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Guo H, Yang W, Li H, Yang J, Huang Y, Tang Y, Wang S, Ni F, Yang W, Yu XF, Wei W. The SAMHD1-MX2 axis restricts HIV-1 infection at postviral DNA synthesis. mBio 2024; 15:e0136324. [PMID: 38888311 PMCID: PMC11253599 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01363-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 replication is tightly regulated in host cells, and various restriction factors have important roles in inhibiting viral replication. SAMHD1, a well-known restriction factor, suppresses HIV-1 replication by hydrolyzing intracellular dNTPs, thereby limiting the synthesis of viral cDNA in quiescent cells. In this study, we revealed an additional and distinct mechanism of SAMHD1 inhibition during the postviral cDNA synthesis stage. Using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analysis, we demonstrated the interaction between SAMHD1 and MX2/MxB, an interferon-induced antiviral factor that inhibits HIV-1 cDNA nuclear import. The disruption of endogenous MX2 expression significantly weakened the ability of SAMHD1 to inhibit HIV-1. The crucial region within SAMHD1 that binds to MX2 has been identified. Notably, we found that SAMHD1 can act as a sensor that recognizes and binds to the incoming HIV-1 core, subsequently delivering it to the molecular trap formed by MX2, thereby blocking the nuclear entry of the HIV-1 core structure. SAMHD1 mutants unable to recognize the HIV-1 core showed a substantial decrease in antiviral activity. Certain mutations in HIV-1 capsids confer resistance to MX2 inhibition while maintaining susceptibility to suppression by the SAMHD1-MX2 axis. Overall, our study identifies an intriguing antiviral pattern wherein two distinct restriction factors, SAMHD1 and MX2, collaborate to establish an alternative mechanism deviating from their actions. These findings provide valuable insight into the complex immune defense networks against exogenous viral infections and have implications for the development of targeted anti-HIV therapeutics. IMPORTANCE In contrast to most restriction factors that directly bind to viral components to exert their antiviral effects, SAMHD1, the only known deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) hydrolase in eukaryotes, indirectly inhibits viral replication in quiescent cells by reducing the pool of dNTP substrates available for viral cDNA synthesis. Our study provides a novel perspective on the antiviral functions of SAMHD1. In addition to its role in dNTP hydrolysis, SAMHD1 cooperates with MX2 to inhibit HIV-1 nuclear import. In this process, SAMHD1 acts as a sensor for incoming HIV-1 cores, detecting and binding to them, before subsequently delivering the complex to the molecular trap formed by MX2, thereby immobilizing the virus. This study not only reveals a new antiviral pathway for SAMHD1 but also identifies a unique collaboration and interaction between two distinct restriction factors, establishing a novel line of defense against HIV-1 infection, which challenges the traditional view of restriction factors acting independently. Overall, our findings further indicate the intricate complexity of the host immune defense network and provide potential targets for promoting host antiviral immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Guo
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wanying Yang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Huili Li
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuehan Huang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yubin Tang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shijin Wang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Fushun Ni
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | | | - Xiao-Fang Yu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Fabbri MC, Crovetti A, Tinacci L, Bertelloni F, Armani A, Mazzei M, Fratini F, Bozzi R, Cecchi F. Identification of candidate genes associated with bacterial and viral infections in wild boars hunted in Tuscany (Italy). Sci Rep 2022; 12:8145. [PMID: 35581286 PMCID: PMC9114367 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12353-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) is one of the large mammals most spread worldwide, highly adaptable, and its population rapidly increased in many areas in Europe, including Italy, where Tuscany is considered particularly suitable for wild boar. Wild boars are potential hosts for different etiological agents, such as Brucella spp., Leptospira spp. and Pseudorabies virus and they can contribute to maintain and/or to disseminate some bacterial or viral pathogens to humans and domestic animals, above all-in free-range farms. In order to identify hypothetical genomic regions associated with these infection diseases, 96 samples of wild boars hunted in Tuscany during the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 hunting seasons were considered. Diagnosis was achieved by serological tests and 42 Pseudorabies, 31 Leptospira and 15 Brucella positive animals were identified. All animals were genotyped with Geneseek Genomic Profiler Porcine HD (70 k) and a genome-wide scan was then performed. Significant markers were highlighted for Pseudorabies (two SNPs), Brucella (seven SNPs), and Leptospira (four SNPs) and they were located within, or nearby, 29 annotated genes on chromosome 6, 9, 12, 13, 14 and 18. Eight genes are implicated in viral (SEC14L1, JMJD6, SRSF2, TMPRSS2, MX1, MX2) or bacterial (COL8A1, SPIRE1) infections, seven genes (MFSD11, METTL23, CTTNBP2, BACE2, IMPA2, MPPE1 and GNAL) are involved in mental disorders and one gene (MGAT5B) is related to the Golgi complex. Results presented here provide interesting starting points for future research, validation studies and fine mapping of candidate genes involved in bacterial and viral infections in wild boar.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Fabbri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy.
