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Phylogeny, Phytomedicines, Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Properties, and Toxicity of Croton gratissimus Burch (Euphorbiaceae). Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2022; 2022:1238270. [PMID: 35619875 PMCID: PMC9130011 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1238270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Croton gratissimus is an important plant in Africa setup and across the globe for its ethnomedicinal uses in managing a wide range of diseases. Its phylogeny, pharmacological properties, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and cytotoxicity have been highlighted in various articles and journals. This review article aims to give a comprehensively overviewed literature about Croton gratissimus genus. Authentic literature sources such as books, peer reviewed articles, journals, theses, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and any other validated internet source have been used to develop this review. Croton gratissimus is richly found across different climatic zones because of its ability to adapt to various climatic conditions. It is mainly found in rocky hills as a scrub that is about 12–15 m tall. Its leaves are glossy, green on the top, and silvery underneath. Some of the leaves may look brick red rusty. Croton gratissimus has been explored traditionally to manage a number of diseases among the human race since time immemorial. It has been used to treat different ailments ranging from respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, malaria, diabetes, hypertension, dermatological conditions, arthritis, gastrointestinal disorders, fever, sexually transmitted diseases, and infertility. Studies have shown that parts of this plant have antioxidative, antimicrobial, anticholinesterases inhibitory, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, anticonvulsant, antiulcer, antihypertensive, antiproliferative, antiplasmodial, and anti-inflammatory activities. Terpenoids and flavonoids have shown to be the major classes of compounds in this plant. Its toxicity has not been well established; some studies have suggested that Croton gratissimus can cause hepatotoxicity and genotoxicity. More studies are needed to elucidate the compounds and their structures giving this plant a wide range of pharmacological activities, efficacy, safety, and toxicity levels, since the plant has greater ethnomedicinal uses. This would give a great indication of discovering new novelties that can give a breakthrough in drug discovery.
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Moremi MP, Makolo F, Viljoen AM, Kamatou GP. A review of biological activities and phytochemistry of six ethnomedicinally important South African Croton species. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 280:114416. [PMID: 34265381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The genus Croton (Euphorbiaceae) encompasses 1300 species, which consist of a variety of trees and shrubs distributed across the world. About 26 species are harboured on the African continent. This genus plays an essential role in African folk medicine. Croton species are traditionally used for the treatment of many diverse conditions such as diabetes, malaria, sexually transmitted diseases, cancer, inflammation, fever, digestive problems and fungal infections. AIM OF THE REVIEW To provide a comprehensive overview of the ethnobotany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of six selected southern Africa Croton species; C.gratissimus Burch., C. megalobotrys Müll.-Arg., C. menyhartii Gȕrke, C. pseudopulchellus Pax, C. steenkampianus Gerstner and C. sylvaticus Schltdl.). MATERIALS AND METHODS Various electronic databases, namely Google, Google Scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Biomed Central and Pubmed, were used to search for information related to the traditional uses, chemistry and pharmacology of Croton species. Books were also consulted to collect all pertinent information. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and biological activities of southern African Croton species are reviewed. The literature revealed that Croton species are trusted traditional medicines for the treatment of microbial infections and malaria. The non-volatile components of Croton species include flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids, while the volatile constituents comprise mainly of monoterpenes (α-phellandrene, α-pinene and 1,8-cineole) and sesquiterpenes (caryophyllene oxide). Most of the reported biological activities (anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer and antimalarial) were based on in vitro assays and were accredited to various extracts. However, both in vitro and in vivo studies, linking the reported activities to specific compounds, are still lacking. CONCLUSIONS Croton species are used in traditional medicine to treat a range of ailments, and various in vitro biological activities have been investigated, with some extracts exhibiting good activity that could be considered for further investigation. The in vitro activities obtained seem to justify the use of Croton species in traditional medicine. Data on in vivo studies are scarce and studies usually focused on a single collection. The need to establish a quality control protocols for the standardisation of these herbal drugs is also important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matenyane P Moremi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
