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Liu L, Xu L, Yu B, Zhao L, Wu H. The influence of simulated visual impairment on distance stereopsis. J Vis 2024; 24:1. [PMID: 38300556 PMCID: PMC10846341 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The intricate interrelationships between visual acuity (VA) and stereopsis depend on an array of factors, incorporating the nature of vision impairment, its manifestation (monocular versus binocular), and the classification of stereopsis test symbols used. The objectives of this study were to methodically dissect these multifaceted interactions by simulating a diverse range of vision loss conditions. Thirty medical students with normal vision were subjected to simulated vision loss through opacification and blurring methodologies. Stereopsis was assessed at a distance using both contour-based and random-dot-based symbols under equal binocular and varied monocular VA conditions. In this study, opacification consistently affected stereopsis more than blurring at equivalent VA reductions. However, this difference was absent in contour-based symbols under binocular vision impairment conditions. Significant differences in stereopsis emerged between monocular and binocular vision within the opacification contour-based groups. These differences were less evident in the opacification and blurring groups using random-dot-based patterns. In terms of symbols, the contour-based test demonstrated superior results to the random-dot-based test, particularly under decreased VA. In sum, the method of VA reduction and the choice of stereogram significantly impact distance stereopsis outcomes. This understanding can guide clinical assessments of stereopsis in individuals with varying visual impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Department of Optometry, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lingxian Xu
- Department of Optometry, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Optometry, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lingzhi Zhao
- Department of Optometry, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huang Wu
- Department of Optometry, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Hattori A, Tonami KI, Tsuruta J, Hideshima M, Kimura Y, Nitta H, Araki K. Effect of the haptic 3D virtual reality dental training simulator on assessment of tooth preparation. J Dent Sci 2022; 17:514-520. [PMID: 35028078 PMCID: PMC8740096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2021.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose The haptic 3D virtual reality dental training simulator has been drawn attention as a educational strategy in Covid-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study is to investigate the feature of the haptics simulator in comparison with a conventional mannequin simulator by analyzing the assessment of products prepared by dental students using these two kinds of simulator. Materials and methods The subjects were 30 students in the sixth-year classes of the faculty of dentistry. Abutments for a full cast crown were prepared by each subject using two kinds of simulator; one is the haptics simulator and the other is a mannequin simulator. For the resulted products, occlusal surface form, margin design, surface smoothness, taper angle, total cut volume and overall impression were rated by 3 evaluators. Score differences between two simulators were statistically analyzed. Results The kinds of simulator affected subject performance for margin design and total cut volume. The differences in cutting feeling between the simulators as well as variation of stereoscopic ability in subjects were considerable reasons. Evaluators' rating was affected by difference in simulators for occlusal surface form, total cut volume, and overall impression. This may have been due to variation of stereoscopic ability in evaluators. Conclusion The unique characteristics of virtual reality, such as the simulated cutting sensation and the simulated three-dimensional images created by stereo viewers, affect operators' performance and evaluators' rating. It was suggested that educational programs need to be constructed taking account of the characteristics of virtual reality to make the best use of the haptics simulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitaka Hattori
- Educational System in Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Tonami
- Oral Diagnosis and General Dentistry, Dental Hospital, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Tsuruta
- Institution of Education, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hideshima
- Dental Clinic for Sleep Disorders (Apnea and Snoring), Dental Hospital, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kimura
- Oral Diagnosis and General Dentistry, Dental Hospital, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nitta
- Oral Diagnosis and General Dentistry, Dental Hospital, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouji Araki
