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Scholz J, Weil PP, Pembaur D, Koukou G, Aydin M, Hauert D, Postberg J, Kreppel F, Hagedorn C. An Adenoviral Vector as a Versatile Tool for Delivery and Expression of miRNAs. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091952. [PMID: 36146759 PMCID: PMC9504453 DOI: 10.3390/v14091952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Only two decades after discovering miRNAs, our understanding of the functional effects of deregulated miRNAs in the development of diseases, particularly cancer, has been rapidly evolving. These observations and functional studies provide the basis for developing miRNA-based diagnostic markers or new therapeutic strategies. Adenoviral (Ad) vectors belong to the most frequently used vector types in gene therapy and are suitable for strong short-term transgene expression in a variety of cells. Here, we report the set-up and functionality of an Ad-based miRNA vector platform that can be employed to deliver and express a high level of miRNAs efficiently. This vector platform allows fast and efficient vector production to high titers and the expression of pri-miRNA precursors under the control of a polymerase II promoter. In contrast to non-viral miRNA delivery systems, this Ad-based miRNA vector platform allows accurate dosing of the delivered miRNAs. Using a two-vector model, we showed that Ad-driven miRNA expression was sufficient in down-regulating the expression of an overexpressed and highly stable protein. Additional data corroborated the downregulation of multiple endogenous target RNAs using the system presented here. Additionally, we report some unanticipated synergistic effects on the transduction efficiencies in vitro when cells were consecutively transduced with two different Ad-vectors. This effect might be taken into consideration for protocols using two or more different Ad vectors simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Scholz
- Chair for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, School of Life Sciences (ZBAF), Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Patrick Philipp Weil
- Centre for Biomedical Education & Research (ZBAF), Clinical Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Str. 50, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Daniel Pembaur
- Chair for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, School of Life Sciences (ZBAF), Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Georgia Koukou
- Chair for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, School of Life Sciences (ZBAF), Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Malik Aydin
- Laboratory of Experimental Pediatric Pneumology and Allergology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, School of Life Sciences (ZBAF), Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Dorota Hauert
- Chair for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, School of Life Sciences (ZBAF), Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Jan Postberg
- Centre for Biomedical Education & Research (ZBAF), Clinical Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Str. 50, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Florian Kreppel
- Chair for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, School of Life Sciences (ZBAF), Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Claudia Hagedorn
- Chair for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, School of Life Sciences (ZBAF), Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Ricobaraza A, Gonzalez-Aparicio M, Mora-Jimenez L, Lumbreras S, Hernandez-Alcoceba R. High-Capacity Adenoviral Vectors: Expanding the Scope of Gene Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103643. [PMID: 32455640 PMCID: PMC7279171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptation of adenoviruses as gene delivery tools has resulted in the development of high-capacity adenoviral vectors (HC-AdVs), also known, helper-dependent or “gutless”. Compared with earlier generations (E1/E3-deleted vectors), HC-AdVs retain relevant features such as genetic stability, remarkable efficacy of in vivo transduction, and production at high titers. More importantly, the lack of viral coding sequences in the genomes of HC-AdVs extends the cloning capacity up to 37 Kb, and allows long-term episomal persistence of transgenes in non-dividing cells. These properties open a wide repertoire of therapeutic opportunities in the fields of gene supplementation and gene correction, which have been explored at the preclinical level over the past two decades. During this time, production methods have been optimized to obtain the yield, purity, and reliability required for clinical implementation. Better understanding of inflammatory responses and the implementation of methods to control them have increased the safety of these vectors. We will review the most significant achievements that are turning an interesting research tool into a sound vector platform, which could contribute to overcome current limitations in the gene therapy field.
