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Dankaona W, Nooroong P, Poolsawat N, Srionrod N, Techangamsuwan S, Anuracpreeda P. Molecular characterization of canine circovirus based on the Capsid gene in Thailand. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:312. [PMID: 38997779 PMCID: PMC11245861 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04120-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine circovirus (CanineCV) is a single-stranded circular DNA virus that infects domestic and wild canids in many countries. CanineCV is associated with gastroenteritis and diarrhea, respiratory disease, and generalized vasculitis leading to a fatal event. The Capsid protein (Cap) is a structural protein of the virus which has high genetic variability and plays a role in the canine immune response. In this study, we cloned the full-length CanineCV Capsid gene (Cap). In-silico analyses were used to explore the genomic and amino acid variability and natural selection acting on the Cap gene. The immune relevance for T-cell and B-cell epitopes was predicted by the immunoinformatic approach. RESULTS According to the Cap gene, our results showed that CanineCV was separated into five phylogenetic groups. The obtained CanineCV strain from this study was grouped with the previously discovered Thai strain (MG737385), as supported by a haplotype network. Entropy analyses revealed high nucleotide and amino acid variability of the Capsid region. Selection pressure analysis revealed four codons at positions 24, 50, 103, and 111 in the Cap protein evolved under diversifying selection. Prediction of B-cell epitopes exhibited four consensus sequences based on physiochemical properties, and eleven peptide sequences were predicted as T-cell epitopes. In addition, the positive selection sites were located within T-cell and B-cell epitopes, suggesting the role of the host immune system as a driving force in virus evolution. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides knowledge of CanineCV genetic diversity, virus evolution, and potential epitopes for host cell immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wichan Dankaona
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Parasitology Research Laboratory (PRL), Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Pornpiroon Nooroong
- Parasitology Research Laboratory (PRL), Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Napassorn Poolsawat
- Parasitology Research Laboratory (PRL), Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Nitipon Srionrod
- Parasitology Research Laboratory (PRL), Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Somporn Techangamsuwan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Panat Anuracpreeda
- Parasitology Research Laboratory (PRL), Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.
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2
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Wang Y, Xu F, Yuan C, Zhang Y, Ren J, Yue H, Ma T, Song Q. Comparison of immune effects of porcine circovirus type 2d (PCV2d) capsid protein expressed by Escherichia coli and baculovirus-insect cells. Vaccine 2024; 42:2848-2857. [PMID: 38514351 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an important pathogen harmful to global pig production, which causes immunosuppression and serious economic losses. PCV2 capsid (Cap) protein expressed by E. coli or baculovirus-insect cells are often used in preparation of PCV2 subunit vaccines, but the latter is expensive to produce. It is therefore crucial to comparison of the immune effects of Cap protein expressed by the above two expression systems for reducing the production cost and guaranteeing PCV2 vaccine quality. In this study, the PCV2d-Cap protein lacking nuclear localization signal (NLS), designated as E. coli-Cap and Bac-Cap, was expressed by E. coli and baculovirus-Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 (Bac-Sf9) cells, respectively. The expressed Cap proteins could self-assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs), but the Bac-Cap-assembled VLPs were more regular. The two system-expressed Cap proteins induced similar specific IgG responses in mice, but the neutralizing antibody levels of Bac-Cap-immunized mice was higher than those of E. coli-Cap. After PCV2 challenge, IL-10 in Bac-Cap immunized mice decreased significantly than that in E. coli-Cap. The lesions and PCV2 antigen positive cells in tissues of mice immunized with E. coli-Cap and Bac-Cap were significantly reduced, and Bac-Cap appeared mild lesions and fewer PCV2 antigen-positive cells compared with E. coli-Cap immunized mice. The study indicated that Cap proteins expressed by E. coli and Bac-Sf9 cells could induce specific protective immunity, but the latter induced more effective immunity, which provides valuable information for the research and development of PCV2 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Fan Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Chen Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Jing Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Huaining Yue
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Tiantian Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Qinye Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China.