- Educational System in Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Fernandes Costa M, Dutra Henriques L, Côrrea Pinho O. Development of a Spatio-temporal Contrast Sensitivity Test for Clinical Use. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2022; 17:69-77. [PMID: 35194498 PMCID: PMC8850854 DOI: 10.18502/jovr.v17i1.10172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We developed a contrast sensitivity test that considers an integrative approach of spatial and temporal frequencies to evaluate the psychophysical channels in processing two-dimensional stimulus for clinical use. Our new procedure provides a more efficient isolation of the magnocellular and parvocellular visual pathways supporting spatiotemporal contrast sensitivity processing. METHODS We evaluated 36 participants of both sexes aged 18-30 years with 20/20 or better best-corrected visual acuity. Two spatial frequencies (0.5 cycles per degree [cpd] and 10 cpd), being in one of the three temporal frequencies (0.5 cycle per second [cps], 7.5 cps, and 15 cps), were presented in a high-resolution gamma corrected monitor. A two-alternative forced-choice procedure was conducted, and the staircase method was used to calculate the contrast sensitivity. Reliability was assessed using a retest procedure within a month ( ± 5 days) under the same conditions. RESULTS Results showed statistical significance in 0.5 cpd and 10 cpd spatial frequencies for 0.5 cps (F = 77.36; p < 0.001), 7.5 cps (F = 778.37; p < 0.001), and 15 cps (F = 827.23; p < 0.001) with a very high (η² = 0.89) effect size. No statistical differences were found between the first and second sessions for all spatial frequencies. For reliability, a significantly high correlation and high internal consistency were found in all spatiotemporal conditions. The limits were calculated for normality. CONCLUSION We developed an approach to investigate the spatiotemporal integration of contrast sensitivity designed for clinical purposes. The relative contribution of the low spatial frequencies/high temporal frequencies and the high spatial frequencies/low temporal frequencies of the psychophysical channels can also be evaluated separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Fernandes Costa
- Laboratório da Visão, Departamento de Psicologia Experimental, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Núcleo de Neurociências Aplicada, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Dutra Henriques
- Laboratório da Visão, Departamento de Psicologia Experimental, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Otávio Côrrea Pinho
- Laboratório da Visão, Departamento de Psicologia Experimental, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sodhi PK, Gautam A, Sharma N, Anand K, Sodhi RS. Role of improved distance and near visual acuity with low vision aids to enhance stereopsis in retinal diseases. Indian J Ophthalmol 2021; 69:1867-1871. [PMID: 34146046 PMCID: PMC8374828 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_3154_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine role of improved distance and near best-corrected visual acuity (DBCVA and NBCVA) with use of magnification devices to enhance stereopsis in low vision (LV) subjects having retinal diseases. Methods: In a cross-sectional observational study without control, 84 subjects having LV due to retinal diseases were examined for an improvement of BCVA with use of magnifying low vision aids (LVAs) (2X for DBCVA and 3X for NBCVA). The stereopsis scores on titmus fly test were recorded with near refractive correction “on” and then with 3X magnification. The improvement in stereopsis for distance was however estimated through statistical correlation values. Results: The DBCVA (P < 0.001), NBCVA (P < 0.001) and stereopsis (P < 0.001) improved statistically significantly (SS) following magnifying LVA. There was no correlation between pre-LVA stereopsis and pre-LVA DBCVA (r = 0.059; P = 0.444;NSS) and post-LVA DBCVA (r = 0.054; P = 0.487;NSS); and no correlation between post-LVA stereopsis and pre-LVA DBCVA (r = 0.042; P = 0.592;NSS) and post-LVA DBCVA (r = 0.08; P = 0.920;NSS). There was no correlation between pre-LVA stereopsis and pre-LVA NBCVA (r = 0.044; P = 0.572;NSS) and no correlation between post-LVA stereopsis and pre-LVA NBCVA (r = 0.108; P = 0.165;NSS). But positive correlation between pre-LVA stereopsis and post-LVA NBCVA (r = 0.347; P < 0.001) and between post-LVA stereopsis and post-LVA NBCVA (r = 0.445; P < 0.001) was SS. Conclusion: The use of magnification as LVA improves both the BCVA and stereopsis. The increase in DBCVA with LVA improves the stereopsis for distance though it may not be SS while improvement in NBCVA with LVA enhances stereopsis for near objects in SS manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akanksha Gautam
- Guru Nanak Eye Centre & Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Nandini Sharma
- Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Kamlesh Anand
- Guru Nanak Eye Centre & Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
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Norman JF, Shapiro HK, Sanders KN, Sher AF. Aging and the perception of texture-defined form. Vision Res 2021; 187:1-5. [PMID: 34091366 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study 28 younger and older observers discriminated the global shapes of objects that were defined by differences in texture. The judged stimulus patterns were 3-point micropattern textures. On any given trial, a texture-defined shape (either a vertically- or horizontally-oriented rectangle) was presented; the observers' task was to discriminate between the two rectangles. The task difficulty was manipulated by varying the deviation from colinearity of each of the individual 3-point texture elements between figure and background (the larger the difference in deviation between figure and ground, the higher the discrimination performance). The results revealed a substantial effect of age. In order for the older observers to reliably discriminate the shape of the target rectangle (with a d' value of 1.5), they needed differences from colinearity that were 54.4 percent larger than those required for the younger observers. While older adults can utilize differences in texture to perceive global shape, their ability is nevertheless significantly impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Farley Norman
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Ogden College of Science and Engineering, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, USA; Center for Applied Science in Health & Aging, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, USA.
