic variants identification analysis revealed a total of 15,58,51,012 SNPs and 1,00,62,805 InDels in the mapped reads across all Bos indicus cattle breeds. The functional annotation of 17,252 genes that comprised both, SNPs and InDels, of high functional impact on proteins, has been carried out. The functional annotation results revealed the pathways that were involved in the innate immune response including toll-like receptors, a retinoic acid-inducible gene I like receptors, NOD-like receptors, Jak-STAT signaling pathways, and the non-synonymous variants in the candidate immune genes. Further, we also identified several pathways involved in heat shock response, hair and skin properties, oxidative stress response, osmotic stress response, thermal sweating, feed intake, metabolism, and the non-synonymous variants in the candidate thermo-tolerant genes. These pathways and genes were directly or indirectly contributing to the disease resistance and thermo-tolerance adaptations of Bos indicus cattle breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Periyasamy Vijayakumar
- Veterinary College and Research Institute, TANUVAS, Animal Genetics and Breeding, Livestock Farm Comlex, Orathanadu, Tamil Nadu, India, 6145 625;
| | - Arunasalam Singaravadivelan
- Veterinary College and Research Institute, TANUVAS, Livestock Production Management, VCRI, Orathanadu, Orathanadu, Tamil Nadu, India, 614 625;
| | - Anamika Mishra
- High Security Animal Disease laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, 462021;
| | - Krishnan Jagadeesan
- University Training and Research Centre, Pillayarpatty - 613 403, , Animal Genetics and Breeding, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Sanniyasi Bakyaraj
- College of Poultry Production and Management, TANUVAS, Hosur, Tamil nadu, India;
| | - Ramalingam Suresh
- Veterinary College and Research Institute, TANUVAS, Animal Genetics and Breeding, VETERINARY COLLEGE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE, Orathanadu, Tamil Nadu, India, 243122.,Indian Veterinary Research Institute, 30072, 117, Salihothra Hostel (4th hostel), IVRI, BAREILLY, Izatnagar, UTTAR PRADESH, India, 243122;
| | - Thiagarajan Sivakumar
- Veterinary College and Research Institute, TANUVAS, Livestock Production Management, Orathanadu, Tamil Nadu, India;
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Morales-Aguilar A, López-Reyes Y, Regalado-Huitrón M, sarmiento-Silva RE, Arriaga-Pizano L, Benitez-Guzman A. The NADL strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus induces the secretion of IL-1β through caspase 1 in bovine macrophages. Res Vet Sci 2020; 131:131-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Knapek KJ, Georges HM, Van Campen H, Bishop JV, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Smirnova NP, Hansen TR. Fetal Lymphoid Organ Immune Responses to Transient and Persistent Infection with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080816. [PMID: 32731575 PMCID: PMC7472107 DOI: 10.3390/v12080816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) fetal infections occur in two forms; persistent infection (PI) or transient infection (TI), depending on what stage of gestation the fetus is infected. Examination of lymphoid organs from both PI and TI fetuses reveals drastically different fetal responses, dependent upon the developmental stage of the fetal immune system. Total RNA was extracted from the thymuses and spleens of uninfected control, PI, and TI fetuses collected on day 190 of gestation to test the hypothesis that BVDV infection impairs the innate and adaptive immune response in the fetal thymus and spleen of both infection types. Transcripts of genes representing the innate immune response and adaptive immune response genes were assayed by Reverse Transcription quatitative PCR (RT-qPCR) (2−ΔΔCq; fold change). Genes of the innate immune response, interferon (IFN) inducible genes, antigen presentation to lymphocytes, and activation of B cells were downregulated in day 190 fetal PI thymuses compared to controls. In contrast, innate immune response genes were upregulated in TI fetal thymuses compared to controls and tended to be upregulated in TI fetal spleens. Genes associated with the innate immune system were not different in PI fetal spleens; however, adaptive immune system genes were downregulated, indicating that PI fetal BVDV infection has profound inhibitory effects on the expression of genes involved in the innate and adaptive immune response. The downregulation of these genes in lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells in the developing thymus and spleen may explain the incomplete clearance of BVDV and the persistence of the virus in PI animals while the upregulation of the TI innate immune response indicates a more mature immune system, able to clear the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J. Knapek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (K.J.K.); (H.M.G.); (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (N.P.S.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Hanah M. Georges
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (K.J.K.); (H.M.G.); (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (N.P.S.)
| | - Hana Van Campen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (K.J.K.); (H.M.G.); (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (N.P.S.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jeanette V. Bishop
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (K.J.K.); (H.M.G.); (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (N.P.S.)