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3
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Zheng J, Li N, Li X, Han Y, Lv X, Zhang H, Ren L. The Nuclear Localization Signal of Porcine Circovirus Type 4 Affects the Subcellular Localization of the Virus Capsid and the Production of Virus-like Particles. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2459. [PMID: 38473709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4) is a newly identified virus belonging to PCV of the Circoviridae family, the Circovirus genus. We previously found that PCV4 is pathogenic in vitro, while the virus's replication in cells is still unknown. In this study, we evaluated the N-terminal of the PCV4 capsid (Cap) and identified an NLS at amino acid residues 4-37 of the N-terminus of the PCV4 Cap, 4RSRYSRRRRNRRNQRRRGLWPRASRRRYRWRRKN37. The NLS was further divided into two fragments (NLS-A and NLS-B) based on the predicted structure, including two α-helixes, which were located at 4RSRYSRRRRNRRNQRR19 and 24PRASRRRYRWRRK36, respectively. Further studies showed that the NLS, especially the first α-helixes formed by the NLS-A fragment, determined the nuclear localization of the Cap protein, and the amino acid 4RSRY7 in the NLS of the PCV4 Cap was the critical motif affecting the VLP packaging. These results will provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the infection mechanism of PCV4 and developing subunit vaccines based on VLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zheng
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Nan Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Xue Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yaqi Han
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xinru Lv
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Linzhu Ren
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
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4
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Deng T, Du L, Ding S, Peng X, Chen W, Yan Y, Hu B, Zhou J. Protein kinase Cdc7 supports viral replication by phosphorylating Avibirnavirus VP3 protein. J Virol 2023; 97:e0112523. [PMID: 37902398 PMCID: PMC10688373 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01125-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The Avibirnavirus infectious bursal disease virus is still an important agent which largely threatens global poultry farming industry economics. VP3 is a multifunctional scaffold structural protein that is involved in virus morphogenesis and the regulation of diverse cellular signaling pathways. However, little is known about the roles of VP3 phosphorylation during the IBDV life cycle. In this study, we determined that IBDV infection induced the upregulation of Cdc7 expression and phosphorylated the VP3 Ser13 site to promote viral replication. Moreover, we confirmed that the negative charge addition of phosphoserine on VP3 at the S13 site was essential for IBDV proliferation. This study provides novel insight into the molecular mechanisms of VP3 phosphorylation-mediated regulation of IBDV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjuan Deng
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liuyang Du
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuxiang Ding
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiran Peng
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Yan
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Boli Hu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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5
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Maity HK, Samanta K, Deb R, Gupta VK. Revisiting Porcine Circovirus Infection: Recent Insights and Its Significance in the Piggery Sector. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1308. [PMID: 37631876 PMCID: PMC10457769 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus (PCV), a member of the Circoviridae family within the genus Circovirus, poses a significant economic risk to the global swine industry. PCV2, which has nine identified genotypes (a-i), has emerged as the predominant genotype worldwide, particularly PCV2d. PCV2 has been commonly found in both domestic pigs and wild boars, and sporadically in non-porcine animals. The virus spreads among swine populations through horizontal and vertical transmission routes. Despite the availability of commercial vaccines for controlling porcine circovirus infections and associated diseases, the continuous genotypic shifts from a to b, and subsequently from b to d, have maintained PCV2 as a significant pathogen with substantial economic implications. This review aims to provide an updated understanding of the biology, genetic variation, distribution, and preventive strategies concerning porcine circoviruses and their associated diseases in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemanta Kumar Maity
- Department of Avian Science, Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Science, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Kartik Samanta
- Department of Avian Science, Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Science, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajib Deb
- ICAR-National Research Center on Pig, Rani, Guwahati 781131, Assam, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- ICAR-National Research Center on Pig, Rani, Guwahati 781131, Assam, India
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6