| | - Hannah K Shapiro
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Ogden College of Science and Engineering, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, USA
| | - Karli N Sanders
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Ogden College of Science and Engineering, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, USA
| | - Abdallah F Sher
- Carol Martin Gatton Academy of Mathematics and Science, Bowling Green, Kentucky, USA
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Kim NG, Lee HW. Stereoscopic Depth Perception and Visuospatial Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9020157. [PMID: 33546119 PMCID: PMC7913121 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With visuospatial dysfunction emerging as a potential marker that can detect Alzheimer's disease (AD) even in its earliest stages and with disturbance in stereopsis suspected to be the prime contributor to visuospatial deficits in AD, we assessed stereoscopic abilities of patients with AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Whereas previous research assessing patients' stereoacuity has yielded mixed results, we assessed patients' capacity to process coarse disparities that can convey adequate depth information about objects in the environment. We produced two virtual cubes at two different distances from the observer by manipulating disparity type (absolute vs. relative), disparity direction (crossed vs. uncrossed) and disparity magnitude, then had participants judge the object that appeared closer to them. Two patient groups performed as well as, or even better than elderly controls, suggesting that AD patients' coarse disparity processing capacity is capable of supporting common tasks involving reaching, grasping, driving, and navigation. Results may help researchers narrow down the exact cause(s) of visuospatial deficits in AD and develop and validate measures to assess visuospatial dysfunction in clinical trials and disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Gyoon Kim
- Department of Psychology, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-580-5415
| | - Ho-Won Lee
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine & Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
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Lin S, Mihailovic A, West SK, Johnson CA, Friedman DS, Kong X, Ramulu PY. Predicting Visual Disability in Glaucoma With Combinations of Vision Measures. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2018; 7:22. [PMID: 29670831 PMCID: PMC5901371 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.7.2.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We characterized vision in glaucoma using seven visual measures, with the goals of determining the dimensionality of vision, and how many and which visual measures best model activity limitation. Methods We analyzed cross-sectional data from 150 older adults with glaucoma, collecting seven visual measures: integrated visual field (VF) sensitivity, visual acuity, contrast sensitivity (CS), area under the log CS function, color vision, stereoacuity, and visual acuity with noise. Principal component analysis was used to examine the dimensionality of vision. Multivariable regression models using one, two, or three vision tests (and nonvisual predictors) were compared to determine which was best associated with Rasch-analyzed Glaucoma Quality of Life-15 (GQL-15) person measure scores. Results The participants had a mean age of 70.2 and IVF sensitivity of 26.6 dB, suggesting mild-to-moderate glaucoma. All seven vision measures loaded similarly onto the first principal component (eigenvectors, 0.220–0.442), which explained 56.9% of the variance in vision scores. In models for GQL scores, the maximum adjusted-R2 values obtained were 0.263, 0.296, and 0.301 when using one, two, and three vision tests in the models, respectively, though several models in each category had similar adjusted-R2 values. All three of the best-performing models contained CS. Conclusions Vision in glaucoma is a multidimensional construct that can be described by several variably-correlated vision measures. Measuring more than two vision tests does not substantially improve models for activity limitation. Translational Relevance A sufficient description of disability in glaucoma can be obtained using one to two vision tests, especially VF and CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Lin
- Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University/Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Sheila K West
- Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University/Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - David S Friedman
- Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University/Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiangrong Kong
- Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University/Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pradeep Y Ramulu
- Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University/Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Stereoacuity after photorefractive keratectomy in myopia. J Curr Ophthalmol 2016; 28:17-20. [PMID: 27239597 PMCID: PMC4881238 DOI: 10.1016/j.joco.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Stereopsis, as a part of visual function, is the ability of differentiating between the two eyes' views (binocular disparity), due to the eyes' different positions. The aim of this study was to compare stereoscopic vision before and after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in myopia. Methods In a prospective interventional case series study clinical trial, forty-eight myopic individuals (age range: 18–34 years) who had undergone PRK surgery by a Bausch & Lomb Technolas 217z excimer laser were included. In all patients, stereoscopic vision was assessed using TNO test charts at 40 cm distance preoperatively and at 3 and 6 months postoperatively. Results A total of 48 cases (96 eyes, 69% female) with a mean age of 26.70 ± 4.89 years (range: 18–34 years) were treated. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) was improved and refraction was corrected significantly after PRK surgery. The stereoscopic vision in patients was 246.56 ± 98.43 s of arc before PRK surgery. Postoperatively, the stereoacuities were recorded as 365.38 ± 112.65 s of arc and 343.51 ± 88.96 s of arc at 3 and 6 months, respectively. These differences were statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion PRK was successful and safe in improving refractive error and UCVA, but it may deteriorate the stereoscopic vision. It may be due to an increase in higher order aberrations.
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Fath AJ, Snapp-Childs W, Kountouriotis GK, Bingham GP. Binocular Perception of 2D Lateral Motion and Guidance of Coordinated Motor Behavior. Perception 2015; 45:446-73. [PMID: 26614099 DOI: 10.1177/0301006615614664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Zannoli, Cass, Alais, and Mamassian (2012) found greater audiovisual lag between a tone and disparity-defined stimuli moving laterally (90-170 ms) than for disparity-defined stimuli moving in depth or luminance-defined stimuli moving laterally or in depth (50-60 ms). We tested if this increased lag presents an impediment to visually guided coordination with laterally moving objects. Participants used a joystick to move a virtual object in several constant relative phases with a laterally oscillating stimulus. Both the participant-controlled object and the target object were presented using a disparity-defined display that yielded information through changes in disparity over time (CDOT) or using a luminance-defined display that additionally provided information through monocular motion and interocular velocity differences (IOVD). Performance was comparable for both disparity-defined and luminance-defined displays in all relative phases. This suggests that, despite lag, perception of lateral motion through CDOT is generally sufficient to guide coordinated motor behavior.
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Norman JF, Cheeseman JR, Adkins OC, Cox AG, Rogers CE, Dowell CJ, Baxter MW, Norman HF, Reyes CM. Aging and solid shape recognition: Vision and haptics. Vision Res 2015; 115:113-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Horng CT, Hsieh YS, Tsai ML, Chang WK, Yang TH, Yauan CH, Wang CH, Kuo WH, Wu YC. Effects of horizontal acceleration on human visual acuity and stereopsis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:910-26. [PMID: 25607601 PMCID: PMC4306901 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120100910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of horizontal acceleration on human visual acuity and stereopsis is demonstrated in this study. Twenty participants (mean age 22.6 years) were enrolled in the experiment. Acceleration from two different directions was performed at the Taiwan High-Speed Rail Laboratory. Gx and Gy (< and >0.1 g) were produced on an accelerating platform where the subjects stood. The visual acuity and stereopsis of the right eye were measured before and during the acceleration. Acceleration <0.1 g in the X- or Y-axis did not affect dynamic vision and stereopsis. Vision decreased (mean from 0.02 logMAR to 0.25 logMAR) and stereopsis declined significantly (mean from 40 s to 60.2 s of arc) when Gx > 0.1 g. Visual acuity worsened (mean from 0.02 logMAR to 0.19 logMAR) and poor stereopsis was noted (mean from 40 s to 50.2 s of arc) when Gy > 0.1 g. The effect of acceleration from the X-axis on the visual system was higher than that from the Y-axis. During acceleration, most subjects complained of ocular strain when reading. To our knowledge, this study is the first to report the exact levels of visual function loss during Gx and Gy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ting Horng
- Medical Education Center, Kaohsiung Armed Forced General Hospital, Kaohsiung City 802, Taiwan.
