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Mantovani V, Hauzman E, Corredor VH, Goulart PRK, Galvão O, Talebi M, Pessoa DMA, Soares JGM, Fiorani M, Gattass R, Fix Ventura D, Bonci DMO. Genetic variability of the sws1 cone opsin gene among New World monkeys. Am J Primatol 2020; 82:e23199. [PMID: 32990997 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Vision is a major sense for Primates and the ability to perceive colors has great importance for the species ecology and behavior. Visual processing begins with the activation of the visual opsins in the retina, and the spectral absorption peaks are highly variable among species. In most Primates, LWS/MWS opsins are responsible for sensitivity to long/middle wavelengths within the visible light spectrum, and SWS1 opsins provide sensitivity to short wavelengths, in the violet region of the spectrum. In this study, we aimed to investigate the genetic variation on the sws1 opsin gene of New World monkeys (NWM) and search for amino acid substitutions that might be associated with the different color vision phenotypes described for a few species. We sequenced the exon 1 of the sws1 opsin gene of seven species from the families Callitrichidae, Cebidae, and Atelidae, and searched for variation at the spectral tuning sites 46, 49, 52, 86, 90, 93, 114, 116, and 118. Among the known spectral tuning sites, only residue 114 was variable. To investigate whether other residues have a functional role in the SWS1 absorption peak, we performed computational modeling of wild-type SWS1 and mutants A50I and A50V, found naturally among the species investigated. Although in silico analysis did not show any visible effect caused by these substitutions, it is possible that interactions of residue 50 with other sites might have some effect in the spectral shifts in the order of ~14 nm, found among the NWM. We also performed phylogenetic reconstruction of the sws1 gene, which partially recovered the species phylogeny. Further studies will be important to uncover the mutations responsible for the phenotypic variability of the SWS1 of NWM, and how spectral tuning may be associated with specific ecological features such as preferred food items and habitat use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviani Mantovani
- Departamento de Psicologia Experimental, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Einat Hauzman
- Departamento de Psicologia Experimental, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitor H Corredor
- Departamento de Psicologia Experimental, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo R K Goulart
- Núcleo de Teoria de Pesquisa do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Olavo Galvão
- Núcleo de Teoria de Pesquisa do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Talebi
- Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Diadema, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel M A Pessoa
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Juliana G M Soares
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mario Fiorani
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Gattass
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dora Fix Ventura
- Departamento de Psicologia Experimental, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela M O Bonci
- Departamento de Psicologia Experimental, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Henriques LD, Oliveira JCP, Bonci DMO, Leão RC, Souza GS, Silveira LCL, Galvão OF, Goulart PRK, Ventura DF. Behavioral and genetic color vision evaluation of an albino male capuchin monkey (Sapajus apella). J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2019; 205:529-536. [PMID: 31111183 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-019-01342-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Albinism is a rare phenotype that affects the pigmentation in eyes, hair, and skin. The effects of albinism in color vision are still unclear. Our study aimed to evaluate the color vision phenotype and genotype of an albino capuchin monkey. An adult albino male capuchin monkey (Sapajus apella) had the L and M opsin gene analyzed, and was trained in a behavioral task of color discrimination. Color discrimination thresholds were determined along 20 chromatic axes around the background chromaticity. A color discrimination ellipse was drawn by interpolation among these thresholds. The albino monkey's behavioral color discrimination ellipse showed poor discrimination along the red-green axis indicating a deutan phenotype. Genetic analysis revealed only the presence of the L gene in the albino monkey. This result did not differ from that obtained with ten previously tested non-albino monkeys. Behavioral and molecular analyses agreed that the albino capuchin monkey had color vision similar to that of non-albino dichromat monkeys, suggesting no influence of albinism on color discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Dutra Henriques
- Departamento de Psicologia Experimental, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Mello Moraes 1721, São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP 05508-030, Brazil.
