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Swevers L, Kontogiannatos D, Kolliopoulou A, Ren F, Feng M, Sun J. Mechanisms of Cell Entry by dsRNA Viruses: Insights for Efficient Delivery of dsRNA and Tools for Improved RNAi-Based Pest Control. Front Physiol 2021; 12:749387. [PMID: 34858204 PMCID: PMC8632066 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.749387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While RNAi is often heralded as a promising new strategy for insect pest control, a major obstacle that still remains is the efficient delivery of dsRNA molecules within the cells of the targeted insects. However, it seems overlooked that dsRNA viruses already have developed efficient strategies for transport of dsRNA molecules across tissue barriers and cellular membranes. Besides protecting their dsRNA genomes in a protective shell, dsRNA viruses also display outer capsid layers that incorporate sophisticated mechanisms to disrupt the plasma membrane layer and to translocate core particles (with linear dsRNA genome fragments) within the cytoplasm. Because of the perceived efficiency of the translocation mechanism, it is well worth analyzing in detail the molecular processes that are used to achieve this feat. In this review, the mechanism of cell entry by dsRNA viruses belonging to the Reoviridae family is discussed in detail. Because of the large amount of progress in mammalian versus insect models, the mechanism of infections of reoviruses in mammals (orthoreoviruses, rotaviruses, orbiviruses) will be treated as a point of reference against which infections of reoviruses in insects (orbiviruses in midges, plant viruses in hemipterans, insect-specific cypoviruses in lepidopterans) will be compared. The goal of this discussion is to uncover the basic principles by which dsRNA viruses cross tissue barriers and translocate their cargo to the cellular cytoplasm; such knowledge subsequently can be incorporated into the design of dsRNA virus-based viral-like particles for optimal delivery of RNAi triggers in targeted insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Swevers
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kontogiannatos
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Kolliopoulou
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens, Greece
| | - Feifei Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingchen Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Chen C, Qin Y, Qian K, Shao H, Ye J, Qin A. HSC70 is required for infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection in DF-1 cells. Virol J 2020; 17:65. [PMID: 32375812 PMCID: PMC7201719 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01333-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a highly contagious infectious disease that causes severe immunosuppression and damage to the bursa of Fabricius in chickens. Several proteins involved in IBD virus (IBDV) infection, such as surface immunoglobulin M, integrin, annexin A2 and chicken heat shock protein 90, have been identified. However, the main protein that plays key roles in virus infection has not yet been confirmed. Methods DF-1 cell line was transfected with the pcDNA-VP2 plasmid and analyzed by immunofluorescence assay. The proteins reacted with VP2 of IBDV in DF-1 cells were pulldown with the monoclonal antibody and identified by mass spectrometry. Heat shock cognate protein 70 (HSC70), one of these proteins, was selected to be investigated in the function in IBDV infection by specific antibody and its inhibitor. Results The DF-1 cell line was transfected with the pcDNA-VP2 plasmid, and expression of IBDV VP2 in DF-1 cells was confirmed by immunofluorescence assays. Heat shock cognate protein 70 (HSC70) was one of the proteins identified by coimmunoprecipitation using a monoclonal antibody (2H11) against VP2 and mass spectrometry analysis. IBDV infection in DF-1 cells was strongly inhibited by both an anti-HSC70 antibody and a HSC70 inhibitor (VER155008). Conclusion These results suggest that HSC70 may be an essential factor for IBDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbo Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Ying Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Kun Qian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China. .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
| | - Aijian Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China. .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
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Identification of Chicken CD74 as a Novel Cellular Attachment Receptor for Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in Bursa B Lymphocytes. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01712-19. [PMID: 31666381 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01712-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is an important member of the Birnaviridae family, causing severe immunosuppressive disease in chickens. The major capsid protein VP2 is responsible for the binding of IBDV to the host cell and its cellular tropism. In order to find proteins that potentially interact with IBDV VP2, a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) assay was conducted, and the host chicken CD74 protein was identified. Here, we investigate the role of chicken CD74 in IBDV attachment. Coimmunoprecipitation assays indicated that the extracellular domain of CD74 interacted with the VP2 proteins of multiple IBDV strains. Knockdown and overexpression experiments showed that CD74 promotes viral infectivity. Confocal assays showed that CD74 overexpression allows the attachment of IBDV and subvirus-like particles (SVPs) to the cell surface of nonpermissive cells, and quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis further confirmed the attachment function of CD74. Anti-CD74 antibody, soluble CD74, depletion of CD74 by small interfering RNA (siRNA), and CD74 knockdown in the IBDV-susceptible DT40 cell line significantly inhibited IBDV binding, suggesting a pivotal role of this protein in virus attachment. These findings demonstrate that CD74 is a novel important receptor for IBDV attachment to the chicken B lymphocyte cell line DT40.IMPORTANCE CD74 plays a pivotal role in the correct folding and functional stability of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules and in the presentation of antigenic peptides, acting as a regulatory factor in the antigen presentation process. In our study, we demonstrate a novel role of CD74 during IBDV infection, showing that chicken CD74 plays a significant role in IBDV binding to target B cells by interacting with the viral VP2 protein. This is the first report demonstrating that CD74 is involved as a novel attachment receptor in the IBDV life cycle in target B cells, thus contributing new insight into host-pathogen interactions.