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Li W, Li J, Dai X, Liu M, Khalique A, Wang Z, Zeng Y, Zhang D, Ni X, Zeng D, Jing B, Pan K. Surface Display of porcine circovirus type 2 antigen protein cap on the spores of bacillus subtilis 168: An effective mucosal vaccine candidate. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1007202. [PMID: 36189301 PMCID: PMC9520567 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1007202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral mucosal vaccine has great potential in preventing a series of diseases caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection. This study constructed a recombinant Bacillus subtilis RB with PCV2 Capsid protein (Cap) on its spore surface and cotB as a fusion partner. The immune properties of the recombinant strain were evaluated in a mouse model. IgA in intestinal contents and IgG in serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results demonstrated that recombinant spores could activate strong specific mucosal and humoral immune responses. In addition, spores showed good mucosal immune adjuvant function, promoting the proliferation of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and other immune cells. We also found that the relative expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN in the small intestinal mucosa was significantly up-regulated under the stimulation of recombinant bacteriophage. These effects are important for the balance of Th1/Th2-like responses. In summary, our results suggest that recombinant B. subtilis RB as a feed additive provides a new strategy for the development of novel and safe PCV2 mucosal subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Li
- Animal Microecology Institute, Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianzhen Li
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu, China
| | - Xixi Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Chongqing Three Gorges Vocational College, Chongqing, China
| | - Minggang Liu
- Animal Microecology Institute, Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Abdul Khalique
- Animal Microecology Institute, Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenghua Wang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Animal Microecology Institute, Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Animal Microecology Institute, Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueqin Ni
- Animal Microecology Institute, Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dong Zeng
- Animal Microecology Institute, Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Jing
- Animal Microecology Institute, Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kangcheng Pan
- Animal Microecology Institute, Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Kangcheng Pan,
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7
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Nan W, Wu J, Hu H, Peng G, Tan S, Deng Z. Prevalence and genetic diversity of porcine circovirus type 2 in northern Guangdong Province during 2016–2021. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:932612. [PMID: 36032297 PMCID: PMC9399655 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.932612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and widespread of porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVADs), mainly caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), threatens the Chinese swine industry. In this study, to investigate the recent prevalence of PCV2 in northern Guangdong Province of China, 573 tissue samples from 132 pig farms were collected during 2016–2021 and analyzed via PCR. Overall, 51.38% (297/573, 95%CI 47.74–55.92) samples were tested PCV2 positive. The detection rate of PCV2 was significantly lower in samples collected before 2016-2018 than after the outbreak of African Swine Fever (2019-2021), being 59.85% (158/264, 95%CI 53.94–65.76) and 41.47% (141/340, 95%CI 36.43–46.71), respectively. On the other end, the genetic characteristics of 26 PCV2 strains were further analyzed. These PCV2 strains belonged to three genotypes, including PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d. Specifically, the predominant genotype prevalent during two periods (2016–2018 and 2019–2021) wasPCV2b (81.82%, 9/11) and PCV2d (80.0%, 12/15), respectively. The results above illustrated the high prevalence and the genetic evolution feature of PCV2 in Guangdong Province in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Nan
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention & Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
- North Guangdong Collaborative Innovation and Development Center of Pig Farming and Disease Control, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Jingbo Wu
- North Guangdong Collaborative Innovation and Development Center of Pig Farming and Disease Control, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Honghui Hu
- North Guangdong Collaborative Innovation and Development Center of Pig Farming and Disease Control, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Guoliang Peng
- North Guangdong Collaborative Innovation and Development Center of Pig Farming and Disease Control, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Simin Tan
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention & Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
| | - Zhibang Deng
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention & Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Zhibang Deng
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8
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Advances in Crosstalk between Porcine Circoviruses and Host. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071419. [PMID: 35891399 PMCID: PMC9315664 DOI: 10.3390/v14071419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circoviruses (PCVs), including PCV1 to PCV4, are non-enveloped DNA viruses with a diameter of about 20 nm, belonging to the genus Circovirus in the family Circoviridae. PCV2 is an important causative agent of porcine circovirus disease or porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVD/PCVAD), which is highly prevalent in pigs and seriously affects the swine industry globally. Furthermore, PCV2 mainly causes subclinical symptoms and immunosuppression, and PCV3 and PCV4 were detected in healthy pigs, sick pigs, and other animals. Although the pathogenicity of PCV3 and PCV4 in the field is still controversial, the infection rates of PCV3 and PCV4 in pigs are increasing. Moreover, PCV3 and PCV4 rescued from infected clones were pathogenic in vivo. It is worth noting that the interaction between virus and host is crucial to the infection and pathogenicity of the virus. This review discusses the latest research progress on the molecular mechanism of PCVs–host interaction, which may provide a scientific basis for disease prevention and control.
