1
|
Logan NS, Radhakrishnan H, Cruickshank FE, Allen PM, Bandela PK, Davies LN, Hasebe S, Khanal S, Schmid KL, Vera-Diaz FA, Wolffsohn JS. IMI Accommodation and Binocular Vision in Myopia Development and Progression. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:4. [PMID: 33909034 PMCID: PMC8083074 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.5.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of accommodation in myopia development and progression has been debated for decades. More recently, the understanding of the mechanisms involved in accommodation and the consequent alterations in ocular parameters has expanded. This International Myopia Institute white paper reviews the variations in ocular parameters that occur with accommodation and the mechanisms involved in accommodation and myopia development and progression. Convergence is synergistically linked with accommodation and the impact of this on myopia has also been critiqued. Specific topics reviewed included accommodation and myopia, role of spatial frequency, and contrast of the task of objects in the near environment, color cues to accommodation, lag of accommodation, accommodative-convergence ratio, and near phoria status. Aspects of retinal blur from the lag of accommodation, the impact of spatial frequency at near and a short working distance may all be implicated in myopia development and progression. The response of the ciliary body and its links with changes in the choroid remain to be explored. Further research is critical to understanding the factors underlying accommodative and binocular mechanisms for myopia development and its progression and to guide recommendations for targeted interventions to slow myopia progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola S Logan
- School of Optometry, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hema Radhakrishnan
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona E Cruickshank
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M Allen
- Vision and Hearing Sciences Research Centre, School of Psychology and Sports Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Praveen K Bandela
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leon N Davies
- School of Optometry, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Satoshi Hasebe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Safal Khanal
- School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Katrina L Schmid
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Simpson J, Freeth M, Simpson KJ, Thwaites K. Visual engagement with urban street edges: insights using mobile eye-tracking. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/17549175.2018.1552884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Simpson
- Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Megan Freeth
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Kevin Thwaites
- Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Intraocular Pressure Changes during Accommodation in Progressing Myopes, Stable Myopes and Emmetropes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141839. [PMID: 26517725 PMCID: PMC4627769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the changes of intraocular pressure (IOP) induced by 3-diopter (3 D) accommodation in progressing myopes, stable myopes and emmetropes. Design Cross-sectional study. Participants 318 subjects including 270 myopes and 48 emmetropes. Methods 195 progressing myopes, 75 stable myopes and 48 emmetropes participated in this study. All subjects had their IOP measured using iCare rebound tonometer while accommodative stimuli of 0 D and 3 D were presented. Main Outcome Measures IOP values without accommodation and with 3 D accommodation were measured in all subjects. Baseline IOPs and IOP changes were compared within and between groups. Results There was no significant difference in IOPs between progressing myopes, stable myopes and emmetropes when no accommodation was induced (17.47±3.46, 16.62±2.98 and 16.80±3.62 respectively, p>0.05). IOP experienced an insignificantly slight decrease after 3 D accommodation in three groups (mean change -0.19±2.16, -0.03±1.68 and -0.39±2.65 respectively, p>0.05). Subgroup analysis showed in progressing myopic group, IOP of children (<18 years old) declined with accommodation while IOP of adults (≥18 years) increased, and the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.008). However, after excluding the age factor, accommodation induced IOP changes of high progressing myopes (≤-6 D), low, moderate and non-myopes (>-6 D) was not significantly different after Bonferroni correction (p = 0.838). Conclusions Although no difference was detected between the baseline IOPs and accommodation induced IOP changes in progressing myopes, stable myopes and emmetropes, this study found accommodation could cause transient IOP elevation in adult progressing myopes.
