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Molina-Carrión S, Brochado-Kith Ó, González-García J, Berenguer J, Díez C, Llop E, Hontañón V, Ibañez-Samaniego L, Montes ML, Resino S, Fernández-Rodríguez A, Jiménez-Sousa MÁ. Telomere Length Increase in HIV/HCV-Coinfected Patients with Cirrhosis after HCV Eradication with Direct-Acting Antivirals. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082407. [PMID: 32731419 PMCID: PMC7464543 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and cirrhosis are associated with a senescent phenotype that decreases telomere length. We evaluated the impact of hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination on telomere length in patients with advanced HCV-related cirrhosis after sustained virological response (SVR), with all-oral direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs). Methods: Prospective study of 60 HIV/HCV-coinfected and 30 HCV-monoinfected patients with advanced HCV cirrhosis (liver decompensation or liver stiffness measurement (LSM) ≥ 25 kPa, hepatic liver pressure gradient (HVPG) ≥ 10 mmHg, or Child–Pugh–Turcotte (CPT) ≥ 7). The relative telomere length (RTL) was quantified by real-time multiplex PCR (MMqPCR) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells at baseline and 48 weeks after HCV treatment. Generalized linear models (GLMs) adjusted for the most relevant clinical and epidemiological variables and mixed GLMs were used. Results: In comparison with HCV-monoinfected patients, HIV/HCV-coinfected patients were younger (p < 0.001), had lower body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.002), and had been exposed less frequently to interferons (p = 0.011). In addition, they were more frequently men (p = 0.011), smokers (p = 0.005), prior intravenous drug users (IVDUs) (p < 0.001), and alcohol abusers (p = 0.005). RTL was significantly lower in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients than in HCV-monoinfected patients, both at baseline (p < 0.001), and at the end of follow-up (p = 0.032). A significant RTL increase over time was found only for HIV/HCV-coinfected patients (p < 0.001), especially in those patients with compensated cirrhosis (p < 0.001). Conclusion: HCV eradication with all-oral DAAs was associated with an increase in telomere length in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients with advanced cirrhosis, particularly in compensated patients. This finding suggests that HCV clearance may have implications in age-related conditions in this population group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Molina-Carrión
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.2, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (S.M.-C.); (Ó.B.-K.); (M.Á.J.-S.)
| | - Óscar Brochado-Kith
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.2, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (S.M.-C.); (Ó.B.-K.); (M.Á.J.-S.)
| | - Juan González-García
- HIV Unit, Internal Medicine Service, La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (J.G.-G.); (V.H.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Juan Berenguer
- Infectious Disease/HIV Unit, Gregorio Marañón G. University Hospital, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (J.B.); (C.D.)
| | - Cristina Díez
- Infectious Disease/HIV Unit, Gregorio Marañón G. University Hospital, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (J.B.); (C.D.)
| | - Elba Llop
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Victor Hontañón
- HIV Unit, Internal Medicine Service, La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (J.G.-G.); (V.H.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Luis Ibañez-Samaniego
- Servicio de Digestive, Hospital General Universitario “Gregorio Marañón”, 28007 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Maria Luisa Montes
- HIV Unit, Internal Medicine Service, La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (J.G.-G.); (V.H.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Salvador Resino
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.2, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (S.M.-C.); (Ó.B.-K.); (M.Á.J.-S.)
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (A.F.-R.); Tel.: +34-918-223-266 (S.R.); +34-918-223-892 (A.F.-R.); Fax: +34-918-223-269 (S.R. & A.F.-R.)
| | - Amanda Fernández-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.2, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (S.M.-C.); (Ó.B.-K.); (M.Á.J.-S.)
- Department of Medicine, Alfonso X el Sabio, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28691 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (A.F.-R.); Tel.: +34-918-223-266 (S.R.); +34-918-223-892 (A.F.-R.); Fax: +34-918-223-269 (S.R. & A.F.-R.)
| | - María Ángeles Jiménez-Sousa
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.2, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (S.M.-C.); (Ó.B.-K.); (M.Á.J.-S.)
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The Telomere/Telomerase System in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases. Cause or Effect? Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7090060. [PMID: 27598205 PMCID: PMC5042391 DOI: 10.3390/genes7090060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are specialized nucleoprotein structures located at the end of linear chromosomes and telomerase is the enzyme responsible for telomere elongation. Telomerase activity is a key component of many cancer cells responsible for rapid cell division but it has also been found by many laboratories around the world that telomere/telomerase biology is dysfunctional in many other chronic conditions as well. These conditions are characterized by chronic inflammation, a situation mostly overlooked by physicians regarding patient treatment. Among others, these conditions include diabetes, renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, etc. Since researchers have in many cases identified the association between telomerase and inflammation but there are still many missing links regarding this correlation, the latest findings about this phenomenon will be discussed by reviewing the literature. Our focus will be describing telomere/telomerase status in chronic diseases under the prism of inflammation, reporting molecular findings where available and proposing possible future approaches.
