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Gong M, Myster F, van Campe W, Roels S, Mostin L, van den Berg T, Vanderplasschen A, Dewals BG. Wildebeest-Derived Malignant Catarrhal Fever: A Bovine Peripheral T Cell Lymphoma Caused by Cross-Species Transmission of Alcelaphine Gammaherpesvirus 1. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020526. [PMID: 36851740 PMCID: PMC9968110 DOI: 10.3390/v15020526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses (γHVs) include viruses that can induce lymphoproliferative diseases and tumors. These viruses can persist in the long term in the absence of any pathological manifestation in their natural host. Alcelaphine gammaherpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) belongs to the genus Macavirus and asymptomatically infects its natural host, the wildebeest (Connochaetes spp.). However, when transmitted to several susceptible species belonging to the order Artiodactyla, AlHV-1 is responsible for the induction of a lethal lymphoproliferative disease, named wildebeest-derived malignant catarrhal fever (WD-MCF). Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms responsible for the induction of WD-MCF is important to better control the risks of transmission and disease development in susceptible species. The aim of this review is to synthesize the current knowledge on WD-MCF with a particular focus on the mechanisms by which AlHV-1 induces the disease. We discuss the potential mechanisms of pathogenesis from viral entry into the host to the maintenance of viral genomes in infected CD8+ T lymphocytes, and we present current hypotheses to explain how AlHV-1 infection induces a peripheral T cell lymphoma-like disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijiao Gong
- Laboratory of Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, ULiège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, ULiège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Françoise Myster
- Laboratory of Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, ULiège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Willem van Campe
- Sciensano, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Experimental Center Machelen, Kerklaan 68, B-1830 Machelen, Belgium
| | - Stefan Roels
- Sciensano, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Experimental Center Machelen, Kerklaan 68, B-1830 Machelen, Belgium
| | - Laurent Mostin
- Sciensano, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Experimental Center Machelen, Kerklaan 68, B-1830 Machelen, Belgium
| | - Thierry van den Berg
- Sciensano, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Experimental Center Machelen, Kerklaan 68, B-1830 Machelen, Belgium
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Laboratory of Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, ULiège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Benjamin G. Dewals
- Laboratory of Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, ULiège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, ULiège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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Myster F, Gong MJ, Javaux J, Suárez NM, Wilkie GS, Connelley T, Vanderplasschen A, Davison AJ, Dewals BG. Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 genes A7 and A8 regulate viral spread and are essential for malignant catarrhal fever. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008405. [PMID: 32176737 PMCID: PMC7098659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) is a gammaherpesvirus that is carried asymptomatically by wildebeest. Upon cross-species transmission to other ruminants, including domestic cattle, AlHV-1 induces malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), which is a fatal lymphoproliferative disease resulting from proliferation and uncontrolled activation of latently infected CD8+ T cells. Two laboratory strains of AlHV-1 are used commonly in research: C500, which is pathogenic, and WC11, which has been attenuated by long-term maintenance in cell culture. The published genome sequence of a WC11 seed stock from a German laboratory revealed the deletion of two major regions. The sequence of a WC11 seed stock used in our laboratory also bears these deletions and, in addition, the duplication of an internal sequence in the terminal region. The larger of the two deletions has resulted in the absence of gene A7 and a large portion of gene A8. These genes are positional orthologs of the Epstein-Barr virus genes encoding envelope glycoproteins gp42 and gp350, respectively, which are involved in viral propagation and switching of cell tropism. To investigate the degree to which the absence of A7 and A8 participates in WC11 attenuation, recombinant viruses lacking these individual functions were generated in C500. Using bovine nasal turbinate and embryonic lung cell lines, increased cell-free viral propagation and impaired syncytia formation were observed in the absence of A7, whereas cell-free viral spread was inhibited in the absence of A8. Therefore, A7 appears to be involved in cell-to-cell viral spread, and A8 in viral cell-free propagation. Finally, infection of rabbits with either mutant did not induce the signs of MCF or the expansion of infected CD8+ T cells. These results demonstrate that A7 and A8 are both essential for regulating viral spread and suggest that AlHV-1 requires both genes to efficiently spread in vivo and reach CD8+ T lymphocytes and induce MCF. Gammaherpesvirus entry into immune cells can result in latent infection which is associated with viral persistence and severe lymphoproliferative diseases. Gammaherpesviruses enter target cells during primary infection via a complex machinery of envelope glycoproteins. Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) is a gammaherpesvirus carried by wildebeests without causing any clinical sign but induces malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) upon transmission to several species of ruminants including cattle. MCF is a deadly lymphoproliferative disease developing after a prolonged incubation period. In the present study, we demonstrated that the genes A7 and A8 of AlHV-1 encode envelope glycoproteins that are orthologs of Epstein-Barr virus gp42 and gp350, which regulate cell tropism switch. Impairment of A7 or A8 expression in a pathogenic strain of AlHV-1 strongly altered viral propagation in vitro. We further showed using bovine respiratory cell lines in vitro that AlHV-1 uses A7 to mediate cell-to-cell spread whereas A8 is necessary for cell-free viral propagation. Then, infection of rabbits as an experimental model to induce MCF with recombinant viral strains demonstrated that both A7 and A8 are essential for the induction of MCF. Thus, this study highlights an essential role for gp42 and gp350 orthologs in the pathogenesis of a gammaherpesvirus-induced lymphoproliferative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Myster
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Mei-Jiao Gong
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Justine Javaux
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nicolás M. Suárez
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Sir Michael Stoker Building, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin S. Wilkie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Sir Michael Stoker Building, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Connelley
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Andrew J. Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Sir Michael Stoker Building, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin G. Dewals
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) is the causative agent of the sheep-associated form of malignant catarrhal fever, a usually fatal lymphoproliferative disease of bison, deer and cattle. Malignant catarrhal fever is a major cause of cattle loss in Africa with approximately 7% affected annually; and in North America has significant impact on bison farming. Research into the mechanisms by which OvHV-2 induces disease in susceptible species has been hampered by a lack of a cell culture system for the virus. Ov2 is a bZIP protein encoded by OvHV-2. Proteins with bZIP domains in other herpesviruses, such as the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K8 protein and the BZLF1 protein of Epstein-Barr virus are known to play important roles in lytic virus replication. Using a reporter based system, we demonstrate that Ov2 can modulate the activity of the major virus transactivator (Replication and Transcriptional Activator protein, RTA) to 1) drive expression of viral genes predicted to be required for efficient reactivation of the virus, including ORF49; and 2) differentially regulate the expression of the two virus encoded Bcl-2 homologues Ov4.5 and Ov9.
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Myster F, van Beurden SJ, Sorel O, Suárez NM, Vanderplasschen A, Davison AJ, Dewals BG. Genomic duplication and translocation of reactivation transactivator and bZIP-homolog genes is a conserved event in alcelaphine herpesvirus 1. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38607. [PMID: 27924936 PMCID: PMC5141506 DOI: 10.1038/srep38607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) is a gammaherpesvirus carried asymptomatically by wildebeest. Upon cross-species transmission, AlHV-1 induces malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), a fatal lymphoproliferative disease of ruminants, including cattle. The strain C500 has been cloned as an infectious, pathogenic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) that is used to study MCF. Although AlHV-1 infection can be established in cell culture, multiple passages in vitro cause a loss of virulence associated with rearrangements of the viral genome. Here, sequencing of the BAC clone showed that the long unique region (LUR) of the genome is nearly identical to that of the previously sequenced strain from which the BAC was derived, and identified the duplication and translocation of a region from within LUR, containing the entire coding sequences of ORF50-encoding reactivation transactivator Rta and A6-encoding bZIP protein genes. The duplicated region was further located to a position within the terminal repeat (TR) and its deletion resulted in lower ORF50 expression levels and reduced viral fitness. Finally, the presence of a similar but not identical duplication and translocation containing both genes was found in AlHV-1 strain WC11. These results indicate that selection pressure for enhanced viral fitness may drive the duplication of ORF50 and A6 in AlHV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Myster
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (B43b), University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Steven J van Beurden
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (B43b), University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Océane Sorel
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (B43b), University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Nicolás M Suárez
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Sir Michael Stoker Building, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (B43b), University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Andrew J Davison
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Sir Michael Stoker Building, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Benjamin G Dewals
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (B43b), University of Liège, Belgium
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