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Zhang L, Wang L, Cao S, Lv H, Huang J, Zhang G, Tabynov K, Zhao Q, Zhou EM. Nanobody Nb6 fused with porcine IgG Fc as the delivering tag to inhibit porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication in porcine alveolar macrophages. Vet Res 2021; 52:25. [PMID: 33596995 PMCID: PMC7887809 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00868-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a highly contagious virus that has led to enormous economic loss worldwide because of ineffective prevention and treatment. In view of their minimized size, high target specificity and affinity, nanobodies have been extensively investigated as diagnostic tools and treatments of many diseases. Previously, a PRRSV Nsp9-specific nanobody (Nb6) was identified as a PRRSV replication inhibitor. When it was fused with cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) TAT, Nb6-TAT could enter the cells for PRRSV suppression. However, delivery of molecules by CPP lack cell specificity and have a short duration of action. PRRSV has a tropism for monocyte/macrophage lineage, which expresses high levels of Fcγ receptors. Herein, we designed a nanobody containing porcine IgG Fc (Fcγ) to inhibit PRRSV replication in PRRSV permissive cells. Fcγ fused Nb6 chimeric antibody (Nb6-pFc) was assembled into a dimer with interchain disulfide bonds and expressed in a Pichia pastoris system. The results show that Nb6-pFc exhibits a well-binding ability to recombinant Nsp9 or PRRSV-encoded Nsp9 and that FcγR-mediated endocytosis of Nb6-pFc into porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM) was in a dose-dependent manner. Nb6-pFc can inhibit PRRSV infection efficiently not only by binding with Nsp9 but also by upregulating proinflammatory cytokine production in PAM. Together, this study proposes the design of a porcine IgG Fc-fused nanobody that can enter PRRSV susceptible PAM via FcγR-mediated endocytosis and inhibit PRRSV replication. This research reveals that nanobody-Fcγ chimeric antibodies might be effective for the control and prevention of monocyte/macrophage lineage susceptible pathogeneses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuaishuai Cao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huanhuan Lv
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guixi Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kaissar Tabynov
- Kazakh National Agrarian University, 050010, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China. .,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China. .,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Antibody-Mediated Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection Downregulates the Production of Interferon-α and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Porcine Alveolar Macrophages via Fc Gamma Receptor I and III. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020187. [PMID: 32046249 PMCID: PMC7077232 DOI: 10.3390/v12020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) contributes to the pathogenesis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-persistent infection. However, the mechanisms of PRRSV-ADE infection are still confusing. A clear understanding of the event upon virus infection by the ADE pathway has become crucial for developing efficient intervention of the PRRSV infection. In this study, an ADE assay showed that PRRSV-ADE infection in porcine alveolar macrophages (AMs) significantly decreased the production of interferon-α (IFN-α) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and significantly increased the production of interleukine-10 (IL-10). A gene knockdown assay based on small interfering RNA (siRNA) showed that both Fc gamma receptor I (FcγRI) and FcγRIII in porcine AMs were involved in PRRSV-ADE infection. An activation assay showed that specific activation of FcγRI or FcγRIII in porcine AMs during PRRSV infection not only significantly decreased the production of IFN-α and TNF-α, but also significantly increased the production of IL-10 and significantly facilitated PRRSV replication. In conclusion, our studies suggested that ADE downregulated the production of IFN-α and TNF-α in porcine AMs maybe via FcγRI and FcγRIII, thereby leading to enhanced PRRSV infection.
