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Abstract
Viral myocarditis remains a prominent infectious-inflammatory disease for patients throughout the lifespan. The condition presents several challenges including varied modes of clinical presentation, a range of timepoints when patients come to attention, a diversity of approaches to diagnosis, a spectrum of clinical courses, and unsettled perspectives on therapeutics in different patient settings and in the face of different viral pathogens. In this review, we examine current knowledge about viral heart disease and especially provide information on evolving understanding of mechanisms of disease and efforts by investigators to identify and evaluate potential therapeutic avenues for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Fung
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre of Excellence for Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF Centre), and Institute for Heart + Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital (B.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Honglin Luo
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre of Excellence for Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF Centre), and Institute for Heart + Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital (B.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ye Qiu
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre of Excellence for Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF Centre), and Institute for Heart + Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital (B.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Decheng Yang
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre of Excellence for Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF Centre), and Institute for Heart + Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital (B.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bruce McManus
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre of Excellence for Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF Centre), and Institute for Heart + Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital (B.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Liu H, Qin Y, Kong Z, Shao Q, Su Z, Wang S, Chen J. siRNA Targeting the 2Apro Genomic Region Prevents Enterovirus 71 Replication In Vitro. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149470. [PMID: 26886455 PMCID: PMC4757562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the most important etiological agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in young children, which is associated with severe neurological complications and has caused significant mortalities in recent HFMD outbreaks in Asia. However, there is no effective antiviral therapy against EV71. In this study, RNA interference (RNAi) was used as an antiviral strategy to inhibit EV71 replication. Three small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting the 2Apro region of the EV71 genome were designed and synthesized. All the siRNAs were transfected individually into rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells, which were then infected with strain EV71-2006-52-9. The cytopathic effects (CPEs) in the infected RD cells, cell viability, viral titer, and viral RNA and protein expression were examined to evaluate the specific viral inhibition by the siRNAs. The results of cytopathogenicity and MTT tests indicated that the RD cells transfected with the three siRNAs showed slight CPEs and significantly high viability. The 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) values demonstrated that the viral titer of the groups treated with three siRNAs were lower than those of the control groups. qRT–PCR and western blotting revealed that the levels of viral RNA and protein in the RD cells treated with the three siRNAs were lower than those in the controls. When RD cells transfected with siRNAs were also infected with strain EV71-2008-43-16, the expression of the VP1 protein was significantly inhibited. The levels of interferon α (IFN-α) and IFN-β did not differ significantly in any group. These results suggest that siRNAs targeting the 2Apro region of the EV71 genome exerted antiviral effects in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibing Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yanyan Qin
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhenzhen Kong
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qixiang Shao
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- * E-mail:
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Kim MJ, Lee DK, Park JE, Park IH, Seo JG, Ha NJ. Antiviral activity of Bifidobacterium adolescentis SPM1605 against Coxsackievirus B3. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014; 28:681-688. [PMID: 26019554 PMCID: PMC4433936 DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2014.945237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacteria are considered one of the most beneficial probiotics and have been widely studied for their effects against specific pathogens. The present study investigated the antiviral activity of probiotics isolated from Koreans against Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3). The effect of probiotic isolates against CVB3 was measured by the plaque assay and cellular toxicity of bifidobacteria in HeLa cells was measured using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Among 13 probiotic isolates, 3 Bifidobacterium adolescentis, 2 Bifidobacterium longum and 1 Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum had an antiviral effect against CVB3, while the others did not show such effect. B. adolescentis SPM1605 showed the greatest inhibitory properties against CVB3. When the threshold cycle (CT) values for the treated B. adolescentis SPM1605 samples were compared to the results for the non-treated samples, it was shown that the amplified viral sequences from the CVB3 had their copy number lowered by B. adolescentis SPM1605. Moreover, the gene expression in infected HeLa cells was also inhibited by 50%. The results suggest that B. adolescentis SPM1605 suppresses CVB3 and could be used as an alternative therapy against infectious diseases caused by coxsackieviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ji Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Do Kyung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Eun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Il Ho Park
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gu Seo
- R&D Center, Cellbiotech, Co. Ltd. , Gimpo , Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Joo Ha
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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