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Guo Q, Yu Y, Suo J, Tang X, Zhang S, Crouch C, Bruton B, Tarpey I, Liu X, Zhao G, Suo X. Oral delivery of Eimeria acervulina transfected sequentially with two copies of the VP2 gene induces immunity against infectious bursal disease virus in chickens. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1367912. [PMID: 38659453 PMCID: PMC11041627 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1367912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Chicken coccidiosis caused by Eimeria spp. can occur on almost all poultry farms, causing huge economic losses to the industry. Genetically manipulated Eimeria parasites as a vaccine vector to deliver viral antigens have been reported. In our preliminary study, transgenic E. acervulina expressing a VP2 gene (Ea-VP2) of the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) demonstrated partial protection against IBDV infection. To enhance immune responses, we aimed to increase the VP2 gene copy number in transgenic E. acervulina. In this study, we used a novel plasmid vector carrying a VP2 gene fused with three flag tags and a red fluorescent reporter gene (mCherry). The vector was introduced into Ea-VP2 sporozoites through nucleofection, leading to the generation of Ea-2VP2. Subsequent analysis revealed a notable escalation in the fluorescent rate, increasing from 0.11 to 95.1% following four consecutive passages facilitated by fluorescent-activated cell sorting. Verification via PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence confirmed the successful construction of the Ea-2VP2 population. Despite lower fecundity compared to wild-type E. acervulina, Ea-2VP2 maintained immunogenicity. Our research effectively created a transgenic E. acervulina strain transfected sequentially with two copies of the VP2 gene from IBDV. This modification resulted in an increased humoral immune response after primary immunization in chickens. Additionally, it demonstrated a degree of protection within the bursa against IBDV infection. Future studies will focus on further enhancing immune response levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbin Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yu
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxia Suo
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinming Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North) of MARA, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sixin Zhang
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Colin Crouch
- MSD Animal Health, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Beth Bruton
- MSD Animal Health, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Tarpey
- MSD Animal Health, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Xianyong Liu
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xun Suo
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Li H, Hua D, Qu Q, Cao H, Feng Z, Liu N, Huang J, Zhang L. Oral Immunization with Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Expressing Viral Capsid Protein 2 of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Induces Unique Specific Antibodies and Protective Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1849. [PMID: 38140252 PMCID: PMC10747824 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD), as a highly infectious immunosuppressive disease, causes severe economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an appealing vehicle used in oral vaccine formulations to safely and effectively deliver heterologous antigens. It can elicit systemic and mucosal responses. This study aims to explore the potential as oral an vaccine for S. cerevisiae expressing the capsid protein VP2 of IBDV. We constructed the recombinant S. cerevisiae, demonstrated that VP2 was displayed on the cell surface and had high immunoreactivity. By using the live ST1814G/Aga2-VP2 strain to immunize the mice, the results showed that recombinant S. cerevisiae significantly increased specific IgG and sIgA antibody titers, indicating the potential efficacy of vaccine-induced protection. These results suggested that the VP2 protein-expressing recombinant S. cerevisiae strain was a promising candidate oral subunit vaccine to prevent IBDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jinhai Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (H.L.); (D.H.); (Q.Q.); (H.C.); (Z.F.); (N.L.)
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (H.L.); (D.H.); (Q.Q.); (H.C.); (Z.F.); (N.L.)
