1
|
Sarangi LN, Mulpuri H, Rana SK, Prasad A, Muthappa PN. Seroprevalence of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Indian cattle and buffaloes. J Vector Borne Dis 2023; 60:259-264. [PMID: 37843236 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.364722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an emerging tick-borne viral zoonotic disease of public health importance. Cattle and buffaloes although not showing any clinical symptoms, can be infected by the CCHF virus and act as sources of infection to human beings. The prevalence of CCHF in cattle and buffaloes is important from One health perspective for control of CCHF in humans. METHODS A cross-sectional study was undertaken to ascertain the prevalence of CCHFV in cattle and buffaloes of India. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 804 serum samples from four states of India (Gujarat and Rajasthan: human outbreaks reported; Punjab and Haryana: no outbreak reported) were screened by ELISA test detecting nucleoprotein antibodies of CCHFV. RESULTS The overall true prevalence was 8.63% (95% CI: 6.76% - 10.9%). The highest prevalence was recorded in Rajasthan (13.24%) followed by Gujarat (8.68%), Haryana (6.84%), and Punjab (6.51%). Prevalence of CCHF was higher in cattle (9.92%) than buffaloes (5.84%); in females (10.87%) than males (4.99%); in adults (10.18%) than young ones (5.66%). Interestingly, higher seropositivity was recorded in indigenous cattle (12.04%) than in exotic and cross-breed cattle (1.69%) which was statistically significant (p=0.001). INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION These findings revealed CCHF virus is circulating unnoticed and the prevalence has increased over time which is of public health concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samir K Rana
- National Dairy Development Board, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Febrer-Sendra B, Fernández-Soto P, García-Bernalt Diego J, Crego-Vicente B, Negredo A, Muñor-Bellido JL, Belhassen-García M, Sánchez-Seco MP, Muro A. A Novel RT-LAMP for the Detection of Different Genotypes of Crimean–Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus in Patients from Spain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076411. [PMID: 37047384 PMCID: PMC10094476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a potentially lethal tick-borne viral disease with a wide distribution. In Spain, 12 human cases of CCHF have been confirmed, with four deaths. The diagnosis of CCHF is hampered by the nonspecific symptoms, the high genetic diversity of CCHFV, and the biosafety requirements to manage the virus. RT-qPCR and serological tests are used for diagnosis with limitations. Reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) could be an effective alternative in the diagnosis of the disease. However, none of the few RT-LAMP assays developed to date has detected different CCHFV genotypes. Here, we designed a RT-LAMP using a degenerate primer set to compensate for the variability of the CCHFV target sequence. RT-LAMP was performed in colorimetric and real-time tests on RT-qPCR-confirmed CCHF patient samples notified in Spain in 2020 and 2021. Urine from an inpatient was analysed by RT-LAMP for the first time and compared with RT-qPCR. The amplicons obtained by RT-qPCR were sequenced and African III and European V genotypes were identified. RT-LAMP amplified both genotypes and was more sensitive than RT-qPCR in urine samples. We have developed a novel, rapid, specific, and sensitive RT-LAMP test that allows the detection of different CCHFV genotypes in clinical samples. This pan-CCHFV RT-LAMP detected viral RNA for the first time in urine samples. It can be easily performed as a single-tube isothermal colorimetric method on a portable platform in real time and without the need for expensive equipment, thus bringing molecular diagnostics closer to rural or resource-poor areas, where CCHF usually occurs.