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Natalia P. Smirnova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (K.J.K.); (H.M.G.); (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (N.P.S.)
| | - Thomas R. Hansen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (K.J.K.); (H.M.G.); (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (N.P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-970-988-4582
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Alkheraif AA, Topliff CL, Reddy J, Massilamany C, Donis RO, Meyers G, Eskridge KM, Kelling CL. Type 2 BVDV N pro suppresses IFN-1 pathway signaling in bovine cells and augments BRSV replication. Virology 2017; 507:123-134. [PMID: 28432927 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection induces immunosuppression and in conjunction with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) contributes to the bovine respiratory disease complex. Bovine turbinate cells were single or co-infected with type 2 BVDV wild-type (BVDV2-wt), its dysfunctional Npro mutant (BVDV2-E), and/or BRSV. BVDV2-E significantly up-regulated PKR, IRF-7, TBK-1, IRF-3, and IFN-β mRNAs based on real-time Q-RT-PCR. BRSV-infected cells expressed significantly up-regulated PKR, IRF-3, IRF-7, and IFN-β mRNAs, whereas BVDV2-wt, but not BVDV2-E, abolished this up-regulation in co-infection. No significant differences were observed in MAVS, NF-κB, and PIN-1 mRNAs. A dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that BVDV2-wt significantly increased NF-κB activity compared to BVDV2-E, while BVDV2-E significantly increased IFN-β activity compared to BVDV2-wt. The BRSV titer and RNA levels significantly increased in cells co-infected with BRSV/BVDV2-wt compared to cells co-infected with BRSV/BVDV2-E or infected with BRSV alone. This data supports the synergistic action of BVDV2-wt and BRSV inhibition of IFN-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman A Alkheraif
- University of Nebraska, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 1880 North 42nd Street, Lincoln, NE, 68583, United States
| | - Christina L Topliff
- University of Nebraska, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 1880 North 42nd Street, Lincoln, NE, 68583, United States.
| | - Jay Reddy
- University of Nebraska, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 1880 North 42nd Street, Lincoln, NE, 68583, United States
| | - Chandirasegaran Massilamany
- University of Nebraska, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 1880 North 42nd Street, Lincoln, NE, 68583, United States
| | - Ruben O Donis
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization & Respiratory Diseases, Influenza Division, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Gregor Meyers
- Institut für Immunologie, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Kent M Eskridge
- University of Nebraska, Department of Statistics, 340 Hardin Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Clayton L Kelling
- University of Nebraska, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 1880 North 42nd Street, Lincoln, NE, 68583, United States
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Franzin AM, Maruyama SR, Garcia GR, Oliveira RP, Ribeiro JMC, Bishop R, Maia AAM, Moré DD, Ferreira BR, Santos IKFDM. Immune and biochemical responses in skin differ between bovine hosts genetically susceptible and resistant to the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:51. [PMID: 28143523 PMCID: PMC5282843 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1945-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ticks attach to and penetrate their hosts’ skin and inactivate multiple components of host responses in order to acquire a blood meal. Infestation loads with the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, are heritable: some breeds carry high loads of reproductively successful ticks, whereas in others, few ticks feed and reproduce efficiently. Methods In order to elucidate the mechanisms that result in the different outcomes of infestations with cattle ticks, we examined global gene expression and inflammation induced by tick bites in skins from one resistant and one susceptible breed of cattle that underwent primary infestations with larvae and nymphs of R. microplus. We also examined the expression profiles of genes encoding secreted tick proteins that mediate parasitism in larvae and nymphs feeding on these breeds. Results Functional