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Wan B, Chen X, Li Y, Pang M, Chen H, Nie X, Pan Y, Qiao S, Bao D. Porcine FcγRIIb mediated PRRSV ADE infection through inhibiting IFN-β by cytoplasmic inhibitory signal transduction. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 138:198-206. [PMID: 31284005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection is a significant obstacle to the development of effective vaccines for controlling PRRS. Our previous results have demonstrated that porcine FcγRIIb (poFcγRIIb) play an important role in mediating ADE of PRRSV infection in vitro. However, the underlying mechanisms involved in poFcγRIIb mediated-ADE are still not clear. In this study, MARC-145 cel1 lines stably expressing mutated poFcγRIIb (MARC-poFcγRIIb-T and MARC-poFcγRIIb-CT) in cytoplasm were established and the capacity of poFcγRIIb mutants in mediating ADE of PRRSV was investigated. Our results showed that removal of cytoplasmic domain or disruption the tyrosine residue within ITIM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif) of the poFcγRIIb abolished the ability of poFcγRIIb to mediate ADE of PRRSV. Furthermore, we found that SHIP1 and TBK1 were involved in poFcγRIIb-mediated ADE of PRRSV infection. Taken together, our findings indicated that poFcγRIIb mediated the ADE pathway of PRRSV infection through recruiting SHIP-1, which further inhibited of TBK-1-IRF3-IFN-β signaling pathway to enhance PRRSV infection. These findings will contribute to the molecular mechanism of ADE infection and provide some implications for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wan
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Yujia Li
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, College of Pharmacy of Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Mimi Pang
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, College of Pharmacy of Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, College of Pharmacy of Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Xueke Nie
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, College of Pharmacy of Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yue Pan
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, College of Pharmacy of Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Songlin Qiao
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
| | - Dengke Bao
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China; Henan Provincial People's Hospital, College of Pharmacy of Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
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Shi P, Su Y, Li Y, Zhang L, Lu D, Li R, Zhang L, Huang J. The alternatively spliced porcine FcγRI regulated PRRSV-ADE infection and proinflammatory cytokine production. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:186-198. [PMID: 30273630 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Receptors for the Fc region of IgG (FcγRs) play a key role in protecting the immune system and host from infection. In this study, we described the cloning, sequencing and characterization of porcine FcγRI, and reported six different FcγRI isoforms, four of which have never been reported before. Further analysis revealed that FcγR isoforms are generated by alternative splicing mechanisms, including two membrane isoforms and four soluble isoforms. Importantly, we found FcγRI splice variants differentially influence PRRSV antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) effects. Membrane pCD64-T1 promotes endocytosis of the PRRSV-antibody complex to enhance PRRSV replication, and soluble pCD64-T3 has no ADE effect on PRRSV proliferation, but shows an inflammation enhancement effect. The differential expression of selective splicing in primary PAM cells and 3D4/21 cell lines are altered and regulated by PRRSV infection and inflammatory environment. Our results indicated that porcine FcγRI plays dual regulatory roles in PRRSV multiplication and PRRSV inflammation process by the alternatively spliced mechanism, which will be a new target in PRRSV prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peidian Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yanxin Su
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yi Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lilin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Dong Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ruiqiao Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Jinhai Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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Yu Y, Wang G, Li Q, Du Y, Du T, Mu Y, Xiao S, Zhao Q, Wang C, Sun Y, Xu X, Zhang G, Hsu WH, Cai X, Zhou EM. Single-chain anti-idiotypic antibody retains its specificity to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus GP5. Immunol Lett 2015; 163:8-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Amadori M, Razzuoli E. Immune Control of PRRS: Lessons to be Learned and Possible Ways Forward. Front Vet Sci 2014; 1:2. [PMID: 26664910 PMCID: PMC4668844 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2014.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an elusive model of host/virus relationship in which disease is determined by virus pathogenicity, pig breed susceptibility and phenotype, microbial infectious pressure, and environmental conditions. The disease can be controlled by farm management programs, which can be supported by vaccination or conditioning of animals to circulating PRRS virus (PRRSV) strains. Yet, PRRS still represents a cause of heavy losses for the pig industry worldwide. Immunological control strategies are often compounded by poor and late development of adaptive immunity in both vaccinated and infected animals. Also, there is evidence that results of field trials can be worse than those of experimental studies in isolation facilities. Neutralizing antibody (NA) was shown to prevent PRRSV infection. Instead, the role of NA and adaptive immunity on the whole in virus clearance after established PRRSV infections is still contentious. Pigs eventually eliminate PRRSV infection, which may be correlated with an “educated,” innate immune response, which may also develop following vaccination. In addition to vaccination, an immunomodulation strategy for PRRS can be reasonably advocated in pig “problem” farms, where a substantial control of disease prevalence and disease-related losses is badly needed. This is not at odds with vaccination, which should be preferably restricted to PRRSV-free animals bound for PRRSV-infected farm units. Oral, low-dose, interferon-α treatments proved effective on farm for the control of respiratory and reproductive disease outbreaks, whereas the results were less clear in isolation facilities. Having in mind the crucial interaction between PRRSV and bacterial lipopolysaccharides for occurrence of respiratory disease, the strong control actions of low-dose type I interferons on the inflammatory response observed in vitro and in vivo probably underlie the rapid clinical responses observed in field trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Amadori
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna , Brescia , Italy
| | - Elisabetta Razzuoli
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna , Brescia , Italy
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