Collapse
|
3
|
Sahay RR, Shete AM, Yadav PD, Patil S, Majumdar T, Jain R, Nyayanit DA, Kaushal H, Panjwani SJ, Upadhyay KJ, Varevadiya CL, Vora A, Kanani A, Gangakhedkar RR. Sequential determination of viral load, humoral responses and phylogenetic analysis in fatal and non-fatal cases of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever patients from Gujarat, India, 2019. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009718. [PMID: 34460819 PMCID: PMC8432894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thirty-four CCHF cases (17 fatal; 17 survived) were confirmed from Gujarat state, India during the year 2019. We aimed to find out the viral load, antibody kinetics, cytokine profile and phylogenetic analysis between fatal and non- fatal cases. Methods Thirty four cases were included in this study. Blood and urine samples were collected from all the cases on the day of admission to hospital. Non-fatal cases were followed weekly for understanding the profile of viral kinetics, anti-CCHFV IgM and IgG antibodies. We also quantified the cytokines in both fatal and non-fatal cases. For epidemiological correlation, livestock were screened for anti-CCHF IgG antibodies and the tick pool specimens were tested by real time RT-PCR. Virus isolation was attempted on tick pools and human specimens and phylogenetic analysis performed on human and ticks complete genome sequences. Results CCHF cases were detected throughout year in 2019 with the peak in August. Out of 34 cases, eight secondary CCHF cases were reported. Cases were predominantly detected in males and in 19–45 years age group (55.88%). The persistence of viremia was observed till 76th POD (post onset date) in one case whereas anti-CCHFV IgM and IgG was detected amongst these cases from the 2nd and 20th POD respectively. Positivity observed amongst livestock and tick pools were was 21.57% and 7.4% respectively. The cytokine analysis revealed a significant increase in the level of serum IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-γ during the acute phase of the infection, but interestingly IL-10 lowered to normal upon clearance of the virus in the clinically recovered case. Fatal cases had high viral RNA copy numbers. Bleeding from one or two mucosal sites was significantly associated with fatality (OR-16.47;p-0.0034 at 95% CI). We could do CCHF virus isolation from two cases. Phylogenetic analysis revealed circulation of re-assortment of Asian-West African genotypes in humans and ticks. Conclusions The persistence of CCHF viral RNA was detected till 76th POD in one of the survivors. The circulation of a re-assortment Asian-West African genotype in a CCHF case is also reported first time from India. Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever is a zoonotic tick-borne viral hemorrhagic disease. This disease is reported from Europe, Mediterranean, north-western China, central Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Several outbreaks of CCHF were reported from Gujarat and Rajasthan states, India from 2011 to 2019. In this study, we discuss the clinical, molecular, serological, and the cytokine data of 34 CCHF cases (17 fatal and 17 survived) which were detected from Gujarat state in the year 2019. A sequential weekly follow up of the CCHF survivors was performed to understand the viral kinetics and the antibody profile. Interestingly, the presence of persistence CCHF viral RNA was observed till 76th POD in one of the survivors. To our knowledge, we are reporting this long term persistence of viremia for the first time. We also observed that the anti-CCHFV IgM detection in the serum samples starts as soon as 2nd POD but anti-CCHFV IgG antibody could be detected in the majority of the cases only after the 28th POD. The cytokine analysis revealed a significant increase in the level of serum IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-γ during the acute phase of the infection, but interestingly IL-10 lowered to normal upon clearance of the virus in the clinically recovered case. We did the phylogenetic analysis and concluded the circulation of the Asian-West African re-assortment genotype in humans, which has not been reported from India prior to this study.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Cytokines/blood
- Female
- Genotype
- Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/classification
- Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/genetics
- Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/isolation & purification
- Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/physiology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/blood
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/epidemiology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/virology
- Humans
- Immunity, Humoral
- India/epidemiology
- Livestock/blood
- Livestock/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Ticks/virology
- Viral Load
- Young Adult
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rima R. Sahay
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Maximum Containment Facility, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anita M. Shete
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Maximum Containment Facility, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pragya D. Yadav
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Maximum Containment Facility, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Savita Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Maximum Containment Facility, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Triparna Majumdar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Maximum Containment Facility, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajlaxmi Jain
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Maximum Containment Facility, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dimpal A. Nyayanit
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Maximum Containment Facility, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Himanshu Kaushal
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Maximum Containment Facility, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sunil J. Panjwani
- Government Medical College and Sir-T Hospital Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
| | | | | | - Alpesh Vora
- Government Medical College and Sir-T Hospital Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Amit Kanani
- Animal Husbandry Department, Foot and Mouth Disease Scheme, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Raman R. Gangakhedkar
- Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases (ECD) Division, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Negi T, Kandari LS, Arunachalam K. Update on prevalence and distribution pattern of tick-borne diseases among humans in India: a review. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:1523-1539. [PMID: 33797610 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present scenario, tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are well known for their negative impacts on humans as well as animal health in India. The reason lies in their increased incidences due to global warming, environmental and ecological changes, and availability of suitable habitats. On a global basis, they are now considered a serious threat to human as well as livestock health. The major tick-borne diseases in India include Kyasanur forest disease (KFD), Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), Lyme disease (LD), Q fever (also known as coxiellosis), and Rickettsial infections. In recent years, other tick-borne diseases such as Babesiosis, Ganjam virus (GANV), and Bhanja virus (BHAV) infections have also been reported in India. The purpose of this paper is to review the history and the current state of knowledge of tick-borne diseases in the country. The conclusion of this review is extending the requirement of greater efforts in research and government management for the diagnosis and treatment and as well as prevention of these diseases so that tick-borne disease burden should be minimizing in India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tripti Negi
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248 012, India.
