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Duran-Yelken S, Alkan F. Molecular analysis of the env, LTR, and pX regions of bovine leukemia virus in dairy cattle of Türkiye. Virus Genes 2024:10.1007/s11262-024-02058-7. [PMID: 38355991 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-024-02058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus is a retrovirus that causes enzootic bovine leukosis and is associated with global economic losses in the livestock industry. The aim of this study was to investigate the genotype determination of BLVs from cattle housed in 6 different farms in Türkiye and the characterization of their LTR and pX (tax, rex, R3, and G4 gene) regions. For this purpose, blood samples from 48 cattle infected with BLV were used. The phylogenetic analysis based on the env gene sequences revealed that all BLVs were clustered in genotype 1 (G1), and the sequences of the LTR (n = 48) and the pX region (n = 33) of BLVs were obtained. Also, analysis of these nucleic acid and amino acid sequences allowed assessments similar to those reported in earlier studies to be relevant to transactivation and pathogenesis. This study reports the molecular analysis of the LTR and pX region of BLVs in Türkiye for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selda Duran-Yelken
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey.
| | - Feray Alkan
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Úsuga-Monroy C, Díaz FJ, González-Herrera LG, Echeverry-Zuluaga JJ, López-Herrera A. Phylogenetic analysis of the partial sequences of the env and tax BLV genes reveals the presence of genotypes 1 and 3 in dairy herds of Antioquia, Colombia. Virusdisease 2023; 34:483-497. [PMID: 38046065 PMCID: PMC10686916 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-023-00836-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus that primarily infects dairy cows. Although few studies have also used the tax gene, phylogenetic studies of BLV use mostly the env gene. The aim of this work was to establish the circulating genotypes of BLV in specialized dairy cattle from Antioquia, Colombia. Twenty blood samples from Holstein Friesian cows were collected, and their DNA was isolated. A PCR was performed for a partial region of the env and tax genes. A phylogenetic analysis was carried out using the maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods for both genes. Nineteen sequences were identified as genotype 1 by env and tax genes. Only one sequence was clustered with genotype 3 and had the highest proportion of different nucleotide sites compared to other strains. Four amino acid substitutions in the 134 amino acid residue fragment of the Env protein were identified in the Colombian sequences, and three new amino acid substitutions were reported in the 296 amino acid residue fragment of the Tax protein. R43K (Z finger), A185T (Activation domain), and L105F changes were identified in the genotype 3 sample. This genotype has been reported in the United States, Japan, Korea, and Mexico, but so far, not in Colombia. The country has a high rate of imported live animals, semen, and embryos, especially from the United States. Although it is necessary to evaluate samples from other regions of the country, the current results indicate the presence of two BLV genotypes in specialized dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Úsuga-Monroy
- Grupo BIOGEM, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín, Calle 65 No 59A-110, Medellín, Colombia
| | - F. J. Díaz
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Luis Gabriel González-Herrera
- Grupo BIOGEM, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín, Calle 65 No 59A-110, Medellín, Colombia
| | - José Julián Echeverry-Zuluaga
- Grupo BIOGEM, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín, Calle 65 No 59A-110, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Albeiro López-Herrera
- Grupo BIOGEM, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín, Calle 65 No 59A-110, Medellín, Colombia
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Pereira JG, Silva CDA, Silva LD, Lima CAA, do Rosário CJRM, Silva EMC, Oliveira MDSC, Ribeiro LSDS, Santos HP, Abreu-Silva AL, Melo FA. Diagnosis and phylogenetic analysis of bovine leukemia virus in dairy cattle in northeastern Brazil. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1080994. [PMID: 36713884 PMCID: PMC9880491 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1080994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is a chronic viral disease of wide distribution in cattle herds and may take several years for the first manifestation of clinical signs. Most animals do not present clinical signs. However, the economic losses are underestimated due to this disease. Thus, this work aimed to detect and characterize BLV in dairy cattle in the Maranhão state, northeastern Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 176 animals from 8 municipalities in the southeastern state of Maranhão. Bovine blood samples were subjected to DNA extraction and molecular diagnosis using nested PCR assays for BLV, targeting gp51 gene. Positive samples were then sequenced and then subjected to phylogenetic inferences. BLV DNA was detected in 16 cattle (16/176, 9.09%) in 4 municipalities. Phylogenetic analyzes showed that the sequence obtained clustered in a clade containing BLV sequences classified as genotype 6, with a high degree of support. Our data shows BLV occurrence in the Northeast of Brazil and the identification of genotype 6 in this region. These findings contribute to the molecular epidemiology of this agent in Brazil.
