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Chen J, Yuan X, Ma Z, Wang G, Wang Y, Cao H, Li X, Zheng SJ, Gao L. Chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) VP1 antagonizes type I interferon (IFN-I) production by inhibiting TBK1 phosphorylation. Virus Res 2023; 327:199077. [PMID: 36809820 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) infection induces immunosuppression or subclinical immunosuppression in chickens. CIAV infection has been reported to repress type I interferon (IFN-I) expression, but the underlying mechanisms are not yet understood. Here we reported that VP1, the capsid protein of CIAV, the major immunogenic protein that triggers the production of neutralizing antibodies in chickens, inhibited type I interferon (IFN-I) expression induced by cGAS-STING signaling. We showed that VP1 inhibited TBK1 phosphorylation and down stream signal transduction, leading to the inhibition of IFN-I expression. Subsequently, we demonstrated that VP1 interacted with TBK1. Finally, we clarified that aa 120-150 in VP1 was essential for VP1 to interact with TBK1 and inhibit cGAS-STING signaling. These findings will help us further understand the pathogenesis of CIAV in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncheng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, #2 Yuan-Ming-Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xu Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, #2 Yuan-Ming-Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ziyue Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, #2 Yuan-Ming-Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guoyan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, #2 Yuan-Ming-Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, #2 Yuan-Ming-Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hong Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, #2 Yuan-Ming-Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoqi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, #2 Yuan-Ming-Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shijun J Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, #2 Yuan-Ming-Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, #2 Yuan-Ming-Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
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2
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Polio and Its Epidemiology. Infect Dis (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2463-0_839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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3
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Davidson I. Avian Oncogenic and Immunosuppressive Viruses. Infect Dis (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2463-0_1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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4
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Ning SY, Zhou MM, Yang J, Zeng J, Wang JP. Viral metagenomics reveals two novel anelloviruses in feces of experimental rats. Virol J 2021; 18:252. [PMID: 34930331 PMCID: PMC8686219 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01723-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rodents are widely distributed and are the natural reservoirs of a diverse group of zoonotic viruses. Thus, analyzing the viral diversity harbored by rodents could assist efforts to predict and reduce the risk of future emergence of zoonotic viral diseases. Rodents are commonly used in animal testing, particularly mice and rats. Experimental rats are important animal models, and a history of pathogenic infections in these animals will directly affect the animal trial results. The pathogenicity of Anellovirus (AV) remains poorly understood due to the lack of a suitable model cell line or animal to support the viral cycle. This study aimed to discover possible anelloviruses from the virome in feces of experimental rats by viral metagenomic technique. METHODS Fecal samples were collected from 10 commercial SD rats and pooled into a sample pool and then subjected to libraries construction which was then sequenced on Illumina MiSeq platform. The sequenced reads were analyzed using viral metagenomic analysis pipeline and two novel anelloviruses (AVs) were identified from fecal sample of experimental rats. The prevalence of these two viruses was investigated by conventional PCR. RESULTS The complete genomic sequence of these two AVs were determined and fully characterized, with strain name ratane153-zj1 and ratane153-zj2. The circular genomes of ratane153-zj1 and ratane153-zj2 are 2785 nt and 1930 nt in length, respectively, and both include three ORFs. Ratane153-zj1 closely clustered with members within the genus Wawtorquevirus and formed a separate branch based on the phylogenetic tree constructed over the amino acid sequence of ORF1 of the two AVs identified in this study and other related AVs. While the complete amino acid sequences of ORF1 of ratane153-zj2 (nt 335 to 1390) had the highest sequence identity with an unclassified AV (GenBank No. ATY37438) from Chinchilla lanigera, and they clustered with one AV (GenBank No. QYD02305) belonging to the genus Etatorquevirus from Lynx rufus. Conventional PCR with two sets of specific primers designed based on the two genomes, respectively, showed that they were detectable at a low frequency in cohorts of experimental rats. CONCLUSION Our study expanded the genome diversity of AVs and provided genetic background information of viruses existed in experimental rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Yi Ning
- Joint Institute of Molecular Etiology Diagnosis, Donghai County People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Donghai, 222300, Jiangsu, China
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming-Ming Zhou
- School of Nursing, Taihu University of Wuxi, Wuxi, 214063, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Zeng
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia-Ping Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Donghai County People's Hospital, Donghai, 222300, Jiangsu, China.