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Nour I, Blakey JR, Alvarez-Narvaez S, Mohanty SK. Whole Genome Sequencing of Infectious Bursal Disease Viruses Isolated from a Californian Outbreak Unravels the Underlying Virulence Markers and Highlights Positive Selection Incidence. Viruses 2023; 15:2044. [PMID: 37896821 PMCID: PMC10612053 DOI: 10.3390/v15102044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of the immunosuppressive infectious bursal disease (IBD) are frequently reported worldwide, despite the vaccination regimes. A 2009 Californian IBD outbreak caused by rA and rB isolates was described as very virulent (vv) IBD virus (IBDV); however, molecular factors beyond this virulence were not fully uncovered. Therefore, segments of both isolates were amplified, successfully cloned, whole genome sequenced by Next Generation Sequencing, genotyped, and the leading virulence factors were entirely investigated in terms of phylogenetic and amino acid analysis and protein modeling for positive selection orientation and interaction analysis. rA and rB isolates displayed the highest amino acid identity (97.84-100%) with Genotype 3 strains. Interestingly, rA and rB contained all virulence hallmarks of hypervariable (HVR), including 222A, 242I, 249Q, 256I, 284A, 286T, 294I, 299S, and 318G, as well as the serine-rich heptapeptide sequence. Moreover, we pinpointed the A3B2 genotype of rA and rB, predominant in non-reassortants, and we highlighted the absence of recombination events. Furthermore, gene-wise phylogenetic analysis showed the entire genes of rA and rB clustered with the vvIBDVs and emphasized their share in IBDV virulence. VP5 showed a virulence marker, MLSL (amino acid sequence). VP2 encountered three significant novel mutations apart from the HVR, including G163E in rA and Y173C and V178A in rB, all residing within interacting motifs. VP4 contained 168Y, 173N, 203S, and 239D characteristic for the vv phenotype. A235V mutation was detected at the dsRNA binding domain of VP3. In VP1, the TDN triplet and the mutation (V4I) were detected, characteristic of hypervirulence occurring at the N-terminus responsible for protein priming. Although selection analysis revealed seven sites, codon 222 was the only statistically significant selection site. The VP2 modeling of rA and rB highlighted great structure fitness, with 96.14% Ramachandran favored positioning including the 222A, i.e., not influencing the structure stability. The 222A was found to be non-interface surface residue, associated with no interaction with the attachment-mediated ligand motif. Our findings provide pivotal insights into the evolution and underlying virulence factors and will assist in the development of control strategies via sequence-based continuous monitoring for the early detection of novel vv strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sujit K. Mohanty
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (I.N.); (J.R.B.); (S.A.-N.)
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Trapp J, Rautenschlein S. Infectious bursal disease virus' interferences with host immune cells: What do we know? Avian Pathol 2022; 51:303-316. [PMID: 35616498 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2080641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractInfectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) induces one of the most important immunosuppressive diseases in chickens leading to high economic losses due increased mortality and condemnation rates, secondary infections and the need for antibiotic treatment. Over 400 publications have been listed in PubMed.gov in the last five years pointing out the research interest in this disease and the development of improved preventive measures. While B cells are the main target cells of the virus, also other immune and non-immune cell populations are affected leading a multifaceted impact on the normally well orchestrated immune system in IBDV-infected birds. Recent studies clearly revealed the contribution of innate immune cells as well as T cells to a cytokine storm and subsequent death of affected birds in the acute phase of the disease. Transcriptomics identified differential regulation of immune related genes between different chicken genotypes as well as virus strains, which may be associated with a variable disease outcome. The recent availability of primary B cell culture systems allowed a closer look into virus-host interactions during IBDV-infection. The new emerging field of research with transgenic chickens will open up new opportunities to understand the impact of IBDV on the host also under in vivo conditions, which will help to understand the complex virus-host interactions further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Trapp
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Silke Rautenschlein
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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The Novel Genetic Background of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Strains Emerging from the Action of Positive Selection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030396. [PMID: 33801413 PMCID: PMC7998436 DOI: 10.3390/v13030396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The circulation in Europe of novel reassortant strains of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), containing a unique genetic background composition, represents a serious problem for animal health. Since the emergence of this novel IBDV mosaic was first described in Poland, this scenario has become particularly attractive to uncover the evolutionary forces driving the genetic diversity of IBDV populations. This study additionally addressed the phenotypic characterization of these emergent strains, as well as the main features affecting the viral fitness during the competition process of IBDV lineages in the field. Our results showed how different evolutionary mechanisms modulate the genetic diversity of co-existent IBDV lineages, leading to the error catastrophe effect, Muller ratchet effect, or prevalence, depending on their genetic compositions. We also determined that the action of the positive selection pressure, depending on the genomic segment on which it is acting, can drive two main phenotypes for IBDV: immune-escaping strains from the selection on segment A or strains with functional advantages from the selection on segment B. This last group seems to possess an increased fitness landscape in the viral quasispecies composition, presenting better adaptability to dissimilar environmental conditions and likely becoming the dominant population. The reassortant strains also exhibited a lower mortality rate compared with the well-known vvIBDV strains, which can facilitate their spreading.
