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Zhuang X, Guo X, Gu T, Xu X, Qin L, Xu K, He Z, Zhang K. Phosphorylation of plant virus proteins: Analysis methods and biological functions. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:935735. [PMID: 35958157 PMCID: PMC9360750 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.935735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation is one of the most extensively investigated post-translational modifications that orchestrate a variety of cellular signal transduction processes. The phosphorylation of virus-encoded proteins plays an important regulatory role in the infection cycle of such viruses in plants. In recent years, molecular mechanisms underlying the phosphorylation of plant viral proteins have been widely studied. Based on recent publications, our study summarizes the phosphorylation analyses of plant viral proteins and categorizes their effects on biological functions according to the viral life cycle. This review provides a theoretical basis for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of viral infection. Furthermore, it deepens our understanding of the biological functions of phosphorylation in the interactions between plants and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Zhuang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tianxiao Gu
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lang Qin
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen He
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Kun Zhang, ;
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Kleinow T, Happle A, Kober S, Linzmeier L, Rehm TM, Fritze J, Buchholz PCF, Kepp G, Jeske H, Wege C. Phosphorylations of the Abutilon Mosaic Virus Movement Protein Affect Its Self-Interaction, Symptom Development, Viral DNA Accumulation, and Host Range. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1155. [PMID: 32849713 PMCID: PMC7411133 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The genome of bipartite geminiviruses in the genus Begomovirus comprises two circular DNAs: DNA-A and DNA-B. The DNA-B component encodes a nuclear shuttle protein (NSP) and a movement protein (MP), which cooperate for systemic spread of infectious nucleic acids within host plants and affect pathogenicity. MP mediates multiple functions during intra- and intercellular trafficking, such as binding of viral nucleoprotein complexes, targeting to and modification of plasmodesmata, and release of the cargo after cell-to-cell transfer. For Abutilon mosaic virus (AbMV), phosphorylation of MP expressed in bacteria, yeast, and Nicotiana benthamiana plants, respectively, has been demonstrated in previous studies. Three phosphorylation sites (T221, S223, and S250) were identified in its C-terminal oligomerization domain by mass spectrometry, suggesting a regulation of MP by posttranslational modification. To examine the influence of the three sites on the self-interaction in more detail, MP mutants were tested for their interaction in yeast by two-hybrid assays, or by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) techniques in planta. Expression constructs with point mutations leading to simultaneous (triple) exchange of T221, S223, and S250 to either uncharged alanine (MPAAA), or phosphorylation charge-mimicking aspartate residues (MPDDD) were compared. MPDDD interfered with MP-MP binding in contrast to MPAAA. The roles of the phosphorylation sites for the viral life cycle were studied further, using plant-infectious AbMV DNA-B variants with the same triple mutants each. When co-inoculated with wild-type DNA-A, both mutants infected N. benthamiana plants systemically, but were unable to do so for some other plant species of the families Solanaceae or Malvaceae. Systemically infected plants developed symptoms and viral DNA levels different from those of wild-type AbMV for most virus-plant combinations. The results indicate a regulation of diverse MP functions by posttranslational modifications and underscore their biological relevance for a complex host plant-geminivirus interaction.