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9
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Li N, Liu J, Qi J, Hao F, Xu L, Guo K. Genetic Diversity and Prevalence of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 in China During 2000-2019. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:788172. [PMID: 34977219 PMCID: PMC8717868 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.788172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
As the major pathogen for porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is no longer treated as an emerging virus anymore. The wide distribution of PCV2 infection in China causes huge economic losses in the swine industry. Currently, it is generally believed that PCV2 has eight genotypes (PCV2a to PCV2h), with PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d being widely distributed. To comprehensively explore the genetic diversity and prevalence of PCV2 in China, PCV-2 sequences submitted from China in the GenBank database were retrieved. With a total of 714 PCV2 strains were retrieved, we found that early-submitted PCV2 sequences were mainly collected from coastal provinces in the southeast part of China, which may indicate PCV2 was initially circulating in those regions. From 2002 to 2008, PCV2b was the dominant prevalent genotype in those retrieved sequences. From 2009, PCV2d became the dominant genotype in those sequences, dropping a hint that a potential shift of PCV2b to PCV2d might occur in 2009, which is similar to the patterns at the global level. In addition to the PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d genotypes, novel strains were also characterized. We further revealed that the amino acid sequences consistency of PCV2a Cap is higher than those in other genotypes. Together, this study provided clues for the possible prevalent genotypes and dynamics of genetic diversity in China from 2000 to 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jiali Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Feng Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Lei Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Kangkang Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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10
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Ma X, Lv C, Wang Q, Li C, Wang P, Luo C, Wu Y, Wei T, Liu S, Adam FEA, Yang Z, Wang X. C1QBP inhibits proliferation of porcine circovirus type 2 by restricting nuclear import of the capsid protein. Arch Virol 2021; 166:767-778. [PMID: 33420816 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04950-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Complement component 1 Q subcomponent-binding protein (C1QBP) has been shown to interact with the porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) Cap protein. Here, using yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and co-immunoprecipitation assays, as well as laser confocal microscopy, the interaction between C1QBP and Cap was confirmed. Furthermore, overexpression of C1QBP in cells altered the intracellular location of Cap, which was observed using confocal microscopy and verified by detection of Cap in nuclear protein extracts in a Western blot assay. By inhibiting nuclear transport of Cap, overexpression of C1QBP downregulated PCV2 proliferation in PK-15 cells, as determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). As C1QBP plays a similar role in a fusion of green fluorescent protein (GFP) with the Cap nuclear localisation signal (NLS) sequence, (CapNLS-GFP), we propose that the target site for C1QBP in Cap is possibly located in the NLS region. Considering all the results together, this study demonstrated that C1QBP interacts with the Cap NLS region, resulting in changes in the intracellular localisation of the Cap protein. We confirmed that overexpression of C1QBP inhibits the proliferation of PCV2, and this is possibly related to the function of C1QBP in controlling nuclear transport of Cap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Changjie Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Peixin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Siying Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinglong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Chen JK, Hsiao C, Lo AR, Wang CY. Characterization of the nuclear localization sequence of beak and feather disease virus capsid proteins and their assembly into virus-like particles. Virus Res 2020; 289:198144. [PMID: 32889107 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) is a single-stranded circular DNA icosahedral virus that belongs to the Circoviridae family. This virus is the causative pathogen of beak and feather disease, which leads to feather loss, malformed claws, and immunosuppression of psittacine birds. Our study produced BFDV virus-like particles (VLPs) including capsid proteins, mutant Cap proteins (Cap ΔNLS54, Cap ΔNLS62, Cap C228S, and Cap ΔNES) and chimeric Cap proteins carrying the epitope (amino acid residues 64-70) of the replication-associated protein (R-Cap, Cap-R, R-Cap ΔNLS54, and Cap ΔNLS54-R). All of the aforementioned VLPs were observed via transmission electron microscopy and verified through immunogold labeling. The nuclear localization sequence (NLS) of the Cap protein was identified between amino acid residues 55-62. Nuclear export of the Cap protein depended on the nuclear export sequence (NES). All VLPs except Cap ΔNLS62 and Cap ΔNES entered the cells 2 h post-infection (hpi) and were shuttled into the nucleus at 8 hpi. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) blocked the nuclear entry of Cap proteins at 8 hpi and the nuclear export of Cap proteins at 16 hpi was inhibited by leptomycin B. The nuclear entry of Cap protein was inhibited by importin α and importin β inhibitors, as well as NLS peptides. Moreover, the interactions of Cap proteins and Cap VLPs with both importin α and importin β were characterized via the GST pull-down and immunofluorescence assays. These interactions were blocked by the presence of importin α and importin β inhibitors, as well as NLS peptides. Therefore, our study is the first to describe the precise position of the NLS of the BFDV Cap protein and the interaction of Cap protein with importin α and importin β in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Kai Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chiaolong Hsiao