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Hearps AC, Martin GE, Rajasuriar R, Crowe SM. Inflammatory co-morbidities in HIV+ individuals: learning lessons from healthy ageing. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2014; 11:20-34. [PMID: 24414166 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-013-0190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Increased life expectancy due to improved efficacy of cART has uncovered an increased risk of age-related morbidities in HIV+ individuals and catalyzed significant research into mechanisms driving these diseases. HIV infection increases the risk of non-communicable diseases common in the aged, including cardiovascular disease, neurocognitive decline, non-AIDS malignancies, osteoporosis, and frailty. These observations suggest that HIV accelerates immunological ageing, and there are many immunological similarities with the aged, including shortened telomeres, accumulation of senescent T cells and altered monocyte phenotype/function. However, the most critical similarity between HIV+ individuals and the elderly, which most likely underpins the heightened risk of non-communicable diseases, is chronic inflammation and associated immune activation. Here, we review the similarities between HIV+ individuals and the aged regarding the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, the current evidence for mechanisms driving these processes and discuss current and potential therapeutic strategies for addressing inflammatory co-morbidity in HIV+ infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Hearps
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, GPO Box 2248, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia,
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Zanet DL, Thorne A, Singer J, Maan EJ, Sattha B, Le Campion A, Soudeyns H, Pick N, Murray M, Money DM, Côté HCF. Association between short leukocyte telomere length and HIV infection in a cohort study: No evidence of a relationship with antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 58:1322-32. [PMID: 24457340 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) appear to age faster than the general population, possibly related to HIV infection, antiretroviral therapy, and/or social/environmental factors. We evaluated leukocyte telomere length (LTL), a marker of cellular aging, in HIV-infected and uninfected adults. METHODS Clinical data and blood were collected from Children and women: AntiRetrovirals and the Mechanism of Aging (CARMA) cohort study participants. Variables found to be important in univariate analysis were multivariate model candidates. RESULTS Of the 229 HIV-infected and 166 HIV-uninfected participants, 76% were women, and 71% were current/previous smokers. In a multivariate model of all participants, older age (P < .001), HIV infection (P = .04), active hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (P = .02), and smoking (P < .003) were associated with shorter LTL. An interaction was detected, whereby smoking was associated with shorter LTL in HIV-uninfected subjects only. Among those, age and smoking (P ≤ .01) were related to shorter LTL. In 2 models of HIV-infected individuals, age (P ≤ .002) and either active HCV infection (P = .05) or peak HIV RNA ≥100 000 copies/mL (P = .04) were associated with shorter LTL, whereas other HIV disease or treatment parameters were unrelated. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that acquisition of HIV and viral load are primarily responsible for the association between HIV-positive status and shorter LTL. The lack of association between LTL and time since HIV diagnosis, antiretroviral treatment, or degree of immune suppression would implicate HIV infection-related factors rather than disease progression or treatment. Smoking effects on LTL appear masked by HIV, and HCV infection may accelerate LTL shortening, particularly in coinfected individuals. The effect of early therapeutic intervention on LTL in HIV and HCV infections should be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeAnna L Zanet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
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Ojeda D, López-Costa JJ, Sede M, López EM, Berria MI, Quarleri J. Increased in vitro glial fibrillary acidic protein expression, telomerase activity, and telomere length after productive human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection in murine astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 2013; 92:267-74. [PMID: 24254728 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) result from injury and loss of neurons, productive infection routinely takes place in cells of macrophage lineage. In such a complex context, astrocytosis induced by local chemokines/cytokines is one of the hallmarks of HIV neuropathology. Whether this sustained astrocyte activation is able to alter telomere-aging process is unknown. We hypothesized that interaction of HIV with astrocytes may impact astrocyte telomerase activity (TA) and telomere length in a scenario of astrocytic activation measured by expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). To test this hypothesis, cultured murine astrocytes were challenged with pseudotyped HIV/vesicular stomatitis virus (HIV/VSV) to circumvent the absence of viral receptors; and GFAP, telomerase activity, and telomere length were quantified. As an early and transient event after HIV infection, both TA activity and telomere length were significantly augmented (P < 0.001). Later, a strong negative correlation (-0.8616, P < 0.0001) between virus production and telomerase activity was demonstrated. Once HIV production had reached a peak (7 dpi), the TA decreased, showing levels similar to those of noninfected cells. In contrast, the astrocyte became activated, exhibiting significantly increased levels of GFAP expression directly related to the level of HIV/VSV replication (P < 0.0001). Our results suggest that HIV-infected astrocytes exhibit early disturbance in their cellular functions, such as telomerase activity and telomere length, that may attenuate cell proliferation and enhance the astrocyte dysregulation, contributing to HIV neuropathogenesis. Understanding the mechanisms involved in HIV-mediated persistence by altering the telomere-related aging processes could aid in the development of therapeutic modalities for neurological complications of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Ojeda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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HIV-1 induces telomerase activity in monocyte-derived macrophages, possibly safeguarding one of its reservoirs. J Virol 2012; 86:10327-37. [PMID: 22787205 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01495-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) are widely distributed in all tissues and organs, including the central nervous system, where they represent the main part of HIV-infected cells. In contrast to activated CD4(+) T lymphocytes, MDM are resistant to cytopathic effects and survive HIV infection for a long period of time. The molecular mechanisms of how HIV is able to persist in macrophages are not fully elucidated yet. In this context, we have studied the effect of in vitro HIV-1 infection on telomerase activity (TA), telomere length, and DNA damage. Infection resulted in a significant induction of TA. This increase was directly proportional to the efficacy of HIV infection and was found in both nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts, while neither UV light-inactivated HIV nor exogenous addition of the viral protein Tat or gp120 affected TA. Furthermore, TA was not modified during monocyte-macrophage differentiation, MDM activation, or infection with vaccinia virus. HIV infection did not affect telomere length. However, HIV-infected MDM showed less DNA damage after oxidative stress than noninfected MDM, and this resistance was also increased by overexpressing telomerase alone. Taken together, our results suggest that HIV induces TA in MDM and that this induction might contribute to cellular protection against oxidative stress, which could be considered a viral strategy to make macrophages better suited as longer-lived, more resistant viral reservoirs. In the light of the clinical development of telomerase inhibitors as anticancer therapeutics, inhibition of TA in HIV-infected macrophages might also represent a novel therapeutic target against viral reservoirs.
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