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Zhang J, Zou Z, Huang K, Lin X, Chen H, Jin M. Insights into leghorn male hepatocellular cells response to fowl adenovirus serotype 4 infection by transcriptome analysis. Vet Microbiol 2018; 214:65-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Ying B, Toth K, Spencer JF, Aurora R, Wold WSM. Transcriptome sequencing and development of an expression microarray platform for liver infection in adenovirus type 5-infected Syrian golden hamsters. Virology 2015; 485:305-12. [PMID: 26319212 PMCID: PMC4619110 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Syrian golden hamster is an attractive animal for research on infectious diseases and other diseases. We report here the sequencing, assembly, and annotation of the Syrian hamster transcriptome. We include transcripts from ten pooled tissues from a naïve hamster and one stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Our data set identified 42,707 non-redundant transcripts, representing 34,191 unique genes. Based on the transcriptome data, we generated a custom microarray and used this new platform to investigate the transcriptional response in the Syrian hamster liver following intravenous adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) infection. We found that Ad5 infection caused a massive change in regulation of liver transcripts, with robust up-regulation of genes involved in the antiviral response, indicating that the innate immune response functions in the host defense against Ad5 infection of the liver. The data and novel platforms developed in this study will facilitate further development of this important animal model. Syrian hamster transcriptome; 42,707 transcripts representing 34,191 unique genes Syrian hamster custom expression microarray platform Ad5 intravenous infection of the Syrian hamster liver Ad5 upregulation of hamster liver genes involved in innate antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoling Ying
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, 1100 S. Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63104, United States
| | - Karoly Toth
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, 1100 S. Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63104, United States
| | - Jacqueline F Spencer
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, 1100 S. Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63104, United States
| | - Rajeev Aurora
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, 1100 S. Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63104, United States
| | - William S M Wold
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, 1100 S. Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63104, United States
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Piersanti S, Burla R, Licursi V, Brito C, La Torre M, Alves PM, Simao D, Mottini C, Salinas S, Negri R, Tagliafico E, Kremer EJ, Saggio I. Transcriptional Response of Human Neurospheres to Helper-Dependent CAV-2 Vectors Involves the Modulation of DNA Damage Response, Microtubule and Centromere Gene Groups. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26207738 PMCID: PMC4514711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain gene transfer using viral vectors will likely become a therapeutic option for several disorders. Helper-dependent (HD) canine adenovirus type 2 vectors (CAV-2) are well suited for this goal. These vectors are poorly immunogenic, efficiently transduce neurons, are retrogradely transported to afferent structures in the brain and lead to long-term transgene expression. CAV-2 vectors are being exploited to unravel behavior, cognition, neural networks, axonal transport and therapy for orphan diseases. With the goal of better understanding and characterizing HD-CAV-2 for brain therapy, we analyzed the transcriptomic modulation induced by HD-CAV-2 in human differentiated neurospheres derived from midbrain progenitors. This 3D model system mimics several aspects of the dynamic nature of human brain. We found that differentiated neurospheres are readily transduced by HD-CAV-2 and that transduction generates two main transcriptional responses: a DNA damage response and alteration of centromeric and microtubule probes. Future investigations on the biochemistry of processes highlighted by probe modulations will help defining the implication of HD-CAV-2 and CAR receptor binding in enchaining these functional pathways. We suggest here that the modulation of DNA damage genes is related to viral DNA, while the alteration of centromeric and microtubule probes is possibly enchained by the interaction of the HD-CAV-2 fibre with CAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Piersanti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Romina Burla
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Licursi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Pasteur Institute, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Catarina Brito
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780–901, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780–157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Mattia La Torre
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paula M. Alves
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780–901, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780–157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Daniel Simao
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780–901, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780–157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Carla Mottini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Salinas
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5535, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Rodolfo Negri
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Pasteur Institute, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Tagliafico
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Eric J. Kremer