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - An-Ru Lo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Young Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
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12
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Wu CW, Wu TY, Kuo CJ, Lu YP, Chien MS, Huang C. Characterization of the monoclonal antibody specific to the ORF72 protein of koi herpesvirus and cellular distribution analysis of the viral protein. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:791-799. [PMID: 32449196 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Koi herpesvirus (KHV) is an emerging pathogen of koi and common carp that causes a severe disease and mass mortality of infected fish. The KHV ORF72 protein is an important capsid protein that has been suggested to be a candidate for the development of diagnostic reagents and KHV vaccines. The purpose of this study was to clone and express the KHV ORF72 gene for further preparation of a specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) and to analyse cellular distribution of the viral protein. The mAb 3E1 could specifically recognize the expressed ORF72 protein of transfected cells by indirect immunofluorescence, and the antigenic site recognized by the mAb 3E1 was mapped to the region of N-terminal 124 residues of KHV ORF72. This mAb was further demonstrated to specifically detect the KHV-infected fish tissue by immunohistochemistry, thereby suggesting its high diagnostic potential. In addition, the cellular distribution analysis of the KHV ORF72 protein revealed that the region of amino acid residues 125-247 was related to mitochondrial localization and proliferation. Furthermore, a putative nuclear export signal (NES) of ORF72 at the residues 201-212 was confirmed on the basis of its function associated with NES activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wei Wu
- Research Center for Animal Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yun Wu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jung Kuo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Lu
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Maw-Sheng Chien
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chienjin Huang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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13
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Zhang L, Qiu S, Lu M, Huang C, Lv Y. Nuclear transporter karyopherin subunit alpha 3 levels modulate Porcine circovirus type 2 replication in PK-15 cells. Virology 2020; 548:31-38. [PMID: 32838944 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Entering the nucleus is important for Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) replication. Karyopherins (KPNs) mediate the nuclear import of many cytoplasmic proteins. Our previous study showed that KPNA3 is involved in interferon production during PCV2 infection induced by Poly I:C and ISD (Interferon stimulatory DNA). However, it remains unclear whether PCV2 replication is associated with KPNA3. In the present study, knockdown of KPNA3 promoted the replication of PCV2, whereas overexpression of KPNA3 inhibited PCV2 replication in PK-15 cells. Furthermore, KPNA3 knockdown inhibited IRF3 and reduced the expression of antiviral genes including IFN-β, ISG54, Mx1 and ISG56, while the opposite results were obtained after KPNA3 overexpression. KPNA3 knockdown also promoted p65 nuclear translocation and increased the mRNA expression of IL-10 and IL-1β. These results suggested that KPNA3 facilitates IRF3 entry into the nucleus and the production of an antiviral response, resulting in PCV2 replication inhibition and blockage of NF-κB signal activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Siyu Qiu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mingqing Lu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Canping Huang
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Yingjun Lv
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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14
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Masuda A, Lee JM, Miyata T, Sato T, Hayashi S, Hino M, Morokuma D, Karasaki N, Mon H, Kusakabe T. Purification and characterization of immunogenic recombinant virus-like particles of porcine circovirus type 2 expressed in silkworm pupae. J Gen Virol 2019; 99:917-926. [PMID: 29851377 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a primary causative agent of postweaningmultisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), which has a significant economic impact on the swine industry. The capsid protein (Cap) encoded by ORF2 of the viral genome has been used effectively as a vaccine against PCV2 infection. The Cap protein can spontaneously assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs) that are safe and highly immunogenic for vaccine applications. Several expression systems, including bacteria, yeast and insect cells, have been utilized to produce PCV2 VLPs. However, in some cases, the recombinant Cap (rCap) proteins produced in bacteria and yeast do not assemble spontaneously. In this study, we expressed rCap protein using a silkworm-baculovirus expression vector system (silkworm-BEVS) for mass production of PCV2 VLPs and established a simple three-step protocol for its purification from pupae: extraction by detergent, ammonium sulfate precipitation and anion exchange column chromatography. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) analysis and transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation showed that purified rCap proteins formed VLPs with a similar morphology to that of the original virus. Furthermore, the VLPs produced in silkworms were capable of inducing neutralizing antibodies against PCV2 in mice. Our results demonstrated that the silkworm system is a powerful tool for the production of PCV2 VLPs and will be useful for the development of a reliable and cost-effective PCV2 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitsu Masuda
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Jae Man Lee
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miyata
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Sato
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Shizuka Hayashi