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Chang XB, Yang YQ, Gao JC, Zhao K, Guo JC, Ye C, Jiang CG, Tian ZJ, Cai XH, Tong GZ, An TQ. Annexin A2 binds to vimentin and contributes to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus multiplication. Vet Res 2018; 49:75. [PMID: 30053894 PMCID: PMC6064111 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0571-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an important globally distributed and highly contagious pathogen that has restricted cell tropism in vivo and in vitro. In the present study, we found that annexin A2 (ANXA2) is upregulated expressed in porcine alveolar macrophages infected with PRRSV. Additionally, PRRSV replication was significantly suppressed after reducing ANXA2 expression in Marc-145 cells using siRNA. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that ANXA2 may be relevant to vimentin, a cellular cytoskeleton component that is thought to be involved in the infectivity and replication of PRRSV. Co-immunoprecipitation assays and confocal analysis confirmed that ANXA2 interacts with vimentin, with further experiments indicating that the B domain (109–174 aa) of ANXA2 contributes to this interaction. Importantly, neither ANXA2 nor vimentin alone could bind to PRRSV and only in the presence of ANXA2 could vimentin interact with the N protein of PRRSV. No binding to the GP2, GP3, GP5, nor M proteins of PRRSV was observed. In conclusion, ANXA2 can interact with vimentin and enhance PRRSV growth. This contributes to the regulation of PRRSV replication in infected cells and may have implications for the future antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bo Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Yong-Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Jia-Cong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Kuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Jin-Chao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Chao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Cheng-Gang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Xue-Hui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Guang-Zhi Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Tong-Qing An
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China.
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Chi J, You L, Li P, Teng M, Zhang G, Luo J, Wang A. Surface IgM λ light chain is involved in the binding and infection of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) to DT40 cells. Virus Genes 2018; 54:236-245. [PMID: 29372383 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-1535-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is an important immunosuppressive virus in chickens. Surface immunoglobulin M (sIgM)-bearing B lymphocytes act as the major targets of IBDV in the bursa of Fabricius, and sIgM may function as one of the membrane binding sites responsible for IBDV infection. Recently, using the virus overlay protein binding assay, the chicken λ light chain of sIgM was identified to specifically interact with IBDV in a virulence-independent manner in vitro. To further investigate sIgM λ light chain-mediated IBDV binding and infection in pre-B cells, the cell line DT40, which is susceptible to both pathogenic and attenuated IBDV, was used. Based on the RNA interference strategy, the DT40 cell line whose λ light chain of sIgM was stably knocked down, herein termed DT40LKD, was generated by the genomic integration of a specific small hairpin RNA and a green fluorescence protein co-expression construct. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that the binding of IBDV to DT40LKD cells was significantly reduced due to the loss of sIgM λ light chain. In particular, reduced viral replication was observed in IBDV-incubated DT40LKD cells, and no viral release into cell culture medium was detected by the IBDV rapid diagnostic strips. In addition, the rescue of sIgM λ light chain expression restored viral binding and replication in DT40LKD cells. These results show that sIgM λ light chain appears to be beneficial for IBDV attachment and infection, suggesting that sIgM acts as a binding site involved in IBDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Chi
- Department of Oncology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100078, People's Republic of China
| | - Leiming You
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Peipei Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116 Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Teng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116 Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116 Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116 Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Aiping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China.
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Qin Y, Zheng SJ. Infectious Bursal Disease Virus-Host Interactions: Multifunctional Viral Proteins that Perform Multiple and Differing Jobs. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E161. [PMID: 28098808 PMCID: PMC5297794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute, highly contagious and immunosuppressive poultry disease caused by IBD virus (IBDV). The consequent immunosuppression increases susceptibility to other infectious diseases and the risk of subsequent vaccination failure as well. Since the genome of IBDV is relatively small, it has a limited number of proteins inhibiting the cellular antiviral responses and acting as destroyers to the host defense system. Thus, these virulence factors must be multifunctional in order to complete the viral replication cycle in a host cell. Insights into the roles of these viral proteins along with their multiple cellular targets in different pathways will give rise to a rational design for safer and effective vaccines. Here we summarize the recent findings that focus on the virus-cell interactions during IBDV infection at the protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shijun J Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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