| | - A Crovetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - L Tinacci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Bertelloni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Armani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Mazzei
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Fratini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - R Bozzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - F Cecchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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3
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Fan J, Liao Y, Zhang M, Liu C, Li Z, Li Y, Li X, Wu K, Yi L, Ding H, Zhao M, Fan S, Chen J. Anti-Classical Swine Fever Virus Strategies. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040761. [PMID: 33917361 PMCID: PMC8067343 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by CSF virus (CSFV), is a highly contagious swine disease with high morbidity and mortality, which has caused significant economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Biosecurity measures and vaccination are the main methods for prevention and control of CSF since no specific drug is available for the effective treatment of CSF. Although a series of biosecurity and vaccination strategies have been developed to curb the outbreak events, it is still difficult to eliminate CSF in CSF-endemic and re-emerging areas. Thus, in addition to implementing enhanced biosecurity measures and exploring more effective CSF vaccines, other strategies are also needed for effectively controlling CSF. Currently, more and more research about anti-CSFV strategies was carried out by scientists, because of the great prospects and value of anti-CSFV strategies in the prevention and control of CSF. Additionally, studies on anti-CSFV strategies could be used as a reference for other viruses in the Flaviviridae family, such as hepatitis C virus, dengue virus, and Zika virus. In this review, we aim to summarize the research on anti-CSFV strategies. In detail, host proteins affecting CSFV replication, drug candidates with anti-CSFV effects, and RNA interference (RNAi) targeting CSFV viral genes were mentioned and the possible mechanisms related to anti-CSFV effects were also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindai Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.F.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yingxin Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.F.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mengru Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.F.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chenchen Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.F.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhaoyao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.F.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuwan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.F.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.F.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Keke Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.F.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.F.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hongxing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.F.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.F.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.F.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (S.F.); (J.C.); Tel.: +86-20-8528-8017 (J.C.)
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.F.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (K.W.); (L.Y.); (H.D.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (S.F.); (J.C.); Tel.: +86-20-8528-8017 (J.C.)
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Ganges L, Crooke HR, Bohórquez JA, Postel A, Sakoda Y, Becher P, Ruggli N. Classical swine fever virus: the past, present and future. Virus Res 2020; 289:198151. [PMID: 32898613 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is among the most relevant viral epizootic diseases of swine. Due to its severe economic impact, CSF is notifiable to the world organisation for animal health. Strict control policies, including systematic stamping out of infected herds with and without vaccination, have permitted regional virus eradication. Nevertheless, CSF virus (CSFV) persists in certain areas of the world and has re-emerged regularly. This review summarizes the basic established knowledge in the field and provides a comprehensive and updated overview of the recent advances in fundamental CSFV research, diagnostics and vaccine development. It covers the latest discoveries on the genetic diversity of pestiviruses, with implications for taxonomy, the progress in understanding disease pathogenesis, immunity against acute and persistent infections, and the recent findings in virus-host interactions and virulence determinants. We also review the progress and pitfalls in the improvement of diagnostic tools and the challenges in the development of modern and efficacious marker vaccines compatible with serological tests for disease surveillance. Finally, we highlight the gaps that require research efforts in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Llilianne Ganges
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Helen R Crooke
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Jose Alejandro Bohórquez
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexander Postel
- EU & OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Paul Becher