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Masato Hino
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Daisuke Morokuma
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Noriko Karasaki
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mon
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kusakabe
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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15
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Ouyang T, Niu G, Zhang Y, Liu X, Zhang X, Zhang S, Geng Y, Pang D, Ouyang H, Ren L. Porcine HMGCR Inhibits Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Infection by Directly Interacting with the Viral Proteins. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060544. [PMID: 31212640 PMCID: PMC6630565 DOI: 10.3390/v11060544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the etiological agent of porcine circovirus diseases and porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVDs/PCVADs). However, the pathogenesis of PCV2 is not fully understood. We previously found that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) is negatively associated with PCV2 infection in vitro and in vivo. HMGCR inhibits the early stages of PCV2 infection, while PCV2 infection induces the phosphorylation of HMGCR to inactivate the protein. In this study, we investigated the possibility that adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A) participate in HMGCR-mediated inhibition of PCV2 infection and the interaction of porcine HMGCR with PCV2 proteins. The results showed that AMPK activity fluctuated in cells during the early stage of PCV2 infection, while PP2A had little effect on PCV2 infection and HMGCR activity. Furthermore, PCV2 infection may enhance or maintain the level of phosphorylated HMGCR by directly interacting with the protein in PK-15 cells. These findings may provide a better understanding of PCV2 pathogenesis, and HMGCR may be a novel PCV2 antiviral target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ouyang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Guyu Niu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Yifang Zhang
- College of Animal Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Black Dragon Pool, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Xinwei Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Shiqi Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Yulu Geng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Daxin Pang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Linzhu Ren
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
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16
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Wang X, Lv C, Ji X, Wang B, Qiu L, Yang Z. Ivermectin treatment inhibits the replication of Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) in vitro and mitigates the impact of viral infection in piglets. Virus Res 2019; 263:80-86. [PMID: 30658073 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) capsid protein (Cap) has a nuclear localization signal (NLS) and can enter the nucleus. In this study, ivermectin, a small-molecule nuclear import inhibitor of proteins was used to determine the role of nuclear localization of Cap on PCV2 replication. Observation by fluorescence microscopy of the intracellular localization of Cap and Cap NLS in cells cultured with ivermectin (50 μg/mL) determined that Cap and Cap NLS were located in the cytoplasm; in contrast, for cells cultured without ivermectin, they accumulated in the cell nucleus. Ivermectin treatment also reduced nuclear transport of Cap derived from PCV2 infection as well as PCV2 replication in PK-15 cells. In addition, lower levels of PCV2 in tissues and sera of piglets treated with ivermectin were detected by qPCR. These results established for the first time that ivermectin has potent antiviral activity towards PCV2 both in vitro and vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changjie Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Chen P, Zhang L, Chang N, Shi P, Gao T, Zhang L, Huang J. Preparation of virus-like particles for porcine circovirus type 2 by YeastFab Assembly. Virus Genes 2018; 54:246-255. [PMID: 29417333 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-1537-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) poses a genuine threat to pig industry. An effective vaccine production against the pandemic is desirable. The aim of this study was to construct recombination yeast strains with PCV2 Cap protein. We adopt to YeastFab Assembly method to synthesize transcriptional units in a single tube by piecing up promoter, open reading frame, and terminator in S. cerevisiae. Two yeast recombinants were successfully constructed using GPD and TEF2 promoters, respectively, to express PCV2 by secreting Cap protein in vitro. Electronic microscope observation demonstrated that the yeast-derived PCV2 Cap protein could self-assembles into 18-nm-diameter virus-like particles (VLPs). The yield of two different recombination yeasts containing GPD and TEF2 promoters were 12, 25 μg/ml, respectively. Our results showed that it is feasible to use S. cerevisiae as a safe and simple system to produce PCV2 virus-like particles. This indicated that there is possibility of obtaining PCV2 VLP vaccine by homologous recombination in yeast genome, and Cap protein was secreted into the cultural supernatant which can be used as a potential oral vaccine to protect pigs from PCV2-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, No. 92, WeijinRoad, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, No. 92, WeijinRoad, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Na Chang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, No. 92, WeijinRoad, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Peidian Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, No. 92, WeijinRoad, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Tian Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, No. 92, WeijinRoad, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lilin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, No. 92, WeijinRoad, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jinhai Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, No. 92, WeijinRoad, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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