1
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Gong Z, Shi D, Yan Z, Sun L, Liu W, Luo B. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 is targeted by EBV-encoded miR-BART20-5p and regulates cell autophagy, proliferation, and migration in EBV-associated gastric cancer. Virus Genes 2024:10.1007/s11262-024-02094-3. [PMID: 39096336 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-024-02094-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the first human oncogenic virus known to express microRNAs (miRNAs), which are closely associated with the development of various tumors, including nasopharyngeal and gastric cancers. Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase 1 (SCD1) is a key enzyme in fatty acid synthesis, highly expressed in numerous tumors, promoting tumor growth and metastasis, making it a potential therapeutic target. In this study, we found that SCD1 expression in EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) was significantly lower than in EBV-negative gastric cancer (EBVnGC) at both cellular and tissue levels. In addition, EBV-miR-BART20-5p targets the 3'-UTR of SCD1, downregulating its expression. Moreover, overexpression of SCD1 in EBVaGC cells promoted cell migration and proliferation while inhibiting autophagy. These results suggest that EBV-encoded miRNA-BART20-5p may contribute to EBVaGC progression by targeting SCD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Duo Shi
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhiyong Yan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Lingling Sun
- Department of Pathology of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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2
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Huang X, Zhang M, Zhang Z. The Role of LMP1 in Epstein-Barr Virus-associated Gastric Cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2024; 24:127-141. [PMID: 37183458 DOI: 10.2174/1568009623666230512153741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
EBV promotes many cancers such as lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and gastric; Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1) is considered to be a major oncogenic protein encoded by Epstein- Barr virus (EBV). LMP1 functions as a carcinogen in lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and LMP1 may also promote gastric cancer. The expression level of LMP1 in host cells is a key determinant in tumorigenesis and maintenance of virus specificity. By promoting cell immortalization and cell transformation, promoting cell proliferation, affecting immunity, and regulating cell apoptosis, LMP1 plays a crucial tumorigenic role in epithelial cancers. However, very little is currently known about LMP1 in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC); the main reason is that the expression level of LMP1 in EBVaGC is comparatively lower than other EBV-encoded proteins, such as The Latent Membrane Protein 2A (LMP2A), Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and BamHI-A rightward frame 1 (BARF1), to date, there are few studies related to LMP1 in EBVaGC. Recent studies have demonstrated that LMP1 promotes EBVaGC by affecting The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase- Akt (PI3K-Akt), Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and other signaling pathways to regulate many downstream targets such as Forkhead box class O (FOXO), C-X-C-motif chemokine receptor (CXCR), COX-2 (Cyclooxygenase-2); moreover, the gene methylation induced by LMP1 in EBVaGC has become one of the characteristics that distinguish this gastric cancer (GC) from other types of gastric cancer and LMP1 also promotes the formation of the tumor microenvironment (TME) of EBVaGC in several ways. This review synthesizes previous relevant literature, aiming to highlight the latest findings on the mechanism of action of LMP1 in EBVaGC, summarize the function of LMP1 in EBVaGC, lay the theoretical foundation for subsequent new research on LMP1 in EBVaGC, and contribute to the development of novel LMP1-targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqi Huang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Grade 20, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Meilan Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
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3
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Liu T, Zhou X, Zhang Z, Qin Y, Wang R, Qin Y, Huang Y, Mo Y, Huang T. The role of EBV-encoded miRNA in EBV-associated gastric cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1204030. [PMID: 37388232 PMCID: PMC10301731 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1204030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (human herpesvirus 4, EBV) is a linear double-stranded DNA virus that infects over 90% of the population worldwide. However, our understanding of EBV's contribution to tumorigenesis of EBV-associated GC (EBVaGC) remains incomplete. Recent advancements in EBVaGC research have highlighted that EBV-encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) play prominent roles in critical cellular processes such as migration, cell cycle, apoptosis, cell proliferation, immune response, and autophagy. Notably, the largest group of EBV-encoded miRNAs, known as BamHI-A rightward transcripts (BARTs), exhibit bidirectional effects in EBVaGC. For instance, they present both anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic functions and enhance chemosensitivity while also conferring resistance to 5-fluorouracil. Despite these findings, the comprehensive mechanisms through which miRNAs contribute to EBVaGC are yet to be fully elucidated. In this work, we summarize the current evidence of the roles of miRNA in EBVaGC, particularly with the application of multi-omic techniques. Additionally, we discuss the application of miRNA in EBVaGC in retrospective analyses and provide novel perspectives on the use of miRNA in EBVaGC in translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yutao Qin
- Department of Radiotherapy, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Rensheng Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yanning Qin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuqi Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yingxi Mo
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Department of Radiotherapy, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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4