| | - Felix Makolo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
| | - Alvaro M Viljoen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; SAMRC Herbal Drugs Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
| | - Guy P Kamatou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; SAMRC Herbal Drugs Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
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Li C, Sun X, Yin W, Zhan Z, Tang Q, Wang W, Zhuo X, Wu Z, Zhang H, Li Y, Zhang Y, Wang G. Crassifolins Q-W: Clerodane Diterpenoids From Croton crassifolius With Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Angiogenesis Activities. Front Chem 2021; 9:733350. [PMID: 34616713 PMCID: PMC8488372 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.733350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven new clerodane diterpenoids, crassifolins Q-W (1-7), along with five known analogues (8-12), were isolated from the roots of Croton crassifolius. Their structures were identified by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis (UV, IR, NMR, and HR-ESI-MS), and their absolute configurations were determined by ECD spectra and X-ray crystallography. The activities of compounds 1-5 against inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α levels on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages were assessed, and compound 5 showed the most significant activity with the secretion levels of IL-6 and TNF-α at 32.78 and 12.53%, respectively. Moreover, compounds 1-5 were screened for their anti-angiogenesis using a human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro mode; the results showed all of them exhibited obvious anti-angiogenesis activities, in particular, compound 5 showed the strongest anti-angiogenesis effect in the range of 6.25-50 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canjie Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Yin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Guangdong Clinical Translational Center for Targeted Drug, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaochun Zhan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Tang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenzhi Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuefang Zhuo
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongnan Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haipeng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Guangdong Clinical Translational Center for Targeted Drug, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaolan Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yubo Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Guangdong Clinical Translational Center for Targeted Drug, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guocai Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Alves-Silva JM, Zuzarte M, Girão H, Salgueiro L. The Role of Essential Oils and Their Main Compounds in the Management of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123506. [PMID: 34207498 PMCID: PMC8227493 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a global health burden that greatly impact patient quality of life and account for a huge number of deaths worldwide. Despite current therapies, several side effects have been reported that compromise patient adherence; thus, affecting therapeutic benefits. In this context, plant metabolites, namely volatile extracts and compounds, have emerged as promising therapeutic agents. Indeed, these compounds, in addition to having beneficial bioactivities, are generally more amenable and present less side effects, allowing better patient tolerance. The present review is an updated compilation of the studies carried out in the last 20 years on the beneficial potential of essential oils, and their compounds, against major risk factors of CVDs. Overall, these metabolites show beneficial potential through a direct effect on these risk factors, namely hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes, or by acting on related targets, or exerting general cellular protection. In general, monoterpenic compounds are the most studied regarding hypotensive and anti-dyslipidemic/antidiabetic properties, whereas phenylpropanoids are very effective at avoiding platelet aggregation. Despite the number of studies performed, clinical trials are sparse and several aspects related to essential oil’s features, namely volatility and chemical variability, need to be considered in order to guarantee their efficacy in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M. Alves-Silva
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.M.A.-S.); (M.Z.); (H.G.)
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mónica Zuzarte
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.M.A.-S.); (M.Z.); (H.G.)
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Henrique Girão
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.M.A.-S.); (M.Z.); (H.G.)