- EU & OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- The Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Li C, Wang Y, Zheng H, Dong W, Lv H, Lin J, Guo K, Zhang Y. Antiviral activity of ISG15 against classical swine fever virus replication in porcine alveolar macrophages via inhibition of autophagy by ISGylating BECN1. Vet Res 2020; 51:22. [PMID: 32093773 PMCID: PMC7038623 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00753-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) induce the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) for defense against numerous viral infections, including classical swine fever virus (CSFV). However, the mechanisms underlying the effect of ISGs on CSFV infection are rarely reported. In this study, we demonstrate that IFN-α treatment induces upregulation of ISG15 and thus attenuates CSFV replication. To determine whether ISG15 is critical for controlling CSFV replication, we established porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) with stable overexpression or knockdown of ISG15. Overexpression of Flag-ISG15 significantly prevented CSFV replication, whereas loss of ISG15 led to abnormal proliferation of CSFV. Furthermore, upregulated ISG15 promoted beclin-1 (BECN1) ISGylation and dysfunction and subsequently inhibited autophagy, which is indispensable for CSFV replication. In addition, HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 5 (HERC5), which functions to catalyze conjugation of ISG15 protein, was confirmed to interact with BECN1. Collectively, these results indicate that IFN-α restricts CSFV replication through ISG15-mediated BECN1 ISGylation and autophagy inhibition, providing insight into the mechanism of CSFV replication control by type I IFN. This mechanism may not be the only antiviral mechanism of ISG15; nonetheless, this study may contribute to the development of CSFV treatment and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongqing Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wang Dong
- Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huifang Lv
- Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jihui Lin
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Kangkang Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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Li C, Zheng H, Wang Y, Dong W, Liu Y, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Antiviral Role of IFITM Proteins in Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020126. [PMID: 30704088 PMCID: PMC6409519 DOI: 10.3390/v11020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteins IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 are host effectors against a broad range of RNA viruses whose roles in classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infection had not yet been reported. We investigated the effect of these proteins on CSFV replication in mammalian cells. The proteins were overexpressed and silenced using lentiviruses. Confocal microscopy was used to determine the distribution of these proteins in the cells, and immunofluorescence colocalization analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between IFITMs and the CSFV endosomal pathway, including early endosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes. IFITM1, IFITM2, or IFITM3 overexpression significantly inhibited CSFV replication, whereas protein knockdown enhanced CSFV replication. In porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), IFITM1 was mainly located at the cell surface, whereas IFITM2 and IFITM3 were mainly located in the cytoplasm. Following CSFV infection, the distribution of IFITM1 changed. IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 colocalization with Lamp1, IFITM2 with Rab5 and Rab7, and IFITM3 with Rab7 were observed in CSFV-infected cells. Collectively, these results provide insights into the possible mechanisms associated with the anti-CSFV action of the IFITM family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Hongqing Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | | | - Wang Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Yaru Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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Transcriptional Profiling of Leucocyte Count Variation from Porcine Peripheral Blood Reveals Differential Gene Expression. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1496536. [PMID: 30581844 PMCID: PMC6276489 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1496536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Leucocytes have tremendous health-check importance related to the individual antiviral capacity of pigs and other mammals. However, the molecular mechanism of the immune response of blood leucocytes in pigs is not completely known. This study investigated the leucocyte-count variation before and after poly I:C stimulation in a Duroc–Erhualian F2 population. Pigs with increased and decreased differences in leucocyte counts were coded as increased responder (IR) and decreased responder (DR), respectively. Then, we used microarray technology to compare the gene-expression profiles of both groups of pigs. Transcriptomic analysis identified 129 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in IR pigs and 136 DEGs in DR pigs. Forty-one common DEGs showed that both groups had similar expression patterns of immune responses. These results illustrated a differential expression in both groups. Furthermore, qPCR experiment was performed to verify the differential-expression profile. Functional annotation of the DEGs indicated that both IR and DR pigs were similar in several biological processes, including innate immune response, and also exhibited distinct differences in biological processes, molecular function, and pathways. These results provided insights into the mechanism underlying the antiviral capacity of pigs. Trial registration number is CAS Registry Number 24939-03-5.