analyses of differentially expressed genes in the skin suggest that allergic contact-like dermatitis develops with ensuing production of IL-6, CXCL-8 and CCL-2 and is sustained by HMGB1, ISG15 and PKR, leading to expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines that recruit granulocytes and T lymphocytes. Importantly, this response is delayed in susceptible hosts. Histopathological analyses of infested skins showed inflammatory reactions surrounding tick cement cones that enable attachment in both breeds, but in genetically tick-resistant bovines they destabilized the cone. The transcription data provided insights into tick-mediated activation of basophils, which have previously been shown to be a key to host resistance in model systems. Skin from tick-susceptible bovines expressed more transcripts encoding enzymes that detoxify tissues. Interestingly, these enzymes also produce volatile odoriferous compounds and, accordingly, skin rubbings from tick-susceptible bovines attracted significantly more tick larvae than rubbings from resistant hosts. Moreover, transcripts encoding secreted modulatory molecules by the tick were significantly more abundant in larval and in nymphal salivary glands from ticks feeding on susceptible bovines. Conclusions Compared with tick-susceptible hosts, genes encoding enzymes producing volatile compounds exhibit significantly lower expression in resistant hosts, which may render them less attractive to larvae; resistant hosts expose ticks to an earlier inflammatory response, which in ticks is associated with significantly lower expression of genes encoding salivary proteins that suppress host immunity, inflammation and coagulation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1945-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Mara Franzin
- Departament of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Sandra Regina Maruyama
- Departament of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.,Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Rocha Garcia
- Departament of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Rosane Pereira Oliveira
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Integrative Medicine Program, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - José Marcos Chaves Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard Bishop
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Antônio Augusto Mendes Maia
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Animal Science and Food Technology, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Daniela Dantas Moré
- Departament of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7040, USA
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Innate and adaptive immune responses to in utero infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Anim Health Res Rev 2016; 16:15-26. [PMID: 26050568 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252315000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Infection of pregnant cows with noncytopathic (ncp) bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) induces rapid innate and adaptive immune responses, resulting in clearance of the virus in less than 3 weeks. Seven to 14 days after inoculation of the cow, ncpBVDV crosses the placenta and induces a fetal viremia. Establishment of persistent infection with ncpBVDV in the fetus has been attributed to the inability to mount an immune response before 90-150 days of gestational age. The result is 'immune tolerance', persistent viral replication and shedding of ncpBVDV. In contrast, we describe the chronic upregulation of fetal Type I interferon (IFN) pathway genes and the induction of IFN-γ pathways in fetuses of cows infected on day 75 of gestation. Persistently infected (PI) fetal IFN-γ concentrations also increased at day 97 at the peak of fetal viremia and IFN-γ mRNA was significantly elevated in fetal thymus, liver and spleen 14-22 days post maternal inoculation. PI fetuses respond to ncpBVDV infection through induction of Type I IFN and IFN-γ activated genes leading to a reduction in ncpBVDV titer. We hypothesize that fetal infection with BVDV persists because of impaired induction of IFN-γ in the face of activated Type I IFN responses. Clarification of the mechanisms involved in the IFN-associated pathways during BVDV fetal infection may lead to better detection methods, antiviral compounds and selection of genetically resistant breeding animals.