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lígia Salgueiro
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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5
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Tang F, Yan HL, Wang LX, Xu JF, Peng C, Ao H, Tan YZ. Review of Natural Resources With Vasodilation: Traditional Medicinal Plants, Natural Products, and Their Mechanism and Clinical Efficacy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:627458. [PMID: 33867985 PMCID: PMC8048554 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.627458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, chronic diseases including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CCVDs) have plagued the world. Meanwhile, we have noticed a close association between CCVDs and vascular lesions, such as hypertension. More focus has been placed on TMPs and natural products with vasodilation and hypotension. TMPs with vasodilatory and hypotensive activities are mainly from Compositae, Lamiaceae, and Orchidaceae (such as V. amygdalina Del., T. procuinbens L., M. glomerata Spreng., K. galanga L., etc.) whereas natural products eliciting vasorelaxant potentials were primarily from flavonoids, phenolic acids and alkaloids (such as apigenin, puerarin, curcumin, sinomenine, etc.). Furthermore, the data analysis showed that the vasodilatory function of TMPs was mainly concerned with the activation of eNOS, while the natural products were primarily correlated with the blockage of calcium channel. Thus, TMPs will be used as alternative drugs and nutritional supplements, while natural products will be considered as potential therapies for CCVDs in the future. This study provides comprehensive and valuable references for the prevention and treatment of hypertension and CCVDs and sheds light on the further studies in this regard. However, since most studies are in vitro and preclinical, there is a need for more in-depth researches and clinical trials to understand the potential of these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Ling Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Li-Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin-Feng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Ao
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Zhu Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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6
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Akintunde JK, Oyedibu GO, Olanipekun NJ, Olaleye OA. Modulation of Cardiopulmonary Toxicity and Oxidative Stress by Phenolic-Rich Fraction of Croton zambiscus Leaves in Rat Exposed to Chronic Mixture of Environmental Toxicants. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2021; 21:272-285. [PMID: 33135141 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-020-09618-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic mixed toxicant exposure has been implicated in the aetiology of lung and heart failure through prolonged free radical generations. This study was carried out to assess the protective effect of naturally occurring phenolic components from Croton zambesicus (400 mg/kg C-ZAMB) leaves against cardiopulmonary toxicity induced by chronic mixed toxicant (0.5 mL EOMABRSL) in rats. Chronic cardiopulmonary injury via oral administration of 0.5 ml EOMABRSL for 98 days (non-withdrawal) and 70 days (withdrawal) caused unhealthy alteration in the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers [malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase]. Similarly, both withdrawal and non-withdrawal approaches of EOMABRSL-exposed animals exhibited increase in the activity of eco-51-nucleotidase (51ENT) with corresponding diminution in the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), i.e. the metabolic fuel for cardiopulmonary wellness. Ultimately, histology examination confirmed hyperplastic, bronchopneumonia and cloudy swelling of cardiovascular cells followed by the accumulation of cellular exudates and haemorrhage in the alveoli and bronchioles. The active antioxidants of 400 mg/kg C-ZAMB leaves were responsible for the biological protection of cardiopulmonary toxicity by modulating the activities of 51ENT and LDH. The oxidative stress was also reversed by 400 mg/kg phenolic C-ZAMB leaves in the heart and lungs. Hence, 400 mg/kg phenolic C-ZAMB leaves may be a natural therapy for the treatment of cardiovascular disorder associated with pulmonary dysfunction in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Akintunde
- Applied Biochemistry and Molecular Toxicology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kwara State University, P.M.B 1530, Malete, Nigeria.
| | - G O Oyedibu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kwara State University, P.M.B 1530, Malete, Nigeria
| | - N J Olanipekun
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kwara State University, P.M.B 1530, Malete, Nigeria
| | - O A Olaleye
- Applied Biochemistry and Molecular Toxicology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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7
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Liu Y, Wang X, Chen S, Fu S, Liu B. Iron-Catalyzed Intramolecular Perezone-Type [5 + 2] Cycloaddition: Access to Tricyclo[6.3.1.01,6]dodecane. Org Lett 2018; 20:2934-2938. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry &Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry &Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Song Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry &Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Shaomin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry &Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry &Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- State key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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8