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Genetic analysis of the pX region of bovine leukemia virus genotype 1 in Holstein Friesian cattle with different stages of infection. Arch Virol 2021; 167:45-56. [PMID: 34651240 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The pX genetic region of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) includes four genes with overlapping reading frames that code for the Tax, Rex, R3, and G4 proteins. These proteins are involved in the regulation of transcriptional and post-transcriptional viral expression, as well as having oncogenic potential. Our goal was to investigate the pathogenicity of the pX region of BLV genotype 1 in terms of lymphocytosis, lymphomas, and proviral DNA load. We screened 724 serological samples from mixed-age Holstein Friesian cattle from six states in Mexico. Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) were isolated from whole blood with anticoagulant, and genomic DNA was extracted from the PBLs using a commercial kit. Then, a set of primers that hybridize in conserved regions of the BLV pX region were used, which allowed for PCR standardization to detect proviral DNA in infected cells. Positive amplicons were sequenced using the Sanger method, resulting in 1156-nucleotide-long final sequences that included the four pX region genes. The experimental group consisted of 30 animals. Twelve of these had lymphocytosis, six had lymphoma, and 12 were apparently healthy cattle without any signs of lymphocytosis or lymphoma. The presence of lymphoma was detected in six bovine tumor tissues using histopathology, and the presence of BLV was detected by in situ hybridization. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the 30 sequences were associated with genotype 1, and the genetic distance between the sequences ranged from 0.2% to 2.09%. We identified two sequences in the G4 gene: one with a three-nucleotide deletion resulting in the loss of a leucine (AGU_7488L, in a cow with lymphocytosis), and one with a nine-nucleotide deletion resulting in the loss of leucine, proline, and leucine (AGU_18A, in a cow without lymphocytosis). Analysis of the PX region indicated that positive selection had occurred in the G4, rex, and R3 genes, and we found no difference in proviral DNA load between the studied groups. We were unable to establish an association between variations in the pX region and the development of lymphocytosis, lymphoma, asymptomatic status, or proviral DNA load in BLV-infected cattle.
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Montero Machuca N, Tórtora Pérez JL, González Méndez AS, García-Camacho AL, Marín Flamand E, Ramírez Álvarez H. Genetic analysis of the pX region of bovine leukemia virus genotype 1 in Holstein Friesian cattle with different stages of infection. Arch Virol 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-021-05252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kazemimanesh M, Madadgar O, Steinbach F, Choudhury B, Azadmanesh K. Detection and molecular characterization of bovine leukemia virus in various regions of Iran. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:1315-1327. [PMID: 31348000 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infects cattle worldwide, imposing an economic impact on the dairy cattle industry. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the molecular epidemiology of BLV in Iran.Methodology. Blood samples taken from 280 cows aged over 2 years old from 13 provinces of Iran were used for leukocyte count and blocking ELISA. Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood leukocytes of BLV-infected samples and fetal lamb kidney cells to perform PCR of partial env, rex and tax genes and long-terminal-repeat region. The PCR products were sequenced, the phylogenetic tree of each gene was constructed, and nucleotide and amino acid sequence pair distances were calculated.Results. The frequency of BLV infection was 32.8 % among animals and was 80 % among provinces. In BLV seropositive animals, the rate of persistent lymphocytosis was 36.9 %. The constructed phylogenetic trees showed the presence of two BLV genotypes (1 and 4) in Iranian strains. As previous studies, our results showed that the env gene was more variable than previously thought, the Rex protein could withstand more amino acid changes compared to the Tax protein, and no significant differences were observed in average changes of the nucleotide of these genes between clinical stages.Conclusions. Our data indicates an increase in the frequency of this infection in Iran. This is the first study report of the presence of BLV genotype 4 in Iranian farms. These findings may have an important role in the control and prevention of BLV infection in Iran and other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omid Madadgar
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Falko Steinbach
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - Bhudipa Choudhury
- OIE Reference Laboratory for EBL, Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK
| | - Kayhan Azadmanesh
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Panei CJ, Larsen AE, Fuentealba NA, Metz GE, Echeverría MG, Galosi CM, Valera AR. Study of horn flies as vectors of bovine leukemia virus. Open Vet J 2019; 9:33-37. [PMID: 31086763 PMCID: PMC6500860 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v9i1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the agent responsible for enzootic bovine leukosis, the most common neoplastic disease in cattle. The horn fly, a major hematophagous pest of cattle, is able to transmit different diseases in cattle. However, its implication in BLV transmission under a natural environment is still discussed. The objectives of this work were to determine the presence of BLV in horn flies (by sequencing) and to evaluate the ability of horn flies to transmit BLV to cattle (through an experimental assay under a natural environment). To demonstrate the presence of BLV in the flies, 40 horn flies were collected from a BLV-positive cow with a sweep net and 10 pools with four horn-fly mouthparts each were prepared. The presence of BLV was determined by nested polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. To demonstrate BLV transmission, other 40 flies were collected from the same BLV-positive cow with a sweep net. Eight homogenates containing five horn-fly mouthparts each were prepared and injected to eight cows of different breeds, and blood samples were collected every 21 days. Then, to evaluate the ability of horn flies to transmit BLV to grazing cattle under natural conditions, both infected and uninfected cattle from the experimental transmission assay were kept together in the same paddock with more than 200 horn flies per animal for 120 days. Blood samples were collected every 20 days and the number of flies was determined. The sequencing results confirmed the presence of the provirus in horn flies. The results also confirmed that BLV transmission is a possible event, at least experimentally. However, the role of horn flies as vectors of BLV under a natural grazing system is still discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Javier Panei
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Edith Larsen
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nadia Analía Fuentealba
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - German Ernesto Metz
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Gabriela Echeverría
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Mónica Galosi
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas (CIC), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Rafael Valera
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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