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5
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Wanganurakkul S, Smith DR, Chintapitaksakul L, Assavalapsakul W. Effective production of recombinant Δ60VP1 chicken anemia virus protein in Escherichia coli and its application to a serodiagnostic indirect ELISA. J Virol Methods 2020; 282:113887. [PMID: 32445874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chicken anemia virus (CAV) causes severe anemia and immunosuppression in chickens. VP1 is the main capsid protein, and is suitable for diagnostic kit development, however, it has 24 arginine residues in the first forty N-terminal amino acids of the protein causing toxicity to bacteria leading to reduced prokaryotic expression. In this study, a 60 amino acid N-terminally truncated VP1 (Δ60VP1) which removes the toxic region was expressed in Escherichia coli and the resultant insoluble recombinant protein was purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography with anionic denaturing detergents. The high amounts of purified Δ60VP1 produced (150 mg/L) retained appropriate antigenicity and the antigen was used to develop an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for serological diagnosis of CAV. One hundred fifty-two chicken serum samples (n = 152) were evaluated using the newly developed Δ60VP1 indirect ELISA (cutoff value = 7.58 % S/P). The sensitivity and specificity of the Δ60VP1 indirect ELISA were 87.50 % and 95.31 %, respectively, while the agreement between the Δ60VP1 indirect ELISA and the commercial IDEXX CAV ELISA was 90.79 % (kappa = 0.814). In this study, we have developed an alternative VP1 production platform in E. coli by truncating the N-terminal 60 amino acids (Δ60VP1) and using anionic denaturing detergents during the purification to successfully solubilize the insoluble Δ60VP1. The antigen was purified with high yield and good immunoreactivity, and an indirect ELISA was developed. The assay could potentially be applied to large-scale CAV serosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saruda Wanganurakkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Eastern Region Veterinary Research and Development Center, Chonburi 20220, Thailand.
| | - Duncan R Smith
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand.
| | | | - Wanchai Assavalapsakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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6
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Crane A, Goebel ME, Kraberger S, Stone AC, Varsani A. Novel anelloviruses identified in buccal swabs of Antarctic fur seals. Virus Genes 2018; 54:719-723. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-1585-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Freer G, Maggi F, Pifferi M, Di Cicco ME, Peroni DG, Pistello M. The Virome and Its Major Component, Anellovirus, a Convoluted System Molding Human Immune Defenses and Possibly Affecting the Development of Asthma and Respiratory Diseases in Childhood. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:686. [PMID: 29692764 PMCID: PMC5902699 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiome, a thriving and complex microbial community colonizing the human body, has a broad impact on human health. Colonization is a continuous process that starts very early in life and occurs thanks to shrewd strategies microbes have evolved to tackle a convoluted array of anatomical, physiological, and functional barriers of the human body. Cumulative evidence shows that viruses are part of the microbiome. This part, called virome, has a dynamic composition that reflects what we eat, how and where we live, what we do, our genetic background, and other unpredictable variables. Thus, the virome plays a chief role in shaping innate and adaptive host immune defenses. Imbalance of normal microbial flora is thought to trigger or exacerbate many acute and chronic disorders. A compelling example can be found in the respiratory apparatus, where early-life viral infections are major determinants for the development of allergic diseases, like asthma, and other non-transmissible diseases. In this review, we focus on the virome and, particularly, on Anelloviridae, a recently discovered virus family. Anelloviruses are major components of the virome, present in most, if not all, human beings, where they are acquired early in life and replicate persistently without causing apparent disease. We will discuss how modulation of innate and adaptive immune systems by Anelloviruses can influence the development of respiratory diseases in childhood and provide evidence for the use of Anelloviruses as useful and practical molecular markers to monitor inflammatory processes and immune system competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Freer
- Retrovirus Center, Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Pifferi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria E Di Cicco
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Diego G Peroni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mauro Pistello
- Retrovirus Center, Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Virology Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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8
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Abstract
Circular single-stranded DNA viruses infect archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotic organisms. The relatively recent emergence of single-stranded DNA viruses, such as chicken anemia virus (CAV) and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), as serious pathogens of eukaryotes is due more to growing awareness than to the appearance of new pathogens or alteration of existing pathogens. In the case of the ubiquitous human circular single-stranded DNA virus family Anelloviridae, there is still no convincing direct causal relation to any specific disease. However, infections may play a role in autoimmunity by changing the homeostatic balance of proinflammatory cytokines and the human immune system, indirectly affecting the severity of diseases caused by other pathogens. Infections with CAV (family Anelloviridae, genus Gyrovirus) and PCV2 (family Circoviridae, genus Circovirus) are presented here because they are immunosuppressive and affect health in domesticated animals. CAV shares genomic organization, genomic orientation, and common features of major proteins with human anelloviruses, and PCV2 DNA may be present in human food and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Shulman