| | - Yih-Shou Hsieh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shang Medical University and Chung Shang Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 402, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Ling Tsai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taipei City 231, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Kang Chang
- Medical Affairs Bureau, Ministry of National Defense, Taipei City 104, Taiwan.
| | - Tzu-Hung Yang
- Medical Education Center, Kaohsiung Armed Forced General Hospital, Kaohsiung City 802, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Han Yauan
- Department of Ear-Nose-Throat, Kaohsiung Armed Forced General Hospital, Kaohsiung City 802, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Hung Wang
- Medical Affairs Bureau, Ministry of National Defense, Taipei City 104, Taiwan.
| | - Wu-Hsien Kuo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 100, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Chang Wu
- Medical Affairs Bureau, Ministry of National Defense, Taipei City 104, Taiwan.
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Abstract
What are the geometric primitives of binocular disparity? The Venetian blind effect and other converging lines of evidence indicate that stereoscopic depth perception derives from disparities of higher-order structure in images of surfaces. Image structure entails spatial variations of intensity, texture, and motion, jointly structured by observed surfaces. The spatial structure of binocular disparity corresponds to the spatial structure of surfaces. Independent spatial coordinates are not necessary for stereoscopic vision. Stereopsis is highly sensitive to structural disparities associated with local surface shape. Disparate positions on retinal anatomy are neither necessary nor sufficient for stereopsis.
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Pierce RS, Andersen GJ. The effects of age and workload on 3D spatial attention in dual-task driving. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2014; 67:96-104. [PMID: 24631981 PMCID: PMC3995863 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2014.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we assessed whether the limits in visual-spatial attention associated with aging affect the spatial extent of attention in depth during driving performance. Drivers in the present study performed a car-following and light-detection task. To assess the extent of visual-spatial attention, we compared reaction times and accuracy to light change targets that varied in horizontal position and depth location. In addition, because workload has been identified as a factor that can change the horizontal and vertical extent of attention, we tested whether variability of the lead car speed influenced the extent of spatial attention for younger or older drivers. For younger drivers, reaction time (RT) to light-change targets varied as a function of distance and horizontal position. For older drivers RT varied only as a function of distance. There was a distance by horizontal position interaction for younger drivers but not for older drivers. Specifically, there was no effect of horizontal position at any given level of depth for older drivers. However, for younger drivers there was an effect of horizontal position for targets further in depth but not for targets nearer in depth. With regards to workload, we found no statistically reliable evidence that variability of the lead car speed had an effect on the spatial extent of attention for younger or older drivers. In a control experiment, we examined the effects of depth on light detection when the projected size and position of the targets was constant. Consistent with our previous results, we found that drivers' reaction time to light-change targets varied as a function of distance even when 2D position and size were controlled. Given that depth is an important dimension in driving performance, an important issue for assessing driving safety is to consider the limits of attention in the depth dimension. Therefore, we suggest that future research should consider the importance of depth as a dimension of spatial attention in relation to the assessment of driving performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell S Pierce
- Visual Cognition and Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, United States of America.
| | - George J Andersen
- Visual Cognition and Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, United States of America.