| | - J C P Oliveira
- Núcleo de Teoria e Pesquisa do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - D M O Bonci
- Departamento de Psicologia Experimental, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Mello Moraes 1721, São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - R C Leão
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - G S Souza
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - L C L Silveira
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - O F Galvão
- Núcleo de Teoria e Pesquisa do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - P R K Goulart
- Núcleo de Teoria e Pesquisa do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - D F Ventura
- Departamento de Psicologia Experimental, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Mello Moraes 1721, São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP 05508-030, Brazil.,Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Agrillo C, Beran MJ, Parrish AE. Exploring the Jastrow Illusion in Humans ( Homo sapiens), Rhesus Monkeys ( Macaca mulatta), and Capuchin Monkeys ( Sapajus apella). Perception 2019; 48:367-385. [PMID: 30913960 DOI: 10.1177/0301006619838181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In the Jastrow size illusion, two vertically stacked but offset stimuli of identical size are misperceived such that the bottom stimulus is overestimated relative to the top stimulus due to their spatial layout. In this study, we explored whether nonhuman primates perceive this geometric illusion in the same manner as humans. Human adults, rhesus macaques, and capuchin monkeys were presented with a computerized size discrimination task including Jastrow illusion probe trials. Consistent with previous results, humans perceived the illusory stimuli, validating the current experimental approach. Adults selected the bottom figure as larger in illusion trials with identical shapes, and performance was facilitated in trials with a true size difference when the larger figure was positioned at bottom. Monkeys performed very well in trials with a true size difference including difficult discriminations (5% difference in stimuli size), but they did not show evidence of the Jastrow illusion. They were indifferent between top and bottom stimuli in the illusory arrangement, showing no evidence of a human-like (or reversed) bias. These results are considered in light of differences in perceptual processing across primates and in comparison to previous comparative studies of the Jastrow and other size illusions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J Beran
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Peres R, Soares JGM, Lima B, Fiorani M, Chiorri M, Florentino MM, Gattass R. Neuronal response properties across cytochrome oxidase stripes in primate V2. J Comp Neurol 2018; 527:651-667. [PMID: 30113069 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome oxidase histochemistry reveals large-scale cortical modules in area V2 of primates known as thick, thin, and interstripes. Anatomical, electrophysiological, and tracing studies suggest that V2 cytochrome oxidase stripes participate in functionally distinct streams of visual information processing. However, there is controversy whether the different V2 compartments indeed correlate with specialized neuronal response properties. We used multiple-electrode arrays (16 × 2, 8 × 4 and 4 × 4 matrices) to simultaneously record the spiking activity (N = 190 single units) across distinct V2 stripes in anesthetized and paralyzed capuchin monkeys (N = 3 animals, 6 hemispheres). Visual stimulation consisted of moving bars and full-field gratings with different contrasts, orientations, directions of motion, spatial frequencies, velocities, and color contrasts. Interstripe neurons exhibited the strongest orientation and direction selectivities compared to the thick and thin stripes, with relatively stronger coding for orientation. Additionally, they responded best to higher spatial frequencies and to lower stimulus velocities. Thin stripes showed the highest proportion (80%) of neurons selective to color contrast (compared to 47% and 21% for thick and interstripes, respectively). The great majority of the color selective cells (86%) were also orientation selective. Additionally, thin stripe neurons continued to increase their firing rate for stimulus contrasts above 50%, while thick and interstripe neurons already exhibited some degree of response saturation at this point. Thick stripes best coded for lower spatial frequencies and higher stimulus velocities. In conclusion, V2 CytOx stripes exhibit a mixed degree of segregation and integration of information processing, shedding light into the early mechanisms of vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Peres
- Programa de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Juliana G M Soares
- Programa de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Bruss Lima
- Programa de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Mario Fiorani
- Programa de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Marco Chiorri
- Programa de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Maria M Florentino
- Programa de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Gattass
- Programa de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
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Jacobs RL, MacFie TS, Spriggs AN, Baden AL, Morelli TL, Irwin MT, Lawler RR, Pastorini J, Mayor M, Lei R, Culligan R, Hawkins MTR, Kappeler PM, Wright PC, Louis EE, Mundy NI, Bradley BJ. Novel opsin gene variation in large-bodied, diurnal lemurs. Biol Lett 2017; 13:rsbl.2017.0050. [PMID: 28275167 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2017.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Some primate populations include both trichromatic and dichromatic (red-green colour blind) individuals due to allelic variation at the X-linked opsin locus. This polymorphic trichromacy is well described in day-active New World monkeys. Less is known about colour vision in Malagasy lemurs, but, unlike New World monkeys, only some day-active lemurs are polymorphic, while others are dichromatic. The evolutionary pressures underlying these differences in lemurs are unknown, but aspects of species ecology, including variation in activity pattern, are hypothesized to play a role. Limited data on X-linked opsin variation in lemurs make such hypotheses difficult to evaluate. We provide the first detailed examination of X-linked opsin variation across a lemur clade (Indriidae). We sequenced the X-linked opsin in the most strictly diurnal and largest extant lemur, Indri indri, and nine species of smaller, generally diurnal indriids (Propithecus). Although nocturnal Avahi (sister taxon to Propithecus) lacks a polymorphism, at least eight species of diurnal indriids have two or more X-linked opsin alleles. Four rainforest-living taxa-I. indri and the three largest Propithecus species-have alleles not previously documented in lemurs. Moreover, we identified at least three opsin alleles in Indri with peak spectral sensitivities similar to some New World monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Jacobs