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Porcine Mx1 Protein Inhibits Classical Swine Fever Virus Replication by Targeting Nonstructural Protein NS5B. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02147-17. [PMID: 29343573 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02147-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mx proteins are interferon (IFN)-induced GTPases that have broad antiviral activity against a wide range of RNA and DNA viruses; they belong to the dynamin superfamily of large GTPases. In this study, we confirmed the anti-classical swine fever virus (CSFV) activity of porcine Mx1 in vitro and showed that porcine Mx2 (poMx2), human MxA (huMxA), and mouse Mx1 (mmMx1) also have anti-CSFV activity in vitro Small interfering RNA (siRNA) experiments revealed that depletion of endogenous poMx1 or poMx2 enhanced CSFV replication, suggesting that porcine Mx proteins are responsible for the antiviral activity of interferon alpha (IFN-α) against CSFV infection. Confocal microscopy, immunoprecipitation, glutathione S-transferase (GST) pulldown, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) demonstrated that poMx1 associated with NS5B, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of CSFV. We used mutations in the poMx1 protein to elucidate the mechanism of their anti-CSFV activity and found that mutants that disrupted the association with NS5B lost all anti-CSV activity. Moreover, an RdRp activity assay further revealed that poMx1 undermined the RdRp activities of NS5B. Together, these results indicate that porcine Mx proteins exert their antiviral activity against CSFV by interacting with NS5B.IMPORTANCE Our previous studies have shown that porcine Mx1 (poMx1) inhibits classical swine fever virus (CSFV) replication in vitro and in vivo, but the molecular mechanism of action remains largely unknown. In this study, we dissect the molecular mechanism of porcine Mx1 and Mx2 against CSFV in vitro Our results show that poMx1 associates with NS5B, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of CSFV, resulting in the reduction of CSFV replication. Moreover, the mutants of poMx1 further elucidate the mechanism of their anti-CSFV activities.
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Li W, Mao L, Cao Y, Zhou B, Yang L, Han L, Hao F, Lin T, Zhang W, Jiang J. Porcine Viperin protein inhibits the replication of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in vitro. Virol J 2017; 14:202. [PMID: 29061156 PMCID: PMC5654138 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0868-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is the causative pathogen of Classical swine fever (CSF), a highly contagious disease of swine. Viperin is one of the hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), and possesses a wide range of antiviral activities. The aim of this study was to explore whether porcine Viperin has the anti-CSFV activity. Method The influences of CSFV infection on Viperin expression and Newcastle disease virus (NDV)/Pseudorabies virus (PRV)-induced Viperin expression were examined in 3D4/21 cells and porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Porcine Viperin gene was amplified to generate cell line PK-Vi over-expressing Viperin. CSFV was inoculated in the cell lines and viral load was detected by qRT-PCR, virus titration and Western blot. The influence of Viperin expression on CSFV binding, entry and release in the cells was also examined. The co-localization of Viperin with CSFV and its proteins (E2, NS5B) was determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy test. Co-IP assay was performed to check the interaction of Viperin with CSFV proteins. Results CSFV infection could not induce Viperin expression in vitro while significantly inhibiting NDV/PRV-induced Viperin expression at 12, 24 and 48 h post infection (hpi; P < 0.05). The proliferation of CSFV in PK-Vi was significantly inhibited at 24, 48 and 72 hpi (P < 0.05), comparing with control cells (PK-C1 expressing EGFP). Virus in both cell culture supernatants and cell pellets were reduced equally. CSFV binding and entry in the cells were not interfered by Viperin expression. These results indicated its anti-CSFV function occurred during the genome and/or protein synthesis step. Confocal laser scanning microscopy test showed the Viperin-EGFP protein co-localized with CSFV E2 protein in CSFV infected PK-Vi cells. Further experiments indicated that Viperin protein co-localized with E2 and NS5B proteins of CSFV in the transfected 293 T cells. Furthermore, Co-IP assay confirmed the interaction of Viperin with E2 protein, but not NS5B. Conclusion Porcine Viperin effectively inhibited CSFV replication in vitro, potentially via the interaction of Viperin with CSFV E2 protein in cytoplasm. The results provided foundation for further studies of the interaction of Viperin with CSFV and other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Li Mao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yongguo Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Leilei Yang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Linxiao Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fei Hao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jieyuan Jiang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China.
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10
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Zhou J, Wang SQ, Wei JC, Zhang XM, Gao ZC, Liu K, Ma ZY, Chen PY, Zhou B. Mx Is Not Responsible for the Antiviral Activity of Interferon-α against Japanese Encephalitis Virus. Viruses 2017; 9:v9010005. [PMID: 28075421 PMCID: PMC5294974 DOI: 10.3390/v9010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mx proteins are interferon (IFN)-induced dynamin-like GTPases that are present in all vertebrates and inhibit the replication of myriad viruses. However, the role Mx proteins play in IFN-mediated suppression of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection is unknown. In this study, we set out to investigate the effects of Mx1 and Mx2 expression on the interferon-α (IFNα) restriction of JEV replication. To evaluate whether the inhibitory activity of IFNα on JEV is dependent on Mx1 or Mx2, we knocked down Mx1 or Mx2 with siRNA in IFNα-treated PK-15 cells and BHK-21 cells, then challenged them with JEV; the production of progeny virus was assessed by plaque assay, RT-qPCR, and Western blotting. Our results demonstrated that depletion of Mx1 or Mx2 did not affect JEV restriction imposed by IFNα, although these two proteins were knocked down 66% and 79%, respectively. Accordingly, expression of exogenous Mx1 or Mx2 did not change the inhibitory activity of IFNα to JEV. In addition, even though virus-induced membranes were damaged by Brefeldin A (BFA), overexpressing porcine Mx1 or Mx2 did not inhibit JEV proliferation. We found that BFA inhibited JEV replication, not maturation, suggesting that BFA could be developed into a novel antiviral reagent. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that IFNα inhibits JEV infection by Mx-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Shi-Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jian-Chao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Xiao-Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zhi-Can Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Zhi-Yong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Pu-Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Bin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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11
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Tao J, Liao J, Wang J, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Zhu L, Zhang W, Liu H, Zhu G. Pig BVDV-2 non-structural protein (N pro) links to cellular antiviral response in vitro. Virus Genes 2016; 53:233-239. [PMID: 27866318 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1410-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we constructed for the first time a full-length cDNA clone of pig-original bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 (BVDV-2) strain SH-28, modified the cDNA clone (pASH28) for mutant pASHΔNpro and derived virus strain vASHΔNpro by deleting the genomic region encoding the Npro polypeptide, and examined significance of protein Npro for antiviral responses in vitro. Data showed that Npro-deletion mutant virus vASHΔNpro led to significant overexpression of oligo adenylate synthetase (OAS), myxovirus-resistant protein 1 (Mx1), and ubiquitin-like protein 15 (ISG15). Data also revealed that overexpression of Npro, but not NS2 and NS3 proteins, resulted in significant down-regulation of OAS, Mx1, and ISG15 production (p ≤ 0.05) in bovine cells as well as porcine cells transfected with Npro recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmids. Npro (but not NS2 and NS3) was also found to inhibit poly(IC) from inducing production of type I interferon (IFN-I). These results indicated that protein Npro may play multiple roles in regulating antiviral response in host cells interfered by pig BVDV-2 strain, and provided useful information to understand better the mechanism of BVDV-2 persistent infection in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Institute of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Jinhu Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jianye Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xinjun Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Liqian Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Weiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Huili Liu
- Institute of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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12
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Zhao Y, Wang T, Yao L, Liu B, Teng C, Ouyang H. Classical swine fever virus replicated poorly in cells from MxA transgenic pigs. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:169. [PMID: 27535023 PMCID: PMC4987965 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0794-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In addition to their value as livestock, pigs are susceptible to classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and can serve as reservoirs for CSFV, allowing it to develop into an epizootic. CSFV, a pestivirus of the Flaviviridae family, has a single-stranded RNA genome. Recent research has indicated that the human MxA protein inhibits the life cycles of certain RNA viruses, such as members of the Bunyaviridae family, the Flaviviridae family and others. Results To produce pigs with antiviral protection against CSFV, transgenic pigs expressing human MxA were generated by nuclear transplantation. Cells from three MxA transgenic piglets were used to investigate in vitro antiviral activity of MxA aganist CSFV, and the results of in vitro indirect immunofluorescence assays, virus titration and real-time PCR indicated that the MxA transgenic pig has an antiviral capacity against CSFV. Conclusions Transgene with human MxA on pigs is feasible. High levels of MxA expression do inhibit CSFV in vitro at early time points post-infection at 60-96dpi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Zhao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China. .,College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Tiedong Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Yao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Chunbo Teng
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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13
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Fas-Associated Factor 1 Negatively Regulates the Antiviral Immune Response by Inhibiting Translocation of Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 to the Nucleus. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:1136-51. [PMID: 26811330 PMCID: PMC4800795 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00744-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study is designed to examine the cellular functions of human Fas-associated factor 1 (FAF1) containing multiple ubiquitin-related domains. Microarray analyses revealed that interferon-stimulated genes related to the antiviral response are significantly increased in FAF1-knockdown HeLa cells. Silencing FAF1 enhanced the poly(I·C)- and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-induced production of type I interferons (IFNs), the target genes of interferon regulator factor 3 (IRF3). IRF3 is a key transcription factor in IFN-β signaling responsible for the host innate immune response. This study also found that FAF1 and IRF3 physically associate with IPO5/importin-β3 and that overexpression of FAF1 reduces the interaction between IRF3 and IPO5/importin-β3. These findings suggest that FAF1 negatively regulates IRF3-mediated IFN-β production and the antiviral innate immune response by regulating nuclear translocation of IRF3. We conclude that FAF1 plays a novel role in negatively regulating virus-induced IFN-β production and the antiviral response by inhibiting the translocation of active, phosphorylated IRF3 from the cytosol to the nucleus.
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14
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Zhao Y, Wang T, Yu Z, Wang H, Liu B, Wu C, Teng CB. Inhibiting cyprinid herpesvirus-3 replication with CRISPR/Cas9. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 38:573-8. [PMID: 26712370 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-2020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The potential of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to repress CyHV-3 was tested in vitro. RESULTS By targeting two basic target genes necessary for the early transcription of CyHV-3, we show that virus transcription and particle release were significantly decreased by CRISPR/Cas9, as measured by quantitative real-time PCR and virus titration experiments, respectively. CONCLUSIONS (A) The effectiveness is confirmed of the CRISPR/Cas9 system at repressing exogenous genes, including large viral genomic DNA, by introducing site-specific mutations in vitro. (B) The CyHV-3 virus replicates poorly in Cas9-positive cells. (C) The inhibition of thymidine kinase alone cannot block viral particle release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tiedong Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ze Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Heming Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Chun-Bo Teng
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.
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15
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Zhang X, Jing J, Li W, Liu K, Shi B, Xu Q, Ma Z, Zhou B, Chen P. Porcine Mx1 fused to HIV Tat protein transduction domain (PTD) inhibits classical swine fever virus infection in vitro and in vivo. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:264. [PMID: 26472464 PMCID: PMC4608112 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Classical swine fever (CSF) caused by CSF virus (CSFV) is highly contagious andcauses significant economic losses in the pig industry throughout the world. Previously we demonstrated that porcine Mx1 (poMx1), when fused to HIV Tat protein transduction domain (PTD), inhibits CSFV propagation in PK-15 cells, but it is unknown whether PTD-poMx1 exhibits antiviral activity in other porcine lines and it is efficacious for controlling CSFV infection in pigs in China. Methods Two porcine cell lines, ST and 3D4/21, were used to investigate in vitro antiviral activity of PTD-poMx1 against CSFV using confocal microscopy, western blot, flow cytometry, and real-time RT-PCR. Furthermore, in vivo antiviral activity of PTD-poMx1 was assessed by means of rectal temperature, clinical score, pathological lesion, white blood cell count, viral load, etc. Results PTD-poMx1 entered both cell lines within 3 h and maintained for 16 h, but did not affect CSFV binding and uptake. Viral titers and qRT-PCR data showed that PTD-poMx1 inhibited CSFV replication in both cell lines, showing significant antiviral activity after infection. Injection of PTD-poMx1 into CSFV-challenged pigs attenuated CSFV symptoms and viremia in dose-dependent manner but did not completely block virus replication within 14 days post challenge, suggesting that PTD-poMx1 confers partial protection against a lethal challenge. Conclusion We demonstrated the anti-CSFV activity of PTD-poMx1 in vitro and in vivo. The results have shown that treatment with PTD-poMx1 alleviated symptoms and viral load in infected pigs. The results support our previous in vitro studies and suggest that PTD-poMx1 could be promising in reducing the clinical signs caused by CSFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Jiao Jing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Wenliang Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Baojun Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Qianqian Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Bin Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Puyan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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16
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Treatment with interferon-alpha delays disease in swine infected with a highly virulent CSFV strain. Virology 2015; 483:284-90. [PMID: 26004252 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-alpha (IFNα) can effectively inhibit or abort a viral infection within the host. It has been reported that IFN induction and production is hindered during classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infection. Most of those studies have been performed in vitro, making it difficult to elucidate the actual role of IFNs during CSFV infection in swine. Here, we report the effect of IFNα treatment (delivered by a replication defective recombinant human adenovirus type 5, Ad5) in swine experimentally infected with highly virulent CSFV strain Brescia. Treatment with two different subtypes of IFNα delayed the appearance of CSF-related clinical signs and virus replication although it did not prevent lethal disease. This is the first report describing the effect of IFNα treatment during CSFV infection in swine.
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17
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Ji W, Guo Z, Ding NZ, He CQ. Studying classical swine fever virus: Making the best of a bad virus. Virus Res 2015; 197:35-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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18
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Dai Z, Wu R, Zhao YC, Wang KK, Huang YY, Yang X, Xie ZC, Tu CC, Ouyang HS, Wang TD, Pang DX. Early lethality of shRNA-transgenic pigs due to saturation of microRNA pathways. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2015; 15:466-73. [PMID: 24793764 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1400001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is considered as a potential modality for clinical treatment and anti-virus animal breeding. Here, we investigate the feasibility of inhibiting classical swine fever virus (CSFV) replication by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) in vitro and in vivo. We generate four different shRNA-positive clonal cells and two types of shRNA-transgenic pigs. CSFV could be effectively inhibited in shRNA-positive clonal cells and tail tip fibroblasts of shRNA-transgenic pigs. Unexpectedly, an early lethality due to shRNA is observed in these shRNA-transgenic pigs. With further research on shRNA-positive clonal cells and transgenic pigs, we report a great induction of interferon (IFN)-responsive genes in shRNA-positive clonal cells, altered levels of endogenous microRNAs (miRNA), and their processing enzymes in shRNA-positive cells. What is more, abnormal expressions of miRNAs and their processing enzymes are also observed in the livers of shRNA-transgenic pigs, indicating saturation of miRNA/shRNA pathways induced by shRNA. In addition, we investigate the effects of shRNAs on the development of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos. These results show that shRNA causes adverse effects in vitro and in vivo and shRNA-induced disruption of the endogenous miRNA pathway may lead to the early lethality of shRNA-transgenic pigs. We firstly report abnormalities of the miRNA pathway in shRNA-transgenic animals, which may explain the early lethality of shRNA-transgenic pigs and has important implications for shRNA-transgenic animal preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Dai
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; Department of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130062, China
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Yang X, Ouyang H, Chen F, Pang D, Dong M, Yang S, Liu X, Peng Z, Wang F, Zhang X, Ren L. HMG-CoA reductase is negatively associated with PCV2 infection and PCV2-induced apoptotic cell death. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1330-1337. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.063644-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the role of HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) during porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infection. The results demonstrated that levels of endogenous HMGCR were not significantly different in PCV2-infected cells and mock-infected cells. However, the level of phosphorylated HMGCR, an inactivated form of HMGCR, was increased in PCV2-infected cells. Furthermore, HMGCR was upregulated by overexpression, silenced by siRNA or inactivated using its dominant-negative form in PK-15 cells. The results showed that PCV2 infection was inhibited by HMGCR overexpression, whereas it was significantly increased in HMGCR-silenced cells and HMGCR inhibitor-treated cells. Moreover, there was a robust apoptotic response at 48 h post-infection (p.i.) in HMGCR-inactivated cells, and this response was significantly greater than that observed in PK-15 cells. A modest apoptotic response was also observed in HMGCR-silenced cells. Caspase-3 activity was also analysed in PCV2-infected cells at 48 h p.i. As expected, caspase-3 activity was significantly increased in HMGCR-inactivated and -silenced cells compared with PK-15 cells. PCV2 replication was dose-dependently increased in HMGCR-inactivated cells when treated with increasing amounts of caspase-3 inhibitor. Altogether, HMGCR was negatively associated with PCV2 infection and PCV2-induced apoptotic cell death. These data demonstrated that HMGCR can be used as a candidate target for PCV2 disease control and antivirus research. Furthermore, the cells generated in this study can be used to evaluate the potential effects of HMGCR on PCV2 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Fuwang Chen
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Daxing Pang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Meichen Dong
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Susu Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Peng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Fei Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Linzhu Ren
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