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Xu M, Zhang L, Feng J, Yang S, Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen M, Zhou L, Zhang J, Qin Q. Establishment and characterization of two Epstein-Barr virus-positive gastric cancer cell lines with epitheliotropic M81 strain undergoing distinct viral and altered cellular expression profiles. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28387. [PMID: 36478267 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) is a distinct subtype of gastric cancer (GC) distinguished by the presence of the EBV genome and limited viral gene expression within malignant epithelial cells. EBV infection is generally thought to be a relatively late event following atrophic gastritis in carcinogenesis, which implies the heterogeneity of EBVaGC. To facilitate the study of the role of EBV in EBVaGC, we established two EBV-positive GC cell lines (AGS-EBV and HGC27-EBV) with an epitheliotropic EBV strain M81 and characterized viral and cellular gene expression profiles in comparison to SNU719, a naturally derived EBV-positive GC cell line. Like SNU719, AGS-EBV and HGC27-EBV stably maintained their EBV genomes and expressed EBV-encoded small RNAs and nuclear antigen EBNA1. Comprehensive analysis of the expression of EBV-encoded miRNAs within the BamHI-A region rightward transcript region, and the transcripts of EBV latent and lytic genes in cell lines, as well as xenografts, reveals that AGS-EBV and HGC27-EBV cells undergo distinct viral expression profiles. A very small fraction of AGS-EBV and SNU719 cells can spontaneously produce infectious progeny virions, while HGC27-EBV does not. AGS-EBV (both M81 and Akata) cells largely mimic SNU719 cells in viral gene expression profiles, and altered cellular functions and pathways perturbed by EBV infection. Phylogenetic analysis of the EBV genome shows both M81 and Akata EBV strains are closely related to clinical EBVaGC isolates. Taken together, these two newly established EBV-positive GC cell lines can serve as models to further investigate the role of EBV in different contexts of gastric carcinogenesis and identify novel therapeutics against EBVaGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqian Xu
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinfu Feng
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuaibing Yang
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuyi Wang
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meiyang Chen
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qingsong Qin
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Center of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Research, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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5
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Jiang Y, Ding Y, Liu S, Luo B. The role of Epstein–Barr virus-encoded latent membrane proteins in host immune escape. Future Virol 2021. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2020-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a type IV herpesvirus that widely infects the vast majority of adults, and establishes a latent infection pattern in host cells to escape the clearance of immune system. The virus is intimately associated with the occurrence and progression of lymphomas and epithelial cell cancers. EBV latent membrane proteins (LMPs) can assist its immune escape by downregulating host immune response. Besides EBV, LMPs have important effects on the functions of exosomes and autophagy, which also help EBV to escape immune surveillance. These escape mechanisms may provide conditions for further development of EBV-associated tumors. In this article, we discussed the potential functions of EBV-encoded LMPs in promoting immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Jiang
- Department of Medical Affairs of The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 1677 Wutaishan Road, Qingdao, 266000, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Qingdao University Medical College, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Yuan Ding
- Department of Special Examination, Qingdao Women & Children Hospital, Qingdao, 266035, China
| | - Shuzhen Liu
- Department of Medical Affairs of The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 1677 Wutaishan Road, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Qingdao University Medical College, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266021, China
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6
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Liu W, Zhang Y, Luo B. Long Non-coding RNAs in Gammaherpesvirus Infections: Their Roles in Tumorigenic Mechanisms. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:604536. [PMID: 33519750 PMCID: PMC7843584 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.604536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate gene expression at the epigenetic, transcriptional, or posttranscriptional level by interacting with protein, DNA, and RNA. Emerging evidence suggests that various lncRNAs are abnormally expressed and play indispensable roles in virus-triggered cancers. Besides, a growing number of studies have shown that virus-encoded lncRNAs participate in tumorigenesis. However, the functions of most lncRNAs in tumors caused by oncogenic viruses and their underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this review, we summarize current findings regarding lncRNAs involved in cancers caused by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV). Additionally, we discuss the contribution of lncRNAs to tumor occurrence, development, invasion, and metastasis; the roles of lncRNAs in key signaling pathways and their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for tumor diagnostics and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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7
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Wang H, Liu W, Luo B. The roles of miRNAs and lncRNAs in Epstein-Barr virus associated epithelial cell tumors. Virus Res 2020; 291:198217. [PMID: 33137402 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is highly prevalent in the population and is known to be associated with a variety of human tumors, such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma, gastric cancer, and lymphoma; however, the mechanisms of EBV carcinogenesis remain unclear. Recent studies have revealed that many non-coding RNAs participate in the regulation of proliferation, migration, invasion, and other processes in EBV-associated tumor, and the interaction between ncRNAs and the potential target genes has gradually become a research hotspot. Therefore, here, we discuss the expression and roles of ncRNAs in EBV-associated epithelial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Shandong, 266021, China.