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Hipp K, Rau P, Schäfer B, Pfannstiel J, Jeske H. Translation, modification and cellular distribution of two AC4 variants of African cassava mosaic virus in yeast and their pathogenic potential in plants. Virology 2016; 498:136-148. [PMID: 27584591 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant infecting geminiviruses encode a small (A)C4 protein within the open reading frame of the replication-initiator protein. In African cassava mosaic virus, two in-frame start codons may be used for the translation of a longer and a shorter AC4 variant. Both were fused to green fluorescent protein or glutathione-S-transferase genes and expressed in fission yeast. The longer variant accumulated in discrete spots in the cytoplasm, whereas the shorter variant localized to the plasma membrane. A similar expression pattern was found in plants. A myristoylation motif may promote a targeting of the shorter variant to the plasma membrane. Mass spectrometry analysis of the yeast-expressed shorter variant detected the corresponding myristoylation. The biological relevance of the second start codon was confirmed using mutated infectious clones. Whereas mutating the first start codon had no effect on the infectivity in Nicotiana benthamiana plants, the second start codon proved to be essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hipp
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Biomaterials and biomolecular Systems, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Peter Rau
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Biomaterials and biomolecular Systems, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Benjamin Schäfer
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Biomaterials and biomolecular Systems, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jens Pfannstiel
- University of Hohenheim, Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, August-von-Hartmann-Straße 3, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Holger Jeske
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Biomaterials and biomolecular Systems, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
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Hipp K, Schäfer B, Kepp G, Jeske H. Properties of African Cassava Mosaic Virus Capsid Protein Expressed in Fission Yeast. Viruses 2016; 8:E190. [PMID: 27399762 PMCID: PMC4974525 DOI: 10.3390/v8070190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The capsid proteins (CPs) of geminiviruses combine multiple functions for packaging the single-stranded viral genome, insect transmission and shuttling between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) CP was expressed in fission yeast, and purified by SDS gel electrophoresis. After tryptic digestion of this protein, mass spectrometry covered 85% of the amino acid sequence and detected three N-terminal phosphorylation sites (threonine 12, serines 25 and 62). Differential centrifugation of cell extracts separated the CP into two fractions, the supernatant and pellet. Upon isopycnic centrifugation of the supernatant, most of the CP accumulated at densities typical for free proteins, whereas the CP in the pellet fraction showed a partial binding to nucleic acids. Size-exclusion chromatography of the supernatant CP indicated high order complexes. In DNA binding assays, supernatant CP accelerated the migration of ssDNA in agarose gels, which is a first hint for particle formation. Correspondingly, CP shifted ssDNA to the expected densities of virus particles upon isopycnic centrifugation. Nevertheless, electron microscopy did not reveal any twin particles, which are characteristic for geminiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hipp
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Schäfer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Gabi Kepp
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Holger Jeske
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Bioinformatic analysis reveals genome size reduction and the emergence of tyrosine phosphorylation site in the movement protein of New World bipartite begomoviruses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111957. [PMID: 25383632 PMCID: PMC4226511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Begomovirus (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) infection is devastating to a wide variety of agricultural crops including tomato, squash, and cassava. Thus, understanding the replication and adaptation of begomoviruses has important translational value in alleviating substantial economic loss, particularly in developing countries. The bipartite genome of begomoviruses prevalent in the New World and their counterparts in the Old World share a high degree of genome homology except for a partially overlapping reading frame encoding the pre-coat protein (PCP, or AV2). PCP contributes to the essential functions of intercellular movement and suppression of host RNA silencing, but it is only present in the Old World viruses. In this study, we analyzed a set of non-redundant bipartite begomovirus genomes originating from the Old World (N = 28) and the New World (N = 65). Our bioinformatic analysis suggests ∼ 120 nucleotides were deleted from PCP's proximal promoter region that may have contributed to its loss in the New World viruses. Consequently, genomes of the New World viruses are smaller than the Old World counterparts, possibly compensating for the loss of the intercellular movement functions of PCP. Additionally, we detected substantial purifying selection on a portion of the New World DNA-B movement protein (MP, or BC1). Further analysis of the New World MP gene revealed the emergence of a putative tyrosine phosphorylation site, which likely explains the increased purifying selection in that region. These findings provide important information about the strategies adopted by bipartite begomoviruses in adapting to new environment and suggest future in planta experiments.
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Kim BS, Halk EL, Merlo DJ, Nelson SE, Loesch-Fries LS. Phosphorylation of alfalfa mosaic virus movement protein in vivo. Arch Virol 2014; 159:1787-91. [PMID: 24435161 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1945-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The 32-kDa movement protein, P3, of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) is essential for cell-to-cell spread of the virus in plants. P3 shares many properties with other virus movement proteins (MPs); however, it is not known if P3 is posttranslationally modified by phosphorylation, which is important for the function of other MPs. When expressed in Nicotiana tabacum, P3 accumulated primarily in the cell walls of older leaves or in the cytosol of younger leaves. When expressed in Pischia pastoris, P3 accumulated primarily in a soluble form. Metabolic labeling indicated that a portion of P3 was phosphorylated in both tobacco and yeast, suggesting that phosphorylation regulates the function of this protein as it does for other virus MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong-Suk Kim
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Levy A, Tzfira T. Bean dwarf mosaic virus: a model system for the study of viral movement. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2010; 11:451-461. [PMID: 20618704 PMCID: PMC6640244 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
TAXONOMY Bean dwarf mosaic virus-[Colombia:1987] (BDMV-[CO:87]) is a single-stranded plant DNA virus, a member of the genus Begomovirus of the family Geminiviridae. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES BDMV virions are twinned incomplete isosahedra measuring 18 x 30 nm. The viral particle is composed of 110 subunits of coat protein, organized as 22 pentameric capsomers. Each subunit has a molecular mass of approximately 29 kDa. BDMV possesses two DNA components (designated DNA-A and DNA-B), each approximately 2.6 kb in size. HOST RANGE The natural and most important host of BDMV is the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Nicotiana benthamiana is often used as an experimental host. Common bean germplasm can be divided into two major gene pools: Andean materials, which are mostly susceptible to BDMV, and Middle American materials, which are mostly resistant to BDMV. DISEASE SYMPTOMS The symptom intensity in common bean plants depends on the stage of infection. Early infection of susceptible bean seedlings will result in severe stunting and dwarfing, leaf distortion and mottling or mosaic, as well as chlorotic or yellow spots or blotches. BDMV-infected plants usually abort their flowers or produce severely distorted pods. Late infection of susceptible plants or early infection of moderately resistant genotypes may show a mild mosaic, mottle and crumpling or an irregular distribution of variegated patches. BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES: As a member of the Begomovirus group, BDMV is transmitted from plant to plant by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. BDMV is a nonphloem-limited virus and can replicate and move in the epidermal, cortical and phloem cells. As a nonphloem-limited virus, it is sap-transmissible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avner Levy
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Mueller A, Kadri A, Jeske H, Wege C. In vitro assembly of Tobacco mosaic virus coat protein variants derived from fission yeast expression clones or plants. J Virol Methods 2010; 166:77-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Kleinow T, Tanwir F, Kocher C, Krenz B, Wege C, Jeske H. Expression dynamics and ultrastructural localization of epitope-tagged Abutilon mosaic virus nuclear shuttle and movement proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana cells. Virology 2009; 391:212-20. [PMID: 19628237 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 05/31/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The geminivirus Abutilon mosaic virus (AbMV) encodes two proteins which are essential for viral spread within plants. The nuclear shuttle protein (NSP) transfers viral DNA between the nucleus and cytoplasm, whereas the movement protein (MP) facilitates transport between cells through plasmodesmata and long-distance via phloem. An inducible overexpression system for epitope-tagged NSP and MP in plants yielded unprecedented amounts of both proteins. Western blots revealed extensive posttranslational modification and truncation for MP, but not for NSP. Ultrastructural examination of Nicotiana benthamiana tissues showed characteristic nucleopathic alterations, including fibrillar rings, when epitope-tagged NSP and MP were simultaneously expressed in leaves locally infected with an AbMV DNA A in which the coat protein gene was replaced by a green fluorescent protein encoding gene. Immunogold labelling localized NSP in the nucleoplasm and in the fibrillar rings. MP appeared at the cell periphery, probably the plasma membrane, and plasmodesmata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Kleinow
- Institute of Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Kleinow T, Nischang M, Beck A, Kratzer U, Tanwir F, Preiss W, Kepp G, Jeske H. Three C-terminal phosphorylation sites in the Abutilon mosaic virus movement protein affect symptom development and viral DNA accumulation. Virology 2009; 390:89-101. [PMID: 19464722 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The Abutilon mosaic virus (AbMV, Geminiviridae) DNA B component encodes a movement protein (MP), which facilitates viral transport within plants and affects pathogenicity. The presence of phosphorylated serine and threonine residues was confirmed for MP expressed in yeast and Nicotiana benthamiana by comparative Western blot analysis using phospho-amino acid- and MP-specific immunodetection. Mass spectrometry of yeast-derived MP identified three phosphorylation sites located in the C-terminal domain (Thr-221, Ser-223 and Ser-250). To assess their functional relevance in plants, several point mutations were generated in the MP gene of DNA B, which replace Thr-221, Ser-223 and Ser-250, either singly or in combinations, with either an uncharged alanine or a phosphorylation-mimicking aspartate residue. When co-inoculated with DNA A, all mutants were infectious. In systemically infected plants the symptoms and/or viral DNA accumulation were significantly altered for several of the mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Kleinow
- Institute of Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Abstract
Plant pathogenic geminiviruses have been proliferating worldwide and have, therefore, attracted considerable scientific interest during the past three decades. Current knowledge concerning their virion and genome structure, their molecular biology of replication, recombination, transcription, and silencing, as well as their transport through plants and dynamic competition with host responses are summarized. The topics are chosen to provide a comprehensive introduction for animal virologists, emphasizing similarities and differences to the closest functional relatives, polyomaviruses and circoviruses.
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