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Mx proteins: antiviral gatekeepers that restrain the uninvited. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2014; 77:551-66. [PMID: 24296571 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00024-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty years after the discovery of the mouse Mx1 gene, researchers are still trying to understand the molecular details of the antiviral mechanisms mediated by Mx proteins. Mx proteins are evolutionarily conserved dynamin-like large GTPases, and GTPase activity is required for their antiviral activity. The expression of Mx genes is controlled by type I and type III interferons. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that Mx genes are present in almost all vertebrates, usually in one to three copies. Mx proteins are best known for inhibiting negative-stranded RNA viruses, but they also inhibit other virus families. Recent structural analyses provide hints about the antiviral mechanisms of Mx proteins, but it is not known how they can suppress such a wide variety of viruses lacking an obvious common molecular pattern. Perhaps they interact with a (partially) symmetrical invading oligomeric structure, such as a viral ribonucleoprotein complex. Such an interaction may be of a fairly low affinity, in line with the broad target specificity of Mx proteins, yet it would be strong enough to instigate Mx oligomerization and ring assembly. Such a model is compatible with the broad "substrate" specificity of Mx proteins: depending on the size of the invading viral ribonucleoprotein complexes that need to be wrapped, the assembly process would consume the necessary amount of Mx precursor molecules. These Mx ring structures might then act as energy-consuming wrenches to disassemble the viral target structure.
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Zhao Y, Dai Z, Liang Y, Yin M, Ma K, He M, Ouyang H, Teng CB. Sequence-specific inhibition of microRNA via CRISPR/CRISPRi system. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3943. [PMID: 24487629 PMCID: PMC3909901 DOI: 10.1038/srep03943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report a convenient and efficient miRNA inhibition strategy employing the CRISPR system. Using specifically designed gRNAs, miRNA gene has been cut at a single site by Cas9, resulting in knockdown of the miRNA in murine cells. Using a modified CRISPR interference system (CRISPRi), inactive Cas9 can reversibly prevent the expression of both monocistronic miRNAs and polycistronic miRNA clusters. Furthermore, CRISPR/CRISPRi is also capable of suppressing genes in porcine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Zhao
- College of life science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Zhen Dai
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yang Liang
- College of life science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Ming Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, China
| | - Kuiying Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, China
| | - Mei He
- College of life science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, China
| | - Chun-Bo Teng
- College of life science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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He DN, Zhang XM, Liu K, Pang R, Zhao J, Zhou B, Chen PY. In vitro inhibition of the replication of classical swine fever virus by porcine Mx1 protein. Antiviral Res 2014; 104:128-35. [PMID: 24500530 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is the causative pathogen of classical swine fever (CSF), a highly contagious disease of swine. Mx proteins are interferon-induced dynamin-like GTPases present in all vertebrates with a wide range of antiviral activities. Although Zhao et al. (2011) have reported that human MxA can inhibit CSFV replication, whether porcine Mx1 (poMx1) has anti-CSFV activity remains unknown. In this study, we generated a cell line designated PK-15/EGFP-poMx1 which expressed porcine Mx1 protein constitutively, and we observed that the proliferation of progeny virus in this cell line was significantly inhibited as measured by virus titration, indirect immune fluorescence assay, Q-PCR and Western blot. Furthermore, when PTD-poMx1 fusion protein expressed in Escherichia coli (Zhang et al., 2013) was used to treat CSFV-infected PK-15 cells, the results showed that PTD-poMx1 inhibited CSFV replication in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, the proliferation of progeny virus was inhibited as measured by virus titration and Q-PCR. Overall, the results demonstrated that poMx1 effectively inhibited CSFV replication, suggesting that poMx1 may be a valuable therapeutic agent against CSFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-ni He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiao-min Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ke Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ran Pang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Pu-yan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Down-regulation of cellular protein heme oxygenase 1 inhibits proliferation of classical swine fever virus in PK-15 cells. Virus Res 2013; 173:315-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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