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA .,Centre ValBio Research Station, Ranomafana, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar
| | - Tammie S MacFie
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amanda N Spriggs
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.,Department of Anthropology, University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Andrea L Baden
- Centre ValBio Research Station, Ranomafana, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar.,Department of Anthropology, Hunter College-CUNY, and The New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Toni Lyn Morelli
- Centre ValBio Research Station, Ranomafana, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar.,Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Mitchell T Irwin
- Department of Anthropology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - Richard R Lawler
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Jennifer Pastorini
- Anthropologisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mireya Mayor
- Centre ValBio Research Station, Ranomafana, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar
| | - Runhua Lei
- Conservation Genetics Department, Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, NE 68107, USA
| | - Ryan Culligan
- Conservation Genetics Department, Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, NE 68107, USA
| | - Melissa T R Hawkins
- Conservation Genetics Department, Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, NE 68107, USA
| | - Peter M Kappeler
- Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Patricia C Wright
- Centre ValBio Research Station, Ranomafana, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar.,Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Edward E Louis
- Conservation Genetics Department, Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, NE 68107, USA
| | | | - Brenda J Bradley
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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Chen Y, Tang H, Seibel W, Papoian R, Li X, Lambert NA, Palczewski K. A High-Throughput Drug Screening Strategy for Detecting Rhodopsin P23H Mutant Rescue and Degradation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:2553-67. [PMID: 25783607 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-16298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Inherent instability of the P23H mutant opsin accounts for approximately 10% of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa cases. Our purpose was to develop an overall set of reliable screening strategies to assess if either stabilization or enhanced degradation of mutant rhodopsin could rescue rod photoreceptors expressing this mutant protein. These strategies promise to reveal active compounds and clarify molecular mechanisms of biologically important processes, such as inhibition of target degradation or enhanced target folding. METHODS Cell-based bioluminescence reporter assays were developed and validated for high-throughput screening (HTS) of compounds that promote either stabilization or degradation of P23H mutant opsin. Such assays were further complemented by immunoblotting and image-based analyses. RESULTS Two stabilization assays of P23H mutant opsin were developed and validated, one based on β-galactosidase complementarity and a second assay involving bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) technology. Moreover, two additional assays evaluating mutant protein degradation also were employed, one based on the disappearance of luminescence and another employing the ALPHA immunoassay. Imaging of cells revealed the cellular localization of mutant rhodopsin, whereas immunoblots identified changes in the aggregation and glycosylation of P23H mutant opsin. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that these initial HTS and following assays can identify active therapeutic compounds, even for difficult targets such as mutant rhodopsin. The assays are readily scalable and their function has been proven with model compounds. High-throughput screening, supported by automated imaging and classic immunoassays, can further characterize multiple steps and pathways in the biosynthesis and degradation of this essential visual system protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Hong Tang
- Drug Discovery Center, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - William Seibel
- Drug Discovery Center, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Ruben Papoian
- Drug Discovery Center, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Pharmacology Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Nevin A Lambert
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Department of Pharmacology Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
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de Lima EM, Pessoa DMA, Sena L, de Melo AGC, de Castro PHG, Oliveira-Mendes AC, Schneider MPC, Pessoa VF. Polymorphic color vision in captive Uta Hick's cuxiús, or bearded sakis (Chiropotes utahickae). Am J Primatol 2014; 77:66-75. [PMID: 25224123 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The pitheciines (Chiropotes, Pithecia, and Cacajao) are frugivorous Neotropical primates that specialize on the predation of seeds from unripe fruits, usually cryptic against the foliage. However, little is known about the color vision distribution within this taxon, and even less about the abilities shared by these animals regarding discrimination of chromatic targets. The aim of this study was to evaluate the color vision perception of captive Uta Hick's cuxiús, or bearded sakis (Chiropotes utahickae) through a behavioral paradigm of color visual discrimination, as well as to estimate, by genetic studies, the number and kinds of medium to long wavelength cone photopigment (opsins) encoded by this species. Among 12 cuxiús (7 males and 5 females) studied only 1 female was diagnosed as a trichromat. Results from genotyping were in line with our behavioral data and showed that cuxiús carried one (dichromat) or two (trichromat) medium to long wavelength pigments alleles, demonstrating a color vision polymorphism in C. utahickae similar to the majority of Neotropical Primates.