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5535, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabella Saggio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Pasteur Institute, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Piersanti S, Tagliafico E, Saggio I. DNA microarray to analyze adenovirus-host interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1089:89-104. [PMID: 24132480 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-679-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Defining the molecular toxicity of viral vectors that are or will be in use for clinical trials is a prerequisite for their safe application in humans. DNA chips allow high-throughput evaluation of the profile of transduced cells and have contributed to underlining specific aspects of vector toxicity both in in vitro and in vivo assets. With gene chips we have been able to identify vector-specific properties, such as the cell cycle alteration induced by vector genomic DNA, along with the activation of specific innate immune pathways that can be ascribed to viral particles. We herein describe a detailed protocol for the use of gene chips to dissect the toxicogenomic signature of human and canine helper-dependent adenoviral vectors. We suggest specific procedures suited for the study of these viral vectors, but we also give indications that can be applied to different experimental contexts. In addition, we discuss the in silico elaboration of gene chip raw data which is a crucial step to extrapolate biological information from gene chip studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Piersanti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza, Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
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Piersanti S, Astrologo L, Licursi V, Costa R, Roncaglia E, Gennetier A, Ibanes S, Chillon M, Negri R, Tagliafico E, Kremer EJ, Saggio I. Differentiated neuroprogenitor cells incubated with human or canine adenovirus, or lentiviral vectors have distinct transcriptome profiles. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69808. [PMID: 23922808 PMCID: PMC3724896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated the potential for vector-mediated gene transfer to the brain. Helper-dependent (HD) human (HAd) and canine (CAV-2) adenovirus, and VSV-G-pseudotyped self-inactivating HIV-1 vectors (LV) effectively transduce human brain cells and their toxicity has been partly analysed. However, their effect on the brain homeostasis is far from fully defined, especially because of the complexity of the central nervous system (CNS). With the goal of dissecting the toxicogenomic signatures of the three vectors for human neurons, we transduced a bona fide human neuronal system with HD-HAd, HD-CAV-2 and LV. We analysed the transcriptional response of more than 47,000 transcripts using gene chips. Chip data showed that HD-CAV-2 and LV vectors activated the innate arm of the immune response, including Toll-like receptors and hyaluronan circuits. LV vector also induced an IFN response. Moreover, HD-CAV-2 and LV vectors affected DNA damage pathways--but in opposite directions--suggesting a differential response of the p53 and ATM pathways to the vector genomes. As a general response to the vectors, human neurons activated pro-survival genes and neuron morphogenesis, presumably with the goal of re-establishing homeostasis. These data are complementary to in vivo studies on brain vector toxicity and allow a better understanding of the impact of viral vectors on human neurons, and mechanistic approaches to improve the therapeutic impact of brain-directed gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Piersanti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Chrales Darwin”, Sapienza, Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Letizia Astrologo
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Chrales Darwin”, Sapienza, Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Valerio Licursi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Chrales Darwin”, Sapienza, Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Rossella Costa
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Chrales Darwin”, Sapienza, Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Enrica Roncaglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Aurelie Gennetier
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University Montpellier I & II, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandy Ibanes
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University Montpellier I & II, Montpellier, France
| | - Miguel Chillon
- Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Roma, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Negri
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Chrales Darwin”, Sapienza, Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Roma, Italy
| | - Enrico Tagliafico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Eric J. Kremer
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University Montpellier I & II, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabella Saggio
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Chrales Darwin”, Sapienza, Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Roma, Italy
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Roma, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Adenoviral vectors stimulate glucagon transcription in human mesenchymal stem cells expressing pancreatic transcription factors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48093. [PMID: 23110179 PMCID: PMC3482184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral gene carriers are being widely used as gene transfer systems in (trans)differentiation and reprogramming strategies. Forced expression of key regulators of pancreatic differentiation in stem cells, liver cells, pancreatic duct cells, or cells from the exocrine pancreas, can lead to the initiation of endocrine pancreatic differentiation. While several viral vector systems have been employed in such studies, the results reported with adenovirus vectors have been the most promising in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we examined whether the viral vector system itself could impact the differentiation capacity of human bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) toward the endocrine lineage. Lentivirus-mediated expression of Pdx-1, Ngn-3, and Maf-A alone or in combination does not lead to robust expression of any of the endocrine hormones (i.e. insulin, glucagon and somatostatin) in hMSCs. Remarkably, subsequent transduction of these genetically modified cells with an irrelevant early region 1 (E1)-deleted adenoviral vector potentiates the differentiation stimulus and promotes glucagon gene expression in hMSCs by affecting the chromatin structure. This adenovirus stimulation was observed upon infection with an E1-deleted adenovirus vector, but not after exposure to helper-dependent adenovirus vectors, pointing at the involvement of genes retained in the E1-deleted adenovirus vector in this phenomenon. Lentivirus mediated expression of the adenovirus E4-ORF3 mimics the adenovirus effect. From these data we conclude that E1-deleted adenoviral vectors are not inert gene-transfer vectors and contribute to the modulation of the cellular differentiation pathways.