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Shandong, 266021, China.
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Shandong, 266021, China.
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8
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Zeng M, Chen Y, Jia X, Liu Y. The Anti-Apoptotic Role of EBV-LMP1 in Lymphoma Cells. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:8801-8811. [PMID: 33061576 PMCID: PMC7519810 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s260583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been indicated in the development of some tumors, including lymphoma. However, the potential role of latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) encoded by EBV in the tumorigenesis of lymphoma remains debated. Herein, we examined the function of LMP1 in lymphoma. Methods The expression of LMP1 was downregulated or upregulated in EBV negative cell line SNT-8 and positive cell line KHYG-1, respectively. Subsequently, the cell viability, apoptosis, as well as the expression patterns of p53, mouse double minute 2 (MDM2), B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and NF-κB were evaluated. Next, the binding relationship between MDM2 and p53 along with p53 ubiquitination in cells was tested by Western blot and co-immunoprecipitation. Finally, the effects of LMP1 on lymphoma cell growth through p53, Bcl-2 and NF-κB pathways were verified by functional rescue experiments. Results Overexpression of LMP1 promoted KHYG-1 cell growth and inhibited cell apoptosis. Moreover, LMP1 upregulation significantly enhanced the activation of NF-κB pathway, thus increasing MDM2 binding to p53, leading to p53 ubiquitination and degradation as well as Bcl-2 expression enhancement. Further inhibition of the NF-κB pathway or Bcl-2 expression significantly weakened the promotive role of LMP1 in the growth of KHYG-1 cells. Conclusion EBV-LMP1 promoted the p53 ubiquitination and degradation by activating NF-κB signaling pathway and the following binding of MDM2 and p53 in cells to enhance Bcl-2 expression, thus promoting the growth of lymphoma cells and inhibiting cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zeng
- Pathology Teaching and Research Section, Xiangyang Polytechnic, Xiangyang 441021, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhua Chen
- Department of Pathology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441021, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xintao Jia
- Department of Pathology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441021, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441021, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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9
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Iizasa H, Kim H, Kartika AV, Kanehiro Y, Yoshiyama H. Role of Viral and Host microRNAs in Immune Regulation of Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:367. [PMID: 32194570 PMCID: PMC7062708 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic human herpes virus that was discovered in 1964. Viral non-coding RNAs, such as BamHI-A rightward fragment-derived microRNAs (BART miRNAs) or BamHI-H rightward fragment 1-derived miRNAs (BHRF1 miRNA) in EBV-infected cells have been recently reported. Host miRNAs are also upregulated upon EBV infection. Viral and host miRNAs are important in maintaining viral infection and evasion of host immunity. Although miRNAs in EBV-infected cells often promote cell proliferation by targeting apoptosis or cell cycle, this review focuses on the regulation of the recognition of the host immune system. This review firstly describes the location and organization of two clusters of viral miRNAs, then describes evasion from host immune surveillance systems by modulating viral gene expression or inhibiting innate and acquired immunity by viral miRNAs as well as host miRNAs. Another topic is the enigmatic depletion of viral miRNAs in several types of EBV-infected tumor cells. Finally, this review introduces the strong correlation of nasopharyngeal cancer cases with a newly identified single nucleotide polymorphism that enhances BART miRNA promoter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Iizasa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Hyoji Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Andy Visi Kartika
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kanehiro
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Hironori Yoshiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
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10
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Li W, He C, Wu J, Yang D, Yi W. Epstein barr virus encodes miRNAs to assist host immune escape. J Cancer 2020; 11:2091-2100. [PMID: 32127936 PMCID: PMC7052931 DOI: 10.7150/jca.42498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-barr virus (EBV) is a definite tumorigenic virus, which can form life-long latency in the host, which is difficult to be recognized and completely eliminated by the immune system. It is closely related to the occurrence and development of nasopharyngeal cancer, gastric cancer and various types of lymphoma. At present, a total of 44 Epstein-barr virus-encoded microRNAs (EBV miRNAs) have been found. In response to the immune system of the body, EBV miRNAs can inhibit the expression and presentation of viral antigens, inhibit immune activation and immunotoxicity, assisting host cells to escape from immunity, and providing conditions for further immortalized tumorigenesis of the host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Li
- Department of orthopedics, Union Shenzhen Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Cong He
- Department of orthopedics, Union Shenzhen Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiayi Wu
- Department of orthopedics, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Dazhi Yang
- Department of orthopedics, Union Shenzhen Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Department of orthopedics, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Weihong Yi
- Department of orthopedics, Union Shenzhen Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Department of orthopedics, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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