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel; .,Laboratory of Environmental Virology, Central Virology Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center Public Health Services, Israel Ministry of Health, Tel Hashomer, 52621, Israel
| | - I Davidson
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel;
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9
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Hettmann A, Demcsák A, Bach Á, Decsi G, Dencs Á, Pálinkó D, Rovó L, Nagy K, Minarovits J, Takács M. Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Torque Teno Virus in Salivary and Tumor Biopsy Samples from Head and Neck Carcinoma Patients. Intervirology 2016; 59:123-129. [DOI: 10.1159/000452974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Francis
- Division of Epidemiology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Lee W Riley
- Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, University of California-School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, USA
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12
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A field guide to eukaryotic circular single-stranded DNA viruses: insights gained from metagenomics. Arch Virol 2012; 157:1851-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1391-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Salmanizadeh S, Bouzari M, Talebi A. Detection of torque teno midi virus/small anellovirus (TTMDV/SAV) in chronic cervicitis and cervical tumors in Isfahan, Iran. Arch Virol 2011; 157:291-5. [PMID: 22086157 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Torque teno midi virus and small anellovirus (TTMDV/SAV) are members of the genus Gammatorquevirus within the family Anelloviridae. Cervical cancer is the second most prevalent cancer after breast cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of infection by these viruses in cervicitis and cervical tumors of women from Isfahan, Iran. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples from cervical cancers (n = 42) and cervicitis cases (n = 79) were subjected to nested PCR to identify TTMDV/SAV viral sequences. Of the 42 tumor cases, 22, 18 and 2 were diagnosed as adenocarcinoma, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and squamous cell carcinoma, respectively. In total, 23 (55%) of the tumor samples were positive for TTMDV/SAV. Of the 79 cervicitis cases, 38 (48%) were also positive for TTMDV/SAV. This is the first report of TTMDV/SAV in cervicitis and cervical tumors of women.
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14
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Ng TFF, Willner DL, Lim YW, Schmieder R, Chau B, Nilsson C, Anthony S, Ruan Y, Rohwer F, Breitbart M. Broad surveys of DNA viral diversity obtained through viral metagenomics of mosquitoes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20579. [PMID: 21674005 PMCID: PMC3108952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the most abundant and diverse genetic entities on Earth; however, broad surveys of viral diversity are hindered by the lack of a universal assay for viruses and the inability to sample a sufficient number of individual hosts. This study utilized vector-enabled metagenomics (VEM) to provide a snapshot of the diversity of DNA viruses present in three mosquito samples from San Diego, California. The majority of the sequences were novel, suggesting that the viral community in mosquitoes, as well as the animal and plant hosts they feed on, is highly diverse and largely uncharacterized. Each mosquito sample contained a distinct viral community. The mosquito viromes contained sequences related to a broad range of animal, plant, insect and bacterial viruses. Animal viruses identified included anelloviruses, circoviruses, herpesviruses, poxviruses, and papillomaviruses, which mosquitoes may have obtained from vertebrate hosts during blood feeding. Notably, sequences related to human papillomaviruses were identified in one of the mosquito samples. Sequences similar to plant viruses were identified in all mosquito viromes, which were potentially acquired through feeding on plant nectar. Numerous bacteriophages and insect viruses were also detected, including a novel densovirus likely infecting Culex erythrothorax. Through sampling insect vectors, VEM enables broad survey of viral diversity and has significantly increased our knowledge of the DNA viruses present in mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Fei Fan Ng
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Dana L. Willner
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Yan Wei Lim
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Robert Schmieder
- Computational Science Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Betty Chau
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | | | - Simon Anthony
- Wildlife Disease Labs, San Diego Zoo's Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Yijun Ruan
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Forest Rohwer
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Mya Breitbart