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Cao KY, Markowitz SN. Residual stereopsis in age-related macular degeneration patients and its impact on vision-related abilities: a pilot study. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2014; 7:100-105. [PMID: 24766867 PMCID: PMC4009455 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of residual stereopsis on vision-related abilities of low vision (LV) patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS Prospective non-randomized observational case series. Inclusion criteria included documented AMD, LV with best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20/50-20/400 in the better eye, and ages between 50 and 90 years. Stereoacuity was measured using the near Frisby Stereotest. Vision related abilities were documented with the VA LV VFQ-48 questionnaire. RESULTS Twenty-seven subjects with mean age of 84±6 years old were recruited, of which 59.3% (16/27) were female. 59.3% (16/27) of the subjects were not able to see any stereoacuity plate, 25.9% (7/27) had stereoacuity of 340s of arc (SOA), 11.1% (3/27) had stereoacuity of 170 SOA and 3.7% (1/27) had stereoacuity of 85 SOA. The mean Overall Functional Visual Abilities (OFVA) score was significantly higher in those with stereopsis (2.25±0.99) than those without stereopsis (1.50±0.92) (P=0.028). CONCLUSIONS LV patients with stereopsis have better OFVA than those without. Stereopsis should be considered as a component of LV rehabilitation and considered as an outcome measure in research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Y Cao
- Low Vision Service (University Health Network Hospitals), Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samuel N Markowitz
- Low Vision Service (University Health Network Hospitals), Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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The effect of age upon the perception of 3-D shape from motion. Vision Res 2013; 93:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Podbielski DW, Reyes SV, Markowitz SN. The worse eye is not as bad as it seems to be in AMD cases. Can J Ophthalmol 2013; 48:381-5. [PMID: 24093184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is the aim of this study to review residual vision in the less used eye of patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) using modern concepts for residual visual functions in addition to traditional methods for assessing visual acuity. DESIGN The study was designed as a retrospective, nonrandomized, observational case series. PARTICIPANTS Consecutive cases tested with microperimetry instruments were identified from archives. Included were cases with diagnosed AMD of all age groups and all visual acuity levels. METHODS In all cases, microperimetric technology was used to assess residual visual function. Outcome measures selected for analysis were visual acuity, preferred retinal loci (PRL) topography, fixation stability, and PRL span. RESULTS Data were collected and analyzed for both eyes from 51 patients with AMD low vision. There were 23 males and 28 females whose mean age was 84 (± 7) years. Within the group the difference in visual acuity estimates between the better seeing and the less used eye was statistically significant (p = 0.001). Similar positive statistical significant differences were noticed at all spatial frequencies (except at 6 cycles/degree) when testing contrast sensitivity. All other measurements were not statistically different between the better seeing and the poorer eye. This applies to the fixation stability and PRL span estimates. Almost half (49%) of the cases showed retinal noncorrespondence of PRLs between the 2 eyes. CONCLUSIONS Visual acuity estimates are not a reliable measure for residual vision. The less used eye in AMD cases has much better residual vision than thought before according to modern outcome measures. This new concept should be taken into account by all practitioners and be applied during all low vision rehabilitation interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik W Podbielski
- Low Vision Service (University Health Network Hospitals), Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
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DeLoss DJ, Pierce RS, Andersen GJ. Multisensory integration, aging, and the sound-induced flash illusion. Psychol Aging 2013; 28:802-12. [PMID: 23978009 DOI: 10.1037/a0033289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined age-related differences in multisensory integration and the role of attention in age-related differences in multisensory integration. The sound-induced flash illusion--the misperception of the number of visual flashes due to the simultaneous presentation of a different number of auditory beeps--was used to examine the strength of multisensory integration in older and younger observers. The effects of integration were examined when discriminating 1-3 flashes, 1-3 beeps, or 1-3 flashes presented with 1-3 beeps. Stimulus conditions were blocked according to these conditions with baseline (unisensory) performance assessed during the multisensory block. Older participants demonstrated greater multisensory integration--a greater influence of the beeps when judging the number of visual flashes--than younger observers. In a second experiment, the role of attention was assessed using a go/no-go paradigm. The results of Experiment 2 replicated those of Experiment 1. In addition, the strength of the illusion was modulated by the sensory domain of the go/no-go task, though this did not differ by age group. In the visual go/no-go task we found a decrease in the illusion, yet in the auditory go/no-go task we found an increase in the illusion. These results demonstrate that older individuals exhibit increased multisensory integration compared with younger individuals. Attention was also found to modulate the strength of the sound-induced flash illusion. However, the results also suggest that attention was not likely to be a factor in the age-related differences in multisensory integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denton J DeLoss
- Department of Psychology, University of California-Riverside
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Aging and the discrimination of 3-D shape from motion and binocular disparity. Atten Percept Psychophys 2012; 74:1512-21. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-012-0340-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
How do retinal images lead to perceived environmental objects? Vision involves a series of spatial and material transformations--from environmental objects to retinal images, to neurophysiological patterns, and finally to perceptual experience and action. A rationale for understanding functional relations among these physically different systems occurred to Gustav Fechner: Differences in sensation correspond to differences in physical stimulation. The concept of information is similar: Relationships in one system may correspond to, and thus represent, those in another. Criteria for identifying and evaluating information include (a) resolution, or the precision of correspondence; (b) uncertainty about which input (output) produced a given output (input); and (c) invariance, or the preservation of correspondence under transformations of input and output. We apply this framework to psychophysical evidence to identify visual information for perceiving surfaces. The elementary spatial structure shared by objects and images is the second-order differential structure of local surface shape. Experiments have shown that human vision is directly sensitive to this higher-order spatial information from interimage disparities (stereopsis and motion parallax), boundary contours, texture, shading, and combined variables. Psychophysical evidence contradicts other common ideas about retinal information for spatial vision and object perception.
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Andersen GJ. Aging and vision: changes in function and performance from optics to perception. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2012; 3:403-410. [PMID: 22919436 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Age-related declines in vision can have a major impact on the health and well-being of an older population. A review of research on aging and vision indicates that these declines occur at multiple levels of the visual system including optics, sensory processing, and perceptual processing and are not likely due to a systemic change in brain function (e.g., generalized slowing; common cause hypothesis) as a result of normal aging. In addition, declines in sensory and perceptual processing are not due to low-level explanations such as the amount of light that reaches the retina. Declines in visual performance are due to a variety of distinct factors that include spatial integration and difficulty in processing visual information in the presence of noise. Neurophysiological studies suggest that processing declines may be due in part to changes in cortical inhibition mediated by changes in the level of neurotransmitters associated with inhibition. Despite the widespread declines in function with normal aging, recent research suggests that perceptual learning can be used to dramatically improve visual function for older individuals. This research suggests a high degree of plasticity of the visual system among older populations and suggests that perceptual learning is an important tool for the recovery of age-related declines in vision. WIREs Cogn Sci 2012, 3:403-410. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1167 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Andersen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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Abstract
Two experiments evaluated the ability of older and younger adults to perceive the three-dimensional (3D) shape of object surfaces from active touch (haptics). The ages of the older adults ranged from 64 to 84 years, while those of the younger adults ranged from 18 to 27 years. In Experiment 1, the participants haptically judged the shape of large (20 cm diameter) surfaces with an entire hand. In contrast, in Experiment 2, the participants explored the shape of small (5 cm diameter) surfaces with a single finger. The haptic surfaces varied in shape index (Koenderink, Solid shape, 1990; Koenderink, Image and Vision Computing, 10, 557–564, 1992) from −1.0 to +1.0 in steps of 0.25. For both types of surfaces (large and small), the participants were able to judge surface shape reliably. The older participants’ judgments of surface shape were just as accurate and precise as those of the younger participants. The results of the current study demonstrate that while older adults do possess reductions in tactile sensitivity and acuity, they nevertheless can effectively perceive 3D surface shape from haptic exploration.
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Coats RO, Wann JP. The reliance on visual feedback control by older adults is highlighted in tasks requiring precise endpoint placement and precision grip. Exp Brain Res 2011; 214:139-50. [PMID: 21830141 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2813-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel O Coats
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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Modulatory effects of binocular disparity and aging upon the perception of speed. Vision Res 2011; 50:65-71. [PMID: 19836410 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments investigated modulatory effects of a surround upon the perceived speed of a moving central region. Both the surround's depth and velocity (relative to the center) were manipulated. The abilities of younger observers (mean age was 23.1 years) were evaluated in Experiment 1, while Experiment 2 was devoted to older participants (mean age was 71.3 years). The results of Experiment 1 revealed that changes in the perceived depth of a surround (in this case caused by changes in binocular disparity) significantly influence the perceived speed of a central target. In particular, the center's motion was perceived as fastest when the surround possessed uncrossed binocular disparity relative to the central target. This effect, that targets that are closer than their background are perceived to be faster, only occurred when the center and surround moved in the same directions (and did not occur when center and surround moved in opposite directions). The results of Experiment 2 showed that the perceived speeds of older adults are different: older observers generally perceive nearer targets as faster both when center and surround move in the same direction and when they move in opposite directions. In addition, the older observers' judgments of speed were less precise. These age-related changes in the perception of speed are broadly consistent with the results of recent neurophysiological investigations that find age-related changes in the functionality of cortical area MT.