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Santos JJS, Cordeiro MT, Bertani GR, Marques ETA, Gil LHVG. A two-plasmid strategy for engineering a dengue virus type 3 infectious clone from primary Brazilian isolate. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2014; 86:1749-59. [PMID: 25590713 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201420130332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue infections represent one of the most prevalent arthropod-borne diseases worldwide, causing a wide spectrum of clinical outcomes. Engineered infectious clone is an important tool to study Dengue virus (DENV) biology. Functional full-length cDNA clones have been constructed for many positive-strand RNA viruses and have provided valuable tools for studying the molecular mechanisms involved in viral genome replication, virion assembly, virus pathogenesis and vaccine development. We report herein the successful development of an infectious clone from a primary Brazilian isolate of dengue virus 3 (DENV3) of the genotype III. Using a two-plasmid strategy, DENV3 genome was divided in two parts and cloned separately into a yeast-bacteria shuttle vector. All plasmids were assembled in yeast by homologous recombination technique and a full-length template for transcription was obtained by in vitro ligation of the two parts of the genome. Transcript-derived DENV3 is infectious upon transfection into BHK-21 cells and in vitro characterization confirmed its identity. Growth kinetics of transcript-derived DENV3 was indistinguishable from wild type DENV3. This system is a powerful tool that will help shed light on molecular features of DENV biology, as the relationship of specific mutations and DENV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson J S Santos
- Departamento de Virologia e Terapia Experimental, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Marli T Cordeiro
- Departamento de Virologia e Terapia Experimental, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Giovani R Bertani
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Ernesto T A Marques
- Departamento de Virologia e Terapia Experimental, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Laura H V G Gil
- Departamento de Virologia e Terapia Experimental, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE, Brasil
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Ashiru O, Howe JD, Butters TD. Nitazoxanide, an antiviral thiazolide, depletes ATP-sensitive intracellular Ca(2+) stores. Virology 2014; 462-463:135-48. [PMID: 24971706 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nitazoxanide (NTZ) inhibits influenza, Japanese encephalitis, hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus replication but effects on the replication of other members of the Flaviviridae family has yet to be defined. The pestivirus bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is a surrogate model for HCV infection and NTZ induced PKR and eIF2α phosphorylation in both uninfected and BVDV-infected cells. This led to the observation that NTZ depletes ATP-sensitive intracellular Ca(2+) stores. In addition to PKR and eIF2α phosphorylation, consequences of NTZ-mediated Ca(2+) mobilisation included induction of chronic sub-lethal ER stress as well as perturbation of viral protein N-linked glycosylation and trafficking. To adapt to NTZ-mediated ER stress, NTZ treated cells upregulated translation of Ca(2+)-binding proteins, including the ER chaperone Bip and the cytosolic pro-survival and anti-viral protein TCTP. Depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores is the primary consequence of NTZ treatment and is likely to underpin all antiviral mechanisms attributed to the thiazolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omodele Ashiru
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QU, UK.
| | - Jonathon D Howe
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QU, UK.
| | - Terry D Butters
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QU, UK.
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12
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Chen LJ, Dong XY, Zhao MQ, Shen HY, Wang JY, Pei JJ, Liu WJ, Luo YW, Ju CM, Chen JD. Classical swine fever virus failed to activate nuclear factor-kappa b signaling pathway both in vitro and in vivo. Virol J 2012. [PMID: 23186553 PMCID: PMC3565942 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is the cause of CSF which is a severe disease of pigs, leading to heavy economic losses in many regions of the world. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is a critical regulator of innate and adaptive immunity, and commonly activated upon viral infection. In our previous study, we found that CSFV could suppress the maturation and modulate the functions of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs) without activating NF-κB pathway. To further prove the effects of CSFV on the NF-κB signaling pathway, we investigated the activity of NF-κB after CSFV infection in vivo and in vitro. METHODS Attenuated Thiverval strain and virulent wild-type GXW-07 strain were used as challenge viruses in this study. Porcine kidney 15 (PK-15) cells were cultured in vitro and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from the blood of CSFV-infected pigs. DNA binding of NF-κB was measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), NF-κB p65 translocation was detected using immunofluorescent staining, and p65/RelA and IκBα expression was measured by Western Blotting. RESULTS Infection of cells with CSFV in vitro and in vivo showed that compared with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) stimulated cells, there was no distinct DNA binding band of NF-κB, and no significant translocation of p65/RelA from the cytoplasm to the nucleus was observed, which might have been due to the apparent lack of IkBa degradation. CONCLUSIONS CSFV infection had no effect on the NF-κB signaling pathway, indicating that CSFV could evade host activation of NF-κB during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wu Shan Road, Guangzhou, Tian He District 510642, China