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate near-vision posture in Chinese myopic schoolchildren and compare near-vision posture during different near-vision tasks (i.e., playing video games, reading, and writing). METHODS The study investigated 120 myopic children (grades 1 through 6 and aged 6 to 13 years). An electromagnetic motion-tracking system was used for continuous measurements of the working distance and head declination of the subjects while they were playing video games or reading or writing at a desk. The reading and writing documents were adjusted by grade level (i.e., grades 1 to 2, 3 to 4, and 5 to 6). For analysis, the subjects were grouped in two refractive groups according to their median spherical equivalent refractive error (-1.50D). RESULTS The myopic schoolchildren used close working distances for all tasks: 21.3 ± 5.2 cm (video games), 27.2 ± 6.4 cm (reading), and 24.9 ± 5.8 cm (writing). The mean head declinations were 63.5 ± 12.2 deg (video games), 37.1 ± 12.8 deg (reading), and 44.5 ± 14.1 deg (writing). Working distance decreased significantly across time for the reading and writing tasks (p < 0.001). Head declination increased significantly across time only for the reading task (p < 0.001). Grade level significantly influenced working distance, but the difference was not significant when working distance was adjusted by the subject's size. No differences were observed within the refractive or the accommodative lag groups in terms of the posture data (p > 0.05). Working distance was negatively correlated with head declination (r = -0.53, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Close working distances were observed for Chinese myopic schoolchildren. The attention dedicated to each task, the task difficulty, and the page/screen size may affect near working distance and head declination. Handheld video games were associated with the closest working distance, which may be a risk factor for myopia progression, according to previous studies.
Collapse
|
5
|
Li SM, Li SY, Kang MT, Zhou Y, Liu LR, Li H, Wang YP, Zhan SY, Gopinath B, Mitchell P, Wang N. Near Work Related Parameters and Myopia in Chinese Children: the Anyang Childhood Eye Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134514. [PMID: 26244865 PMCID: PMC4526691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To examine the associations of near work related parameters with spherical equivalent refraction and axial length in Chinese children. Methods A total of 1770 grade 7 students with mean age of 12.7 years were examined with cycloplegic autorefraction and axial length. Questions were asked regarding time spent in near work and outdoors per day, and near work related parameters. Results Multivariate models revealed the following associations with greater odds of myopia: continuous reading (> 45min), odds ratio [OR], 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-1.8; close television viewing distance (≤ 3m), OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2-2.3; head tilt when writing, OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1-1.7, and desk lighting using fluorescent vs. incandescent lamp, OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2-2.0. These factors, together with close reading distance and close nib-to-fingertip distance were significantly associated with greater myopia (P<0.01). Among near work activities, only reading more books for pleasure was significantly associated with greater myopia (P=0.03). Television viewing distance (≤ 3 m), fluorescent desk light, close reading distance (≤20 cm) and close nib-to-fingertip distance (≤ 2 cm) were significantly associated with longer axial length (P<0.01). Reading distance, desk light, and reading books for pleasure had significant interaction effects with parental myopia. Conclusions Continuous reading, close distances of reading, television viewing and nib-to-fingertip, head tilt when writing, reading more books for pleasure and use of fluorescent desk light were significantly associated with myopia in 12-year-old Chinese children, which indicates that visual behaviors and environments may be important factors mediating the effects of near work on myopia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Ming Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Yuan Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Tian Kang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehua Zhou
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Luo-Ru Liu
- Anyang Eye Hospital, Anyang, Henan Province, China
| | - He Li
- Anyang Eye Hospital, Anyang, Henan Province, China
| | - Yi-Peng Wang
- Anyang Eye Hospital, Anyang, Henan Province, China
| | - Si-Yan Zhan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Bamini Gopinath
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare saccadic eye movements in groups of myopes and emmetropes, as eye movements could have an influence on refractive error development. Individual saccadic eye movement parameters were also compared with subjective refraction and axial length data. METHODS Horizontal eye movements of 28 participants (14 myopes and 14 emmetropes; mean age [SD], 27.0 [4.7] years) were recorded using a head-mounted eye tracker. To reduce the influence of head movements, a chin rest was used. Two fixation stimuli lying symmetrically at ±10 degrees on either side of the median line were presented on a computer monitor and were alternately displayed for durations of 2 seconds each. The participants alternated their fixation between the target positions immediately after they became aware that the target had changed. Only right eye data were considered for analysis. RESULTS Durations, amplitudes, and peak velocities of the main saccades and the numbers of overshoots, undershoots, and exact fixations were analyzed. For all analyzed parameters, no significant differences were found between myopes and emmetropes. When analyzing the whole study population or the emmetropic group alone, none of the saccadic eye movement parameters were correlated with axial length or refractive error. In myopes, only the peak velocity showed a weak correlation with refractive error and axial length, but this failed to reach statistical significance when allowance was made for multiple testing. CONCLUSIONS Because saccadic eye movements seem to be similar in myopes and emmetropes, there is no evidence that saccadic eye movements are involved in myopia development.
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang Y, Bao J, Ou L, Thorn F, Lu F. Reading behavior of emmetropic schoolchildren in China. Vision Res 2013; 86:43-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|