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Andersen GJ, Ni R, Bower JD, Watanabe T. Perceptual learning, aging, and improved visual performance in early stages of visual processing. J Vis 2010; 10:4. [PMID: 21149304 DOI: 10.1167/10.13.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we examined whether perceptual learning methods can be used to improve performance of older individuals. Subjects performed a texture discrimination task in the peripheral visual field and a letter discrimination task in central vision. The SOA threshold was derived by presenting a mask following the stimuli. Older subjects (age greater than 65 years) were either trained for 2 days using near threshold stimuli (experimental group) or were trained with the task with supra-threshold stimuli (older control group). The experimental group showed significant improvement in the task as a result of training whereas the older control group showed no significant improvement. The improved performance post-training equaled that of a younger control group and was maintained for at least 3 months. The results of two additional experiments indicate that the improved performance was not due to changes in divided attention, that the effect of perceptual learning was location specific, and that the pattern of learning was similar to that of younger subjects. These results indicate that perceptual learning with near threshold training can be used to improve visual performance among older individuals, that the improvements are not the result of practice with the visual task, and that the improvements do not transfer to non-trained locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Andersen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Daniel S, Bentin S. Age-related changes in processing faces from detection to identification: ERP evidence. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 33:206.e1-28. [PMID: 20961658 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We examined the ability of people 70 to 90 years old to apply global, configural, and featural face-processing strategies. In addition we investigated age-related changes in the ability to categorize faces at basic, subordinate, and individual levels. Using the N170 potential as index of early face processing and the P300 component as index of categorical decision making and effort, we found significant age-related perceptual changes which slowed and somewhat impaired face processing. Specifically, older participants had problems integrating face features into global structures, demonstrating enhanced dependence on distal global information. They did not apply configural computations by default while processing faces which suggests that, unless identification is required, they process faces only at a basic level. These perceptual changes could be the cause for slower and less accurate subordinate categorization, particularly when it is based on details. At the neural levels face processing was not right-lateralized, reflecting excessive involvement of the left hemisphere in perception leading to a more general reduction of interhemispheric asymmetry. In addition we found excessive but nonselective activation of frontal regions adding support to the view that executive control and particularly inhibition of irrelevant input are reduced in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Daniel
- Department of Neurobiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Costa MF, Moreira SMCF, Hamer RD, Ventura DF. Effects of age and optical blur on real depth stereoacuity. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2010; 30:660-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2010.00750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Norman JF, Norman HF, Swindle JM, Jennings LR, Bartholomew AN. Aging and the discrimination of object weight. Perception 2010; 38:1347-54. [PMID: 19911632 DOI: 10.1068/p6367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A single experiment was carried out to evaluate the ability of younger and older observers to discriminate object weights. A 2-alternative forced-choice variant of the method of constant stimuli was used to obtain difference thresholds for lifted weight for twelve younger (mean age = 21.5 years) and twelve older (mean age = 71.3 years) adults. The standard weight was 100 g, whereas the test weights ranged from 85 to 115 g. The difference thresholds of the older observers were 57.6% higher than those of the younger observers: the average difference thresholds were 10.4% and 6.6% of the standard for the older and younger observers, respectively. The current findings of an age-related deterioration in the ability to discriminate lifted weight extend and disambiguate the results of earlier research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Farley Norman
- Department of Psychology, 1906 College Heights Blvd. #21030, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101-1030, USA.
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Cyclops. Can J Ophthalmol 2009. [DOI: 10.3129/i09-032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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