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13
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Lewis DH, Chan DL, Pinheiro D, Armitage-Chan E, Garden OA. The immunopathology of sepsis: pathogen recognition, systemic inflammation, the compensatory anti-inflammatory response, and regulatory T cells. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:457-82. [PMID: 22428780 PMCID: PMC7166777 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, the systemic inflammatory response to infection, represents the major cause of death in critically ill veterinary patients. Whereas important advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of this syndrome have been made, much remains to be elucidated. There is general agreement on the key interaction between pathogen‐associated molecular patterns and cells of the innate immune system, and the amplification of the host response generated by pro‐inflammatory cytokines. More recently, the concept of immunoparalysis in sepsis has also been advanced, together with an increasing recognition of the interplay between regulatory T cells and the innate immune response. However, the heterogeneous nature of this syndrome and the difficulty of modeling it in vitro or in vivo has both frustrated the advancement of new therapies and emphasized the continuing importance of patient‐based clinical research in this area of human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Lewis
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield Campus, Hertfordshire, UK
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14
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Chen LJ, Dong XY, Shen HY, Zhao MQ, Ju CM, Yi L, Zhang XT, Kang YM, Chen JD. Classical swine fever virus suppresses maturation and modulates functions of monocyte-derived dendritic cells without activating nuclear factor kappa B. Res Vet Sci 2011; 93:529-37. [PMID: 21764089 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) compromises the host immune system, causing the severe disease of pigs. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent inducers of immune responses. In the present study, we investigated the functional properties of porcine monocyte-derived DCs (Mo-DCs) affected by CSFV. Results showed that the expression of surface markers of DCs such as major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II), CD80, CD83 and CD86 were unimpaired, but an obviously increased expression of CD172a in DCs was noticed 48 h after CSFV infection. The expression profiles of cytokines were detected in cultured Mo-DCs after various treatments for 48 h by Q-RT-PCR. The findings suggested that CSFV infection significantly increased the mRNA expression of IL-10 and TNF-α, and inhibited IL-12 expression, with little effect on IFN-α and IFN-γ expression. We further demonstrated that CSFV was incapable of activating the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in infected DCs, which was characterized by an unvaried DNA binding activity of NF-κB, the lack of translocation of p65/RelA from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and the stabilization of p65/RelA expression. Furthermore, Western blot analysis indicated that the inactivation of NF-κB was due to the failure of IκBα degradation. The data demonstrated that CSFV could be replicated in DCs and CSFV infection could modulate the secretion of crucial co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines which down-regulated maturation of DCs, without activating NF-κB in DCs. Thus, the results suggested a possible mechanism for CSFV evasion of innate host defenses, providing the basis for understanding molecular pathways in CSFV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wu Shan Road, Tian He District, Guangzhou 510642, China
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15
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Samson HC, Topliff CL, Donis RO, Kelling CL. Comparison of viral replication and IFN response in alpaca and bovine cells following bovine viral diarrhea virus infection. Virology 2011; 413:111-7. [PMID: 21356540 PMCID: PMC7111994 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Alpacas develop diminished disease following bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection compared to cattle. We hypothesized that alpaca and bovine cells have differential permissiveness and responses to BVDV infection. To characterize alpaca testicular (AT) and bovine turbinate (BT) cells BVDV infection permissiveness, viral replication and interferon (IFN) synthesis was evaluated. BVDV replicated 3–4 logs lower in AT cells with diminished antigen deposition compared to BT cells. BVDV infection inhibited IFN response in both AT and BT cells. Compared to BT cells, BVDV-infected AT cells had a 2–5 fold increase in IFN synthesis following dsRNA stimulation. The greater IFN response of AT cells compared to BT cells following poly I:C stimulation with or without ncp BVDV infection, may be the basis for the decreased BVDV permissiveness of AT cells and may contribute to the clinical differences following BVDV infection of alpacas and cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly C Samson
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, East Campus Loop and Fair Street, Lincoln, NE 68583–0905, USA
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16
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Hansen TR, Smirnova NP, Van Campen H, Shoemaker ML, Ptitsyn AA, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H. Maternal and Fetal Response to Fetal Persistent Infection with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus*. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 64:295-306. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00904.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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17
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Zahoor MA, Yamane D, Mohamed YM, Suda Y, Kobayashi K, Kato K, Tohya Y, Akashi H. Bovine viral diarrhea virus non-structural protein 5A interacts with NIK- and IKKbeta-binding protein. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:1939-1948. [PMID: 20444997 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.020990-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that causes an economically important livestock disease worldwide. Previous studies have suggested that non-structural protein 5A (NS5A) from hepatitis C virus (HCV) and BVDV plays a similar role during virus infection. Extensive reports are available on HCV NS5A and its interactions with the host cellular proteins; however, the role of NS5A during BVDV infection remains largely unclear. To identify the cellular proteins that interact with the N terminus of NS5A and could be involved in its function, we conducted a yeast two-hybrid screening. As a result, we identified a cellular protein termed bovine NIK- and IKKbeta-binding protein (NIBP), which is involved in protein trafficking and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) signalling in cells. The interaction of NS5A with NIBP was confirmed both in vitro and in vivo. Complementing our glutathione S-transferase pull-down and immunoprecipitation data are the confocal immunofluorescence results, which indicate that NS5A colocalized with NIBP on the endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm of BVDV-infected cells. Moreover, the minimal residues of NIBP that interact with NS5A were mapped as aa 597-623. In addition, overexpression of NS5A inhibited NF-kappaB activation in HEK293 and LB9.K cells as determined by luciferase reporter-gene assay. We further showed that inhibition of endogenous NIBP by small interfering RNA molecules enhanced virus replication, indicating the importance of NIBP implications in BVDV pathogenesis. Being the first reported interaction between NIBP and a viral protein, this finding suggests a novel mechanism whereby viruses may subvert host-cell machinery for mediating trafficking as well as NF-kappaB signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Atif Zahoor
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamane
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yassir Mahgoub Mohamed
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yuto Suda
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kyousuke Kobayashi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kato
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yukinobu Tohya
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroomi Akashi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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18
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Durand SVM, Hulst MM, de Wit AAC, Mastebroek L, Loeffen WLA. Activation and modulation of antiviral and apoptotic genes in pigs infected with classical swine fever viruses of high, moderate or low virulence. Arch Virol 2009; 154:1417-31. [PMID: 19649765 PMCID: PMC2744773 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The immune response to CSFV and the strategies of this virus to evade and suppress the pigs’ immune system are still poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the transcriptional response in the tonsils, median retropharyngeal lymph node (MRLN), and spleen of pigs infected with CSFV strains of similar origin with high, moderate, and low virulence. Using a porcine spleen/intestinal cDNA microarray, expression levels in RNA pools prepared from infected tissue at 3 dpi (three pigs per virus strain) were compared to levels in pools prepared from uninfected homologue tissues (nine pigs). A total of 44 genes were found to be differentially expressed. The genes were functionally clustered in six groups: innate and adaptive immune response, interferon-regulated genes, apoptosis, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, oxidative phosphorylation and cytoskeleton. Significant up-regulation of three IFN-γ-induced genes in the MRLNs of pigs infected with the low virulence strain was the only clear qualitative difference in gene expression observed between the strains with high, moderate and low virulence. Real-time PCR analysis of four response genes in all individual samples largely confirmed the microarray data at 3 dpi. Additional PCR analysis of infected tonsil, MRLN, and spleen samples collected at 7 and 10 dpi indicated that the strong induction of expression of the antiviral response genes chemokine CXCL10 and 2′–5′ oligoadenylate synthetase 2, and of the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) gene at 3 dpi, decreased to lower levels at 7 and 10 dpi. For the highly and moderately virulent strains, this decrease in antiviral and apoptotic gene expression coincided with higher levels of virus in these immune tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V M Durand
- Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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19
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Shoemaker ML, Smirnova NP, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Austin KJ, van Olphen A, Clapper JA, Hansen TR. Differential expression of the type I interferon pathway during persistent and transient bovine viral diarrhea virus infection. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2009; 29:23-35. [PMID: 19014339 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2008.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) serves as a reservoir for the perpetuation of infection in cattle populations and causes a range of adverse effects on the health of the host. To study the interactions of the virus with the host, gene expression was compared in the blood of persistently infected (PI) and uninfected steer, and in the blood and tissues of PI fetuses, transiently infected (TI), and uninfected bovine fetuses. Microarray analysis of PI steer blood revealed differential gene expression indicative of an interferon (IFN) response including genes involved in cell cycle regulation, which may contribute to long-term adverse effects. Upregulation of IFN-stimulated genes (e.g., ISG15, PKR) and RNA helicases (RIG-I, LGP2, MDA-5) was identified in both PI fetal and steer blood in comparison to controls, indicating a continued stimulation of the innate antiviral response as a result of the persistent viremia. ISG15 was studied in further detail, implicating reticular cells as basal producers of ISG15 in the spleen, in addition to endothelial and macrophage-like cells in infected spleen. Consequences of chronic IFN pathway activation in PI cattle may include growth- and immunosuppression, the pathogenesis of which is still poorly understood. This study lends new insights into the interactions between BVDV and its host, and can serve as a model for studies of the role of the IFN system in persistent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Shoemaker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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20
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Virus-induced unfolded protein response attenuates antiviral defenses via phosphorylation-dependent degradation of the type I interferon receptor. Cell Host Microbe 2009; 5:72-83. [PMID: 19154989 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2008.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination and degradation of the IFNAR1 chain of the type I interferon (IFN) receptor is regulated by two different pathways, one of which is ligand independent. We report that this ligand-independent pathway is activated by inducers of unfolded protein responses (UPR), including viral infection, and that such activation requires the endoplasmic reticulum-resident protein kinase PERK. Upon viral infection, activation of this pathway promotes phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination and degradation of IFNAR1, specifically inhibiting type I IFN signaling and antiviral defenses. Knockin of an IFNAR1 mutant insensitive to virus-induced turnover or conditional knockout of PERK prevented IFNAR1 degradation, whether UPR-induced or virus-induced, and restored cellular responses to type I IFN and resistance to viruses. These data suggest that specific activation of the PERK component of UPR can favor viral replication. Interfering with PERK-dependent IFNAR1 degradation could therefore contribute to therapeutic strategies against viral infections.
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21
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MAEDA K, FUJIHARA M, HARASAWA R. Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 Infection Activates the Unfolded Protein Response in MDBK Cells, Leading to Apoptosis. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:801-5. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kouji MAEDA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Masatoshi FUJIHARA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Ryô HARASAWA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
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22
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Bendfeldt S, Ridpath JF, Neill JD. Activation of cell signaling pathways is dependant on the biotype of bovine viral diarrhea viruses type 2. Virus Res 2007; 126:96-105. [PMID: 17376555 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Revised: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 02/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a pestivirus of the Flaviviridae family, is an economically important cattle pathogen with a worldwide distribution. Besides the segregation into two distinct species (BVDV1/BVDV2) two different biotypes, a cytopathic (cp) and a noncytopathic (ncp) biotype, are distinguished based on their behavior in epithelial cell cultures. One of the most serious forms of BVDV infection affecting immunocompetent animals of all ages is severe acute BVD (sa BVD) which is caused by highly virulent ncp BVDV2 strains. Previous studies revealed that these highly virulent ncp viruses cause cell death in a lymphoid cell line (BL3) which is not clearly associated with typical apoptotic changes (e.g. PARP cleavage) observed after infection with cp BVDV. To further characterize the underlying molecular mechanisms, we first analyzed the role of the mitochondria and caspases as key mediators of apoptosis. Compared to infection with cp BVDV2, infection with highly virulent ncp BVDV2 resulted in a delayed and less pronounced disruption of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)) and a weaker activation of the caspase cascade. In contrast, infection with low virulence ncp BVDV2 showed no significant differences from the uninfected control cells. Since different pro- and anti-apoptotic cellular signaling pathways may become activated upon virus infection, we compared the effect of different BVDV2 strains on cellular signaling pathways in BL3 cells. Stress-mediated p38 MAPK phosphorylation was detected only in cells infected with cp BVDV2. Interestingly, infection with highly virulent ncp BVDV2 was found to influence the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway. This indicates that BL3 cells respond differently to infection with BVDV depending on virulence and biotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bendfeldt
- National Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Ames, IA, USA
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23
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Meyers G, Ege A, Fetzer C, von Freyburg M, Elbers K, Carr V, Prentice H, Charleston B, Schürmann EM. Bovine viral diarrhea virus: prevention of persistent fetal infection by a combination of two mutations affecting Erns RNase and Npro protease. J Virol 2007; 81:3327-38. [PMID: 17215285 PMCID: PMC1866084 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02372-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Different genetically engineered mutants of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) were analyzed for the ability to establish infection in the fetuses of pregnant heifers. The virus mutants exhibited either a deletion of the overwhelming part of the genomic region coding for the N-terminal protease N(pro), a deletion of codon 349, which abrogates the RNase activity of the structural glycoprotein E(rns), or a combination of both mutations. Two months after infection of pregnant cattle with wild-type virus or either of the single mutants, the majority of the fetuses contained virus or were aborted or found dead in the uterus. In contrast, the double mutant was not recovered from fetal tissues after a similar challenge, and no dead fetuses were found. This result was verified with a nonrelated BVDV containing similar mutations. After intrauterine challenge with wild-type virus, mutated viruses, and cytopathogenic BVDV, all viruses could be detected in fetal tissue after 5, 7, and 14 days. Type 1 interferon (IFN) could be detected in fetal serum after challenge, except with wild-type noncytopathogenic BVDV. On days 7 and 14 after challenge, the largest quantities of IFN in fetal serum were induced by the N(pro) and RNase-negative double mutant virus. The longer duration of fetal infection with the double mutant resulted in abortion. Therefore, for the first time, we have demonstrated the essential role of both N(pro) and E(rns) RNase in blocking interferon induction and establishing persistent infection by a pestivirus in the natural host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Meyers
- Institut für Immunologie, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 28, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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24
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Yamane D, Kato K, Tohya Y, Akashi H. The double-stranded RNA-induced apoptosis pathway is involved in the cytopathogenicity of cytopathogenic Bovine viral diarrhea virus. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:2961-2970. [PMID: 16963755 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81820-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), which is classified in the genus Pestivirus, family Flaviviridae, can be divided into two biotypes according to its ability to induce a cytopathic effect in tissue culture cells. The mechanisms through which cytopathogenic (cp) BVDV induces cell death and non-cytopathogenic (ncp) BVDV causes persistent infection without producing cell death remain unclear. Here, it was found that the overexpression of four apoptosis-related cellular mRNAs in cells infected with cpBVDV could also be caused by synthetic dsRNA. In fact, it was found that the amount of dsRNA produced by cpBVDV considerably exceeded the amount yielded by ncpBVDV. To evaluate the possible involvement of dsRNA in the induction of apoptosis, this study examined whether RNAi-mediated depletion of two dsRNA-reactive cellular factors, dsRNA-dependent protein kinase and 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 1, resulted in the prevention of cpBVDV-induced apoptosis. Although the induction of apoptosis was reduced after the suppression of either factor alone, the simultaneous silencing of both factors resulted in an almost complete inhibition of apoptosis without affecting viral titre. These results showed that dsRNA is the main trigger of apoptosis in cpBVDV-infected cells and that the cytopathogenicity of BVDV depends on the yield potential of dsRNA. In contrast, ncpBVDV yielded minimal levels of dsRNA, thereby establishing a persistent infection without inducing apoptosis. This report supports the significance of viral dsRNA as a trigger of innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Yamane
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kato
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yukinobu Tohya
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroomi Akashi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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25
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Hilton L, Moganeradj K, Zhang G, Chen YH, Randall RE, McCauley JW, Goodbourn S. The NPro product of bovine viral diarrhea virus inhibits DNA binding by interferon regulatory factor 3 and targets it for proteasomal degradation. J Virol 2006; 80:11723-32. [PMID: 16971436 PMCID: PMC1642611 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01145-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a pestivirus that can establish a persistent infection in the developing fetus and has the ability to disable the production of type I interferon. In this report, we extend our previous observations that BVDV encodes a protein able to specifically block the activity of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3), a transcription factor essential for interferon promoter activation, by demonstrating that this is a property of the N-terminal protease fragment (NPro) of the BVDV polyprotein. Although BVDV infections cause relocalization of cellular IRF-3 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus early in infection, NPro blocks IRF-3 from binding to DNA. NPro has the additional property of targeting IRF-3 for polyubiquitination and subsequent destruction by cellular multicatalytic proteasomes. The autoprotease activity of NPro is not required for the inhibition of type I interferon induction or the targeting of IRF-3 for degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Hilton
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
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