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Lachheb J, Jbenyeni A, Nsiri J, Larbi I, Ammouna F, El Behi I, Ghram A. Full-length genome sequencing of a very virulent infectious bursal disease virus isolated in Tunisia. Poult Sci 2020; 100:496-506. [PMID: 33518102 PMCID: PMC7858174 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD), an acute, highly contagious, and immunosuppressive avian disease, is caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and constitutes one of the main threats to the poultry industry, worldwide. This study was performed to isolate and characterize IBDV isolates circulating in Tunisia. Eleven collected bird samples were identified using an SYBR Green–based one-step real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The full-length genome sequencing of 7 of the 11 IBDV isolates has been realized. VP2 gene data showed limited sequence variations for all the 7 tested samples. The few nucleotide changes were silent and the deduced amino acid sequences were identical with the exception of a unique and characteristic nonsilent mutation (C1203) detected for the TN37/19 isolate, with a change of amino acid (L) to (F) at position 401. In addition, the serine-rich heptapeptide SWSASGS, characteristic of virulent IBDV, as well the amino acid residues, conserved in most very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) strains, were detected in all the Tunisian tested isolates. Nucleotide sequences of VP5 gene revealed the presence of 5 substitutions leading to changes in the amino acid sequences of the virus. Two of these mutations were unique and characteristic of the Tunisian isolates. Besides, the alternative AUG start codon, characteristic of vvIBDV, was observed in all obtained VP5 gene sequences. The Tunisian protein sequences of VP1 showed E242 and the TDN triplet at positions 145, 146, and 147, a motif specific of vvIBDV. Phylogenetic analyses of the 5 genes confirmed the sequence alignment results and showed that the Tunisian strains are closely related to the very virulent Algerian IBDV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihene Lachheb
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology LR0020, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis Belvedere 1002, Tunisia.
| | - Adam Jbenyeni
- Veterinary Practice El Intilaka, Canal Street 20, 2097 Ben Arous, Tunisia
| | - Jihene Nsiri
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology LR0020, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis Belvedere 1002, Tunisia
| | - Imen Larbi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology LR0020, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis Belvedere 1002, Tunisia
| | - Faten Ammouna
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology LR0020, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis Belvedere 1002, Tunisia
| | - Imen El Behi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology LR0020, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis Belvedere 1002, Tunisia
| | - Abdeljelil Ghram
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology LR0020, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis Belvedere 1002, Tunisia
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de Macêdo Mendes C, Teixeira DG, Lima JPMS, Lanza DCF. Characterization of putative proteins encoded by variable ORFs in white spot syndrome virus genome. BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 19:8. [PMID: 30999895 PMCID: PMC6474068 DOI: 10.1186/s12900-019-0106-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus which causes mortality of several species of shrimp, being considered one of the main pathogens that affects global shrimp farming. This virus presents a complex genome of ~ 300 kb and viral isolates that present genomes with great identity. Despite this conservation, some variable regions in the WSSV genome occur in coding regions, and these putative proteins may have some relationship with viral adaptation and virulence mechanisms. Until now, the functions of these proteins were little studied. In this work, sequences and putative proteins encoded by WSSV variable regions were characterized in silico. Results The in silico approach enabled determining the variability of some sequences, as well as the identification of some domains resembling the Formin homology 2, RNA recognition motif, Xeroderma pigmentosum group D repair helicase, Hemagglutinin and Ankyrin motif. The information obtained from the sequences and the analysis of secondary and tertiary structure models allow to infer that some of these proteins possibly have functions related to protein modulation/degradation, intracellular transport, recombination and endosome fusion events. Conclusions The bioinformatics approaches were efficient in generating three-dimensional models and to identify domains, thereby enabling to propose possible functions for the putative polypeptides produced by the ORFs wsv129, wsv178, wsv249, wsv463a, wsv477, wsv479, wsv492, and wsv497. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12900-019-0106-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayro de Macêdo Mendes
- Applied Molecular Biology Lab - LAPLIC, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Bioinformatics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Diego Gomes Teixeira
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Matos Santos Lima
- Postgraduate Program in Bioinformatics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Daniel Carlos Ferreira Lanza
- Applied Molecular Biology Lab - LAPLIC, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil. .,Postgraduate Program in Bioinformatics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil. .,Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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