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Abstract
It has been possible to use viral-mediated gene therapy to transform dichromatic (red-green color-blind) primates to trichromatic. Even though the third cone type was added after the end of developmental critical periods, treated animals acquired red-green color vision. What happened in the treated animals may represent a recapitulation of the evolution of trichromacy, which seems to have evolved with the acquisition of a third cone type without the need for subsequent modification to the circuitry. Some transgenic mice in which a third cone type was added also acquired trichromacy. However, compared with treated primates, red-green color vision in mice is poor, indicating large differences between mice and monkeys in their ability to take advantage of the new input. These results have implications for understanding the limits and opportunities for using gene therapy to treat vision disorders caused by defects in cone function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Jay Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109
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Goulart PRK, Bonci DMO, Galvão ODF, Silveira LCDL, Ventura DF. Color discrimination in the tufted capuchin monkey, Sapajus spp. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62255. [PMID: 23620819 PMCID: PMC3631197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the efficacy of an adapted version of the Mollon-Reffin test for the behavioral investigation of color vision in capuchin monkeys. Ten tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp., formerly referred to as Cebus apella) had their DNA analyzed and were characterized as the following: one trichromat female, seven deuteranope dichromats (six males and one female), and two protanope males, one of which was identified as an “ML protanope.” For their behavioral characterization, all of the subjects were tested at three regions of the Commission International de l'Eclairage (CIE) 1976 u′v′ diagram, with each test consisting of 20 chromatic variation vectors that were radially distributed around the chromaticity point set as the test background. The phenotypes inferred from the behavioral data were in complete agreement with those predicted from the genetic analysis, with the threshold distribution clearly differentiating between trichromats and dichromats and the estimated confusion lines characteristically converging for deuteranopes and the “classic” protanope. The discrimination pattern of the ML protanope was intermediate between protan and deutan, with confusion lines horizontally oriented and parallel to each other. The observed phenotypic differentiation confirmed the efficacy of the Mollon-Reffin test paradigm as a useful tool for evaluating color discrimination in nonhuman primates. Especially noteworthy was the demonstration of behavioral segregation between the “classic” and “ML” protanopes, suggesting identifiable behavioral consequences of even slight variations in the spectral sensitivity of M/L photopigments in dichromats.
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Altavini TS, Henriques LD, Bonci DMO, Nagy BV, Ventura DF, Pessoa VF. Using the Hard, Randy, and Rittler Test to Evaluate Color Vision in Capuchins (Cebus libidinosus). INT J PRIMATOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-012-9638-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bunce JA, Isbell LA, Neitz M, Bonci D, Surridge AK, Jacobs GH, Smith DG. Characterization of opsin gene alleles affecting color vision in a wild population of titi monkeys (Callicebus brunneus). Am J Primatol 2010; 73:189-96. [PMID: 20938927 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The color vision of most platyrrhine primates is determined by alleles at the polymorphic X-linked locus coding for the opsin responsible for the middle- to long-wavelength (M/L) cone photopigment. Females who are heterozygous at the locus have trichromatic vision, whereas homozygous females and all males are dichromatic. This study characterized the opsin alleles in a wild population of the socially monogamous platyrrhine monkey Callicebus brunneus (the brown titi monkey), a primate that an earlier study suggests may possess an unusual number of alleles at this locus and thus may be a subject of special interest in the study of primate color vision. Direct sequencing of regions of the M/L opsin gene using feces-, blood-, and saliva-derived DNA obtained from 14 individuals yielded evidence for the presence of three functionally distinct alleles, corresponding to the most common M/L photopigment variants inferred from a physiological study of cone spectral sensitivity in captive Callicebus.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Bunce
- Department of Anthropology, University of California-Davis, California, USA.
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