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Wang Y, Ren Y, Xing L, Dai X, Liu S, Yu B, Wang Y. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation effects of Panax notoginseng and its main components are mediated by nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase pathways. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:3998-4006. [PMID: 28101178 PMCID: PMC5228079 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax notoginseng, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, has been used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The main bioactive components of this species are Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS). The present study aimed to investigate the effects of PNS and five of its main components (ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rb1 and Rd, and notoginsenoside R1) on rat aorta rings pre-contracted with norepinephrine (NE) and to determine the underlying mechanism of action. Isolated aorta rings (with or without intact endothelium) from adult male Wistar rats were stimulated with NE to induce vasoconstriction, and subsequently treated with different concentrations of PNS and its five main components (Rg1, Re, Rb1, R1 and Rd) separately. This procedure was repeated after pre-incubation with the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), the guanylate cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) and the cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor indomethacin (INDO), in order to elucidate the mechanism of action of PNS and its components. The results demonstrated that PNS and the components Rg1, Re, Rb1 and R1, but not Rd, induced vessel relaxation in a concentration-dependent manner when the endothelium lining was intact. NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME and guanylate cyclase inhibitor ODQ attenuated the diastolic effects of PNS, Rg1, Re, Rb1 and R1 in aortic rings with intact endothelium. By contrast, INDO, a known COX inhibitor weakened the vasodilation effects of PNS, Re and Rb1 but demonstrated no effect on Rg1 and R1. In conclusion, PNS and two of its main components (Re and Rb1) exert vasodilating effects through the NO and COX pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P.R. China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Yu Ren
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P.R. China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Leilei Xing
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P.R. China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Xiangdong Dai
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P.R. China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Bin Yu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P.R. China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P.R. China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
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9
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Islam MT, da Mata AMOF, de Aguiar RPS, Paz MFCJ, de Alencar MVOB, Ferreira PMP, de Carvalho Melo-Cavalcante AA. Therapeutic Potential of Essential Oils Focusing on Diterpenes. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1420-44. [PMID: 27307034 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Among all plant derivates, essential oils (EOs) have gained the attention of many scientists. Diterpenes, a family of components present in some EO, are becoming a milestone in the EOs world. The goal of this review is to describe a scenario of diterpenes taking into health-consumption deportment. Previous studies revealed that diterpenes have antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, antiprotozoal, cytotoxic, anticancer, antigenotoxic, antimutagenic, chemopreventive, antiinflammatory, antinociceptive, immunostimulatory, organoprotective, antidiabetic, lipid-lowering, antiallergic, antiplatelet, antithrombotic, and antitoxin activities. In conclusion, diterpenes may be an immense featuring concern in pharmaceutical consumption from a drug discovery point of view. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Torequl Islam
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil.,Post-graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacy, Southern University Bangladesh, 22-Shahid Mirza Lane (E), Academic Building-II, 1st floor, 739/A, Mehedibag Road, Mehedibag-4000, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | | | - Raí Pablo Sousa de Aguiar
- Post-graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil
| | - Marcia Fernanda Correia Jardim Paz
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil.,Post-graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Oliveira Barros de Alencar
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil.,Post-graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil
| | - Paulo Michel Pinheiro Ferreira
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil.,Post-graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil.,Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil
| | - Ana Amélia de Carvalho Melo-Cavalcante
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil.,Post-graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil
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10