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Sharma A, Bangari DS, Tandon M, Hogenesch H, Mittal SK. Evaluation of innate immunity and vector toxicity following inoculation of bovine, porcine or human adenoviral vectors in a mouse model. Virus Res 2010; 153:134-42. [PMID: 20659505 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Nonhuman adenovirus (Ad) vectors derived from bovine Ad serotype 3 (BAd3) or porcine Ad serotype 3 (PAd3) can circumvent pre-existing immunity against human Ad (HAd). We have previously reported differential transduction of human and nonhuman cells by these Ad vectors, and their distinct receptor usage and biodistribution. To compare the induction of innate immunity, vector toxicity and vector uptake by Kupffer cells (KCs) following intravenous administration of PAd3, BAd3, or HAd5 vectors in mice, we determined mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines, and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the liver and spleen. Tissue toxicity of these vectors was assessed by comparing serum levels of liver-specific enzymes, histopathology and Kupffer cell (KC) depletion. Compared to the HAd5 vector, PAd3 and BAd3 vectors were more potent stimulators of innate immune responses as indicated by enhanced mRNA expression of TLRs and proinflammatory chemokines and cytokine genes. Histopathological changes in the liver were most pronounced in HAd5-inoculated mice while BAd3- or PAd3-inoculated mice revealed mild histologic changes that were confined to early time points. Inoculation with HAd5 or PAd3 vectors resulted in a significant (P<0.05) decline of the number of KCs in the liver. Together, these results extend our previous observations regarding distinct in vivo biology of nonhuman and human Ad vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Sharma
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, and Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Jiang MH, Chen L, Li LF, Wu HP, Jiang LH, Qian YZ, Fang GE, Xue XC. A GUTLESS ADENOVIRAL VECTOR EXPRESSING FULL-LENGTH ANTI-Her2 ANTIBODY. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2009; 36:e26-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase sequence fused to the lacz gene increases levels of {beta}-galactosidase activity per genome of high-capacity but not first-generation adenoviral vectors in vitro and in vivo. J Virol 2008; 83:2004-10. [PMID: 19073729 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01298-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased transgene expression per vector genome is an important goal in the optimization of viral vectors for gene therapy. Herein we demonstrate that herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) thymidine kinase (TK) gene sequences (1,131 bp) fused to the 3' end of lacZ increase transgene expression from high-capacity adenoviral vectors (HCAd), but not from first-generation (Ad) vectors. The woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element (WPRE), in contrast, increased transgene expression levels from Ad but not HCAd vectors. The differential activity of the HSV1 TK gene and WPRE sequences was detected both in vitro and in vivo and suggests potentially different mechanisms of action or the interaction of these elements with vector genomic sequences.
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Hartman ZC, Appledorn DM, Amalfitano A. Adenovirus vector induced innate immune responses: impact upon efficacy and toxicity in gene therapy and vaccine applications. Virus Res 2007; 132:1-14. [PMID: 18036698 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Revised: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Extensively characterized, modified, and employed for a variety of purposes, adenovirus (Ad) vectors are generally regarded as having great potential by many applied virologists who wish to manipulate and use viral biology to achieve beneficial clinical outcomes. Despite widespread functional prominence and utility (i.e., Ad-based clinical trials have begun to progress to critical Phase III levels, it has recently become apparent that investigations regarding the innate immune response to Ads may reveal not only reasons behind previous failures, but also reveal novel insights that will allow for safer, more efficacious uses of this important gene transfer platform. Insights gained by the exploration of Ad induced innate immune responses will likely be most important to the fields of vaccine development, since Ad-based vaccines are regarded as one of the more promising vaccine platforms in development today. Adenovirus is currently known to interact with several different extracellular, intracellular, and membrane-bound innate immune sensing systems. Past and recent studies involving manipulation of the Ad infectious cycle as well as use of different mutants have shed light on some of the initiation mechanisms underlying Ad induced immune responses. More recent studies using microarray-based analyses, genetically modified cell lines and/or mouse mutants, and advanced generation Ad vectors have revealed important new insights into the scope and mechanism of this cellular defensive response. This review is an attempt to synthesize these studies, update Ad biologists to the current knowledge surrounding these increasingly important issues, as well as highlight areas where future research should be directed. It should also serve as a sobering reality to researchers exploring the use of any gene transfer vector, as to the complexities potentially involved when contemplating use of such vectors for human applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C Hartman
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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