| | - Laxman Singh Kandari
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, School of Agriculture and Allied Science, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand, 246 174, India
| | - Kusum Arunachalam
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248 012, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wampande EM, Waiswa P, Allen DJ, Hewson R, Frost SDW, Stubbs SCB. Phylogenetic Characterization of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Detected in African Blue Ticks Feeding on Cattle in a Ugandan Abattoir. Microorganisms 2021; 9:438. [PMID: 33672497 PMCID: PMC7923759 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is the most geographically widespread of the tick-borne viruses. However, African strains of CCHFV are poorly represented in sequence databases. In addition, almost all sequence data collected to date have been obtained from cases of human disease, while information regarding the circulation of the virus in tick and animal reservoirs is severely lacking. Here, we characterize the complete coding region of a novel CCHFV strain, detected in African blue ticks (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus) feeding on cattle in an abattoir in Kampala, Uganda. These cattle originated from a farm in Mbarara, a major cattle-trading hub for much of Uganda. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the newly sequenced strain belongs to the African genotype II clade, which predominantly contains the sequences of strains isolated from West Africa in the 1950s, and South Africa in the 1980s. Whilst the viral S (nucleoprotein) and L (RNA polymerase) genome segments shared >90% nucleotide similarity with previously reported genotype II strains, the glycoprotein-coding M segment shared only 80% nucleotide similarity with the next most closely related strains, which were derived from ticks in Western India and Northern China. This genome segment also displayed a large number of non-synonymous mutations previously unreported in the genotype II strains. Characterization of this novel strain adds to our limited understanding of the natural diversity of CCHFV circulating in both ticks and in Africa. Such data can be used to inform the design of vaccines and diagnostics, as well as studies exploring the epidemiology and evolution of the virus for the establishment of future CCHFV control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eddie M. Wampande
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; (E.M.W.); (P.W.)
| | - Peter Waiswa
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; (E.M.W.); (P.W.)
| | - David J. Allen
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (D.J.A.); (R.H.)
| | - Roger Hewson
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (D.J.A.); (R.H.)
- Virology and Pathogenesis Group, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Simon D. W. Frost
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK;
- Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, DC 98052, USA
| | - Samuel C. B. Stubbs
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kojom LP, Singh V. A Review on Emerging Infectious Diseases Prioritized Under the 2018 WHO Research and Development Blueprint: Lessons from the Indian Context. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 21:149-159. [PMID: 33316200 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This review describes the current scenario of a priority group of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) listed by World Health Organization (WHO), and their main determinants and drivers for the emergence/spread of the diseases. The gaps and strategies developed by India to meet the WHO guidelines on the effective control of epidemic-prone diseases and outbreaks are also presented in the review. Methods: Epidemiologic information of EIDs, namely Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), Ebola and Marburg viruses (EboV and MarV), Zika virus (ZIKAV), Rift Valley fever (RVF), Middle East respiratory syndrome, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Nipah and Hendra virus (NiV and HeV), and Lassa fever virus (LASV), was drawn from international and national electronic databases to assess the situation. A brief view on the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in India is also included. Results: There are no reports for human infection of EboV, MarV, RVF, and LASV in India. CCHF, SARS, ZIKAV, and NiV have been involved in outbreaks in eight states of India, while COVID-19 is currently reported from majority of states. India has deeply strengthened its surveillance and response system of outbreaks and epidemic-prone diseases. Conclusions: Despite its enormous improvements made in the anticipation of such threats, still more efforts are needed in sensitization of populations as well as hospital management in the context to EIDs, as addressed in the review. Furthermore, there is still a need for more research and development activities to efficiently control EIDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loick Pradel Kojom
- Cell Biology Laboratory and Malaria Parasite Bank, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New-Delhi, India
| | - Vineeta Singh
- Cell Biology Laboratory and Malaria Parasite Bank, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New-Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|