Contrast adaptation and interocular transfer in cortical cells: A re-analysis & a two-stage gain-control model of binocular combination

A role for ocular dominance in binocular integration

Neurons in the primate primary visual cortex (V1) combine left- and right-eye information to form a binocular output. Controversy surrounds whether ocular dominance, the preference of these neurons for one eye over the other, is functionally relevant. Here, we demonstrate that ocular dominance impacts gain control during binocular combination. We recorded V1 spiking activity while monkeys passively viewed grating stimuli. Gratings were either presented to one eye (monocular), both eyes with the same contrasts (binocular balanced), or both eyes with different contrasts (binocular imbalanced). We found that contrast placed in a neuron's dominant eye was weighted more strongly than contrast placed in a neuron's non-dominant eye. This asymmetry covaried with neurons' ocular dominance. We then tested whether accounting for ocular dominance within divisive normalization improves the fit to neural data. We found that ocular dominance significantly improved model performance, with interocular normalization providing the best fits. These findings suggest that V1 ocular dominance is relevant for response normalization during binocular stimulation.

Does V1 response suppression initiate binocular rivalry?

During binocular rivalry (BR) only one eye's view is perceived. Neural underpinnings of BR are debated. Recent studies suggest that primary visual cortex (V1) initiates BR. One trigger might be response suppression across most V1 neurons at the onset of BR. Here, we utilize a variant of BR called binocular rivalry flash suppression (BRFS) to test this hypothesis. BRFS is identical to BR, except stimuli are shown with a ∼1s delay. If V1 response suppression was required to initiate BR, it should occur during BRFS as well. To test this, we compared V1 spiking in two macaques observing BRFS. We found that BRFS resulted in response facilitation rather than response suppression across V1 neurons. However, BRFS still reduces responses in a subset of V1 neurons due to the adaptive effects of asynchronous stimulus presentation. We argue that this selective response suppression could serve as an alternate initiator of BR.

Binocular properties of contrast adaptation in human vision

Adaptation to contrast has been known and studied for 50 years, and the functional importance of dynamic gain control mechanisms is widely recognized. Understanding of binocular combination and binocular fusion has also advanced in the last 20 years, but aside from interocular transfer (IOT), we still know little about binocular properties of contrast adaptation. Our observers adapted to a high contrast 3.6 c/deg grating, and we assessed contrast detection and discrimination across a wide range of test contrasts (plotted as threshold vs contrast [TvC] functions). For each combination of adapt/test eye(s), the adapted TvC data followed a 'dipper' curve similar to the unadapted data, but displaced obliquely to higher contrasts. Adaptation had effectively re-scaled all contrasts by a common factor Cs that varied with the combination of adapt and test eye(s). Cs was well described by a simple 2-parameter model that had separate monocular and binocular gain controls, sited before and after binocular summation respectively. When these two levels of adaptation were inserted into an existing model for contrast discrimination, the extended 2-stage model gave a good account of the TvC functions, their shape invariance with adaptation, and the contrast scaling factors. The underlying contrast-response function is of almost constant shape, and adaptation shifts it to higher contrasts by the factor log10(Cs) - a 'pure contrast gain control'. Evidence of partial IOT in cat V1 cells supports the 2-stage scheme, but is not consistent with a classic (single-stage) model.

Binocular Integration in the Primate Primary Visual Cortex

binocular vision, binocular fusion, binocular combination, LGN, V1.

Stimulating both eyes with matching stimuli enhances V1 responses

Neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) of primates play a key role in combining monocular inputs to form a binocular response. Although much has been gleaned from studying how V1 responds to discrepant (dichoptic) images, equally important is to understand how V1 responds to concordant (dioptic) images in the two eyes. Here, we investigated the extent to which concordant, balanced, zero-disparity binocular stimulation modifies V1 responses to varying stimulus contrast using intracranial multielectrode arrays. On average, binocular stimuli evoked stronger V1 activity than their monocular counterparts. This binocular facilitation scaled most proportionately with contrast during the initial transient. As V1 responses evolved, additional contrast-mediated dynamics emerged. Specifically, responses exhibited longer maintenance of facilitation for lower contrast and binocular suppression at high contrast. These results suggest that V1 processes concordant stimulation of both eyes in at least two sequential steps: initial response enhancement followed by contrast-dependent control of excitation.