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Ng TFF, Wheeler E, Greig D, Waltzek TB, Gulland F, Breitbart M. Metagenomic identification of a novel anellovirus in Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsii) lung samples and its detection in samples from multiple years. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:1318-1323. [PMID: 21402596 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.029678-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate viral pathogens potentially involved in a mortality event of 21 Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsii) in California in 2000, viral metagenomics was performed directly on lung samples from five individuals. Metagenomics revealed a novel seal anellovirus (SealAV), which clusters phylogenetically with anelloviruses from California sea lions and domestic cats. Using specific PCR, SealAV was identified in lung tissue from two of five animals involved in the 2000 mortality event, as well as one of 20 harbor seal samples examined post-mortem in 2008. The identification of SealAV in multiple years demonstrates that this virus is persistent in the harbor seal population. SealAV is the second anellovirus reported in the lungs of pinnipeds, suggesting that anellovirus infections may be common amongst marine mammals and that more research is needed to understand the roles of these viruses in marine mammal health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Fei Fan Ng
- University of South Florida College of Marine Science, 140 7th Avenue South, St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | | | - Denise Greig
- The Marine Mammal Center, Fort Cronkhite, Sausalito, CA 94965, USA
| | - Thomas B Waltzek
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Frances Gulland
- The Marine Mammal Center, Fort Cronkhite, Sausalito, CA 94965, USA
| | - Mya Breitbart
- University of South Florida College of Marine Science, 140 7th Avenue South, St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
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Abstract
Torque teno virus and related anelloviruses are a recent addition to the list of agents that cause chronic productive infections and high levels of plasma viraemia in humans. Many aspects of the natural history and pathogenesis of these under many respects surprising viruses are still poorly understood. In this review, we briefly outline the general properties of anelloviruses, examine what is currently known about the interactions they establish with the central nervous system (CNS), and discuss the possible pathological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Maggi
- Virology Section and Retrovirus Centre, Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pisa, Italy
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17
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Manuelidis L. Nuclease resistant circular DNAs copurify with infectivity in scrapie and CJD. J Neurovirol 2010; 17:131-45. [PMID: 21165784 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-010-0007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In transmissible encephalopathies (TSEs), it is commonly believed that the host prion protein transforms itself into an infectious form that encodes the many distinct TSE agent strains without any nucleic acid. Using a Ф29 polymerase and chromatography strategy, highly infectious culture and brain preparations of three different geographic TSE agents all contained novel circular DNAs. Two circular "Sphinx" sequences, of 1.8 and 2.4 kb, copurified with infectious particles in sucrose gradients and, as many protected viruses, resisted nuclease digestion. Each contained a replicase ORF related to microviridae that infect commensal Acinetobacter. Infectious gradient fractions also contained nuclease-resistant 16 kb mitochondrial DNAs and analysis of >4,000 nt demonstrated a 100% identity with their species-specific sequences. This confirmed the fidelity of the newly identified sequences detailed here. Conserved replicase regions within the two Sphinx DNAs were ultimately detected by PCR in cytoplasmic preparations from normal cells and brain but were 2,500-fold less than in parallel-infected samples. No trace of the two Sphinx replicases was found in enzymes, detergents, or other preparative materials using exhaustive PCR cycles. The Sphinx sequences uncovered here could have a role in TSE infections despite their apparently symbiotic, low-level persistence in normal cells and tissues. These, as well as other cryptic circular DNAs, may cause or contribute to neurodegeneration and infection-associated tumor transformation. The current results also raise the intriguing possibility that mammals may incorporate more of the prokaryotic world in their cytoplasm than previously recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Manuelidis
- Yale University Medical School, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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18
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Savic B, Milicevic V, Bojkovski J, Kureljusic B, Ivetic V, Pavlovic I. Detection rates of the swine torque teno viruses (TTVs), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) in the livers of pigs with hepatitis. Vet Res Commun 2010; 34:641-8. [PMID: 20676762 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-010-9432-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are the most recently recognized causes of infectious hepatitis of pigs and may or may not act independently in the development of the disease. Recently it has been suggested that swine torque teno viruses (TTVs), in co-infections with some swine viral pathogens, may potentiate the severity of disease. In order to search for virological cofactors associated with infectious hepatitis in pigs, we investigated the liver tissues, to determine the presence of TTVs, PCV2 and HEV of naturally infected pigs and analysed the prevalence of both genogroups of the TTVs in the hepatitis lesions. Histopathological techniques, nested-polymerase chain reactions (nPCRs), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and one-step reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were applied to detect hepatitis lesions, TTVs genogroups 1 and 2, PCV2 and HEV infection. Of the livers examined 58% (29/50) had mild to moderate hepatitis and 74% (37/50), 56% (28/50) and 26% (13/50) samples were nPCR, PCR and RT-PCR positive for TTVs PCV2 and HEV respectively. TTVs were detected in 84% (16/19) of the samples which were determined to be of mild severity while present in almost all (90% or 9/10) samples identified as having moderate hepatitis lesions. Additionally, the livers of 12 out of 21 (57%) pigs without the hepatitis lesions were positive for TTVs. These results demonstrate an association between TTVs and infectious hepatitis of pigs in concomitant infections with PCV2 and/or HEV and indicated that TTVs may play a role as a cofactor in the pathogenesis of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozidar Savic
- Department for Swine Diseases, Institute of Veterinary Medicine Belgrade, Serbia, V. Toze 14, 11 000, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Brassard J, Gagné MJ, Houde A, Poitras E, Ward P. Development of a real-time TaqMan PCR assay for the detection of porcine and bovine Torque teno virus. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 108:2191-8. [PMID: 19958424 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The goal of this study was to develop and to optimize molecular tools to detect the presence of Torque teno virus (TTV) in swine and cattle. A novel real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a TaqMan probe was developed to detect both genogroups of TTV strains. METHODS AND RESULTS Oligonucleotide primers and hybridization probes were designed based on sequence analysis of the noncoding region, a highly conserved part of the genome. The real-time PCR assay specifically detected bovine and porcine TTV DNA without cross-amplification of other common pathogens. The assay was compared with conventional PCR and nested-PCR assays for the detection of porcine genogroups 1 and 2 and bovine TTV on plasma and faecal samples, and the assay was found faster, more reliable and reduced the risk of false positive results. CONCLUSIONS The real-time PCR assay provided better detection results for the two TTV genogroups in both swine and cattle compared to the conventional PCR assays. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This new TaqMan PCR assay will be a useful tool for the detection of animal TTV strains, to evaluate the viral load from animal host and finally to identify the presence of these viruses in the agri-food continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brassard
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Food Research and Development Centre, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.
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Huang YW, Ni YY, Dryman BA, Meng XJ. Multiple infection of porcine Torque teno virus in a single pig and characterization of the full-length genomic sequences of four U.S. prototype PTTV strains: implication for genotyping of PTTV. Virology 2009; 396:289-97. [PMID: 19913866 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Porcine Torque teno virus (PTTV) was recently shown to partially contribute to the experimental induction of porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome and postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs in the United States. We report here the identification of four distinct full-length genomic sequences of PTTV strains from a single pig in Virginia. Detailed analyses of the genomic organization, the degree of variability and the characteristics of conserved nucleotide and amino acid motifs of PTTV were conducted. The results showed that these four prototype U.S. strains of PTTV identified from the same pig represent distinct genotypes or subtypes and a revised classification system for PPTV is subsequently proposed. This is the first study documenting multiple PTTV infections with distinct genotypes or subtypes in a single pig. The identification of novel PTTV strains from pigs in the United States also pave the way for future disease characterization and genotyping of PTTV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y W Huang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0913, USA
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21
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Abstract
Viruses that cause chronic infection constitute a stable but little-recognized part of our metagenome: our virome. Ongoing immune responses hold these chronic viruses at bay while avoiding immunopathologic damage to persistently infected tissues. The immunologic imprint generated by these responses to our virome defines the normal immune system. The resulting dynamic but metastable equilibrium between the virome and the host can be dangerous, benign, or even symbiotic. These concepts require that we reformulate how we assign etiologies for diseases, especially those with a chronic inflammatory component, as well as how we design and interpret genome-wide association studies, and how we vaccinate to limit or control our virome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Ng TFF, Suedmeyer WK, Wheeler E, Gulland F, Breitbart M. Novel anellovirus discovered from a mortality event of captive California sea lions. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:1256-1261. [PMID: 19264590 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.008987-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A viral metagenomic study was performed to investigate potential viral pathogens associated with a mortality event of three captive California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). This study identified a novel California sea lion anellovirus (ZcAV), with 35 % amino acid identity in the ORF1 region to feline anelloviruses. The double-stranded replicative form of ZcAV was detected in lung tissue, suggesting that ZcAV replicates in sea lion lungs. Specific PCR revealed the presence of ZcAV in the lung tissue of all three sea lions involved in the mortality event, but not in three other sea lions from the same zoo. In addition, ZcAV was detected at low frequency (11 %) in the lungs of wild sea lions. The higher prevalence of ZcAV and presence of the double-stranded replicative form in the lungs of sea lions from the mortality event suggest that ZcAV was associated with the death of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mya Breitbart
- University of South Florida, Saint Petersburg, FL, USA
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