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Pita JCLR, Gomes IF, dos Santos SG, Tavares JF, da Silva MS, Diniz MDFFM, Sobral MV. Matrix effect and optimization of LC–MSn determination of trachylobane-360 in mice blood. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 100:262-270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Brighenti FL, Salvador MJ, Delbem ACB, Delbem ÁCB, Oliveira MAC, Soares CP, Freitas LSF, Koga-Ito CY. Systematic screening of plant extracts from the Brazilian Pantanal with antimicrobial activity against bacteria with cariogenic relevance. Caries Res 2014; 48:353-60. [PMID: 24603299 DOI: 10.1159/000357225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study proposes a bioprospection methodology regarding the antimicrobial potential of plant extracts against bacteria with cariogenic relevance. Sixty extracts were obtained from ten plants--(1) Jatropha weddelliana, (2) Attalea phalerata, (3) Buchenavia tomentosa, (4) Croton doctoris, (5) Mouriri elliptica, (6) Mascagnia benthamiana, (7) Senna aculeata, (8) Unonopsis guatterioides, (9) Allagoptera leucocalyx and (10) Bactris glaucescens--using different extraction methods - (A) 70° ethanol 72 h/25°C, (B) water 5 min/100°C, (C) water 1 h/55°C, (D) water 72 h/25°C, (E) hexane 72 h/25°C and (F) 90° ethanol 72 h/25°C. The plants were screened for antibacterial activity at 50 mg/ml using the agar well diffusion test against Actinomyces naeslundii ATCC 19039, Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356, Streptococcus gordonii ATCC 10558, Streptococcus mutans ATCC 35688, Streptococcus sanguinis ATCC 10556, Streptococcus sobrinus ATCC 33478 and Streptococcus mitis ATCC 9811. The active extracts were tested to determine their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), cytotoxicity and chemical characterization. Forty-seven extracts (78%) were active against at least one microorganism. Extract 4A demonstrated the lowest MIC and MBC for all microorganisms except S. gordonii and the extract at MIC concentration was non-cytotoxic. The concentrated extracts were slightly cytotoxic. Electrospray ionization with tandem mass spectrometry analyses demonstrated that the extract constituents coincided with the mass of the terpenoids and phenolics. Overall, the best results were obtained for extraction methods A, B and C. The present work proved the antimicrobial activity of several plants. Particularly, extracts from C. doctoris were the most active against bacteria involved in dental caries disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Brighenti
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
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12
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Ntie-Kang F, Lifongo LL, Simoben CV, Babiaka SB, Sippl W, Mbaze LM. The uniqueness and therapeutic value of natural products from West African medicinal plants, part II: terpenoids, geographical distribution and drug discovery. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04543b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review series, an attempt has been made to give indepth coverage of natural products derived from West African medicinal plants with diverse biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea, Cameroon
| | - Lydia L. Lifongo
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea, Cameroon
| | - Conrad V. Simoben
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea, Cameroon
| | - Smith B. Babiaka
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea, Cameroon
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg
- Halle, Germany
| | - Luc Meva'a Mbaze
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Douala
- Douala, Cameroon
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13
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Martins IRR, Dos Santos RF, de C Correia AC, de Oliveira GA, Macêdo CL, de S Monteiro F, Dos Santos PF, de A Cavalcante F, Tavares JF, da Silva BA. Relaxant effect of Ent-7α-hydroxytrachyloban-18-oic acid, a trachylobane diterpene from Xylopia langsdorfiana A. St-Hil. & Tul., on tracheal smooth muscle. J Smooth Muscle Res 2013; 49:15-25. [PMID: 23832615 PMCID: PMC5137274 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.49.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ent-7α-hydroxytrachyloban-18-oic acid, a trachylobane diterpene from
Xylopia langsdorfiana, has previously been shown to relax the
guinea-pig trachea in a concentration-dependent manner. In this study we aimed to
elucidate the mechanisms underlying this action and so contribute to the discovery of
natural products with therapeutic potential. A possible interaction between diterpene and
the Ca2+-calmodulin complex was eliminated as chlorpromazine (10-6
M), a calmodulin inhibitor, did not significantly alter the diterpene-induced relaxation
(pD2 = 4.38 ± 0.07 and 4.25 ± 0.07; mean ± S.E.M., n=5).
Trachylobane-318 showed a higher relaxant potency when the trachea was contracted by 18 mM
KCl than it did with 60 mM KCl (pD2 = 4.90 ± 0.25 and 3.88 ± 0.01,
n=5), suggesting the possible activation of K+ channels.
This was confirmed, as in the presence of 10 mM TEA+ (a non-selective
K+ channel blocker), diterpene relaxation potency was significantly reduced
(pD2 = 4.38 ± 0.07 to 4.01 ± 0.06, n=5). Furthermore,
K+ channel subtypes KATP, KV, SKCa and
BKCa seem to be modulated positively by trachylobane-318 (pD2 =
3.91 ± 0.003, 4.00 ± 0.06, 3.45 ± 0.14 and 3.80 ± 0.05, n=5) but not the
Kir subtype channel (pD2 = 4.15 ± 0.10, n=5).
Cyclic nucleotides were not involved as the relaxation due to aminophylline
(pD2 = 4.27 ± 0.09, n=5) was not altered in the presence of
3 × 10-5 M trachylobane-318 (pD2 = 4.46 ± 0.08,
n=5). Thus, at a functional level, trachylobane-318 seems to relax the
guinea-pig trachea by positive modulation of K+ channels, particularly the
KATP, KV, SKCa and BKCa subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Italo R R Martins
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
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14
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Vasodilator compounds derived from plants and their mechanisms of action. Molecules 2013; 18:5814-57. [PMID: 23685938 PMCID: PMC6270466 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18055814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The present paper reviews vasodilator compounds isolated from plants that were reported in the past 22 years (1990 to 2012) and the different mechanisms of action involved in their vasodilator effects. The search for reports was conducted in a comprehensive manner, intending to encompass those metabolites with a vasodilator effect whose mechanism of action involved both vascular endothelium and arterