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Antia A, Pinski AN, Ding S. Re-Examining Rotavirus Innate Immune Evasion: Potential Applications of the Reverse Genetics System. mBio 2022; 13:e0130822. [PMID: 35699371 PMCID: PMC9426431 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01308-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses represent one of the most successful pathogens in the world, with high infectivity and efficient transmission between the young of many animal species, including humans. To overcome host defenses, rotaviruses have evolved a plethora of strategies to effectively evade the innate immune response, establish initial infection in the small intestine, produce progeny, and shed into the environment. Previously, studying the roles and relative contributions of specific rotaviral factors in innate immune evasion had been challenging without a plasmid-only reverse genetics system. Although still in its infancy, current reverse genetics technology will help address important research questions regarding rotavirus innate immune evasion, host range restriction, and viral pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the antiviral host innate immune defense mechanisms, countermeasures of rotavirus-encoded factors, and strategies to better understand these interactions using the rotavirus reverse genetics system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avan Antia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Amanda N. Pinski
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Caddy S, Papa G, Borodavka A, Desselberger U. Rotavirus research: 2014-2020. Virus Res 2021; 304:198499. [PMID: 34224769 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are major causes of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide and also cause disease in the young of many other mammalian and of avian species. During the recent 5-6 years rotavirus research has benefitted in a major way from the establishment of plasmid only-based reverse genetics systems, the creation of human and other mammalian intestinal enteroids, and from the wide application of structural biology (cryo-electron microscopy, cryo-EM tomography) and complementary biophysical approaches. All of these have permitted to gain new insights into structure-function relationships of rotaviruses and their interactions with the host. This review follows different stages of the viral replication cycle and summarizes highlights of structure-function studies of rotavirus-encoded proteins (both structural and non-structural), molecular mechanisms of viral replication including involvement of cellular proteins and lipids, the spectrum of viral genomic and antigenic diversity, progress in understanding of innate and acquired immune responses, and further developments of prevention of rotavirus-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Caddy
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease Jeffery Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.
| | - Guido Papa
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Alexander Borodavka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK.
| | - Ulrich Desselberger
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Kobayashi T, Patton JT, Desselberger U. Species A rotavirus reverse genetics: Achievements and prospects. Virus Res 2021; 306:198583. [PMID: 34600933 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - John T Patton
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA.
| | - Ulrich Desselberger
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital,Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
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Hatazawa R, Fukuda S, Kumamoto K, Matsushita F, Nagao S, Murata T, Taniguchi K, Matsui T, Komoto S. Strategy for generation of replication-competent recombinant rotaviruses expressing multiple foreign genes. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 33843576 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the recent establishment of robust reverse genetics systems for rotavirus, rotavirus is being developed as a vector to express foreign genes. However, insertion of larger sequences such as those encoding multiple foreign genes into the rotavirus genome has been challenging because the virus segments are small. In this paper, we attempted to insert multiple foreign genes into a single gene segment of rotavirus to determine whether it can efficiently express multiple exogenous genes from its genome. At first, we engineered a truncated NSP1 segment platform lacking most of the NSP1 open reading frame and including a self-cleaving 2A sequence (2A), which made it possible to generate a recombinant rotavirus stably expressing NanoLuc (Nluc) luciferase as a model foreign gene. Based on this approach, we then demonstrated the generation of a replication-competent recombinant rotavirus expressing three reporter genes (Nluc, EGFP, and mCherry) by separating them with self-cleaving 2As, indicating the capacity of rotaviruses as to the insertion of multiple foreign genes. Importantly, the inserted multiple foreign genes remained genetically stable during serial passages in cell culture, indicating the potential of rotaviruses as attractive expression vectors. The strategy described here will serve as a model for the generation of rotavirus-based vectors designed for the expression and/or delivery of multiple foreign genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riona Hatazawa
- Department of Molecular Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.,Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Saori Fukuda
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kanako Kumamoto
- Education and Research Facility of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Fumio Matsushita
- Department of Molecular Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Shizuko Nagao
- Education and Research Facility of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Takayuki Murata
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Koki Taniguchi
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Taei Matsui
- Department of Molecular Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Komoto
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
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Recent advances in rotavirus reverse genetics and its utilization in basic research and vaccine development. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2369-2386. [PMID: 34216267 PMCID: PMC8254061 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are segmented double-stranded RNA viruses with a high frequency of gene reassortment, and they are a leading cause of global diarrheal deaths in children less than 5 years old. Two-thirds of rotavirus-associated deaths occur in low-income countries. Currently, the available vaccines in developing countries have lower efficacy in children than those in developed countries. Due to added safety concerns and the high cost of current vaccines, there is a need to develop cost-effective next-generation vaccines with improved safety and efficacy. The reverse genetics system (RGS) is a powerful tool for investigating viral protein functions and developing novel vaccines. Recently, an entirely plasmid-based RGS has been developed for several rotaviruses, and this technological advancement has significantly facilitated novel rotavirus research. Here, we review the recently developed RGS platform and discuss its application in studying infection biology, gene reassortment, and development of vaccines against rotavirus disease.
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Criglar JM, Crawford SE, Estes MK. Plasmid-based reverse genetics for probing phosphorylation-dependent viroplasm formation in rotaviruses. Virus Res 2020; 291:198193. [PMID: 33053412 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) replication occurs in cytoplasmic compartments, known as viroplasms, that are composed of viral and cellular proteins. Viroplasm formation requires RV nonstructural proteins NSP2 and NSP5 and cellular lipid droplets (LDs); however, the mechanisms required for viroplasm assembly remain largely unknown. We previously identified two conformationally-distinct forms of NSP2 (dNSP2, vNSP2) found in RV-infected cells that interact differentially with hypo- and hyperphosphorylated NSP5, respectively, and indicate a coordinated phosphorylation-dependent mechanism regulating viroplasm assembly. We also reported that phosphorylation of dNSP2 on serine 313 by the cellular kinase CK1α triggers the localization of vNSP2 to sites of viroplasm assembly and its association with hyperphosphorylated NSP5. To directly evaluate the role of CK1α-mediated NSP2 phosphorylation on viroplasm formation, we used a recently published plasmid-based reverse genetics method to generate a recombinant rotavirus (rRV) with a phosphomimetic NSP2 mutation (rRV NSP2 S313D). The rRV NSP2 S313D virus is significantly delayed in viroplasm formation, virus replication, and interferes with wild type RV replication during co-infection. The rRV NSP2 S313A virus was not rescued. Taking advantage of the delay in viroplasm formation, the NSP2 S313D phosphomimetic mutant was used as a tool to observe very early events in viroplasm assembly. We show that (1) viroplasm assembly correlates with NSP5 hyperphosphorylation, and (2) that vNSP2 S313D co-localizes with RV-induced LDs without NSP5, suggesting that vNSP2 phospho-S313 is sufficient for interacting with LDs and may be the virus factor required for RV-induced LD formation. Further studies with the rRV NSP2 S313D virus are expected to reveal new aspects of viroplasm and LD initiation and assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette M Criglar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Sue E Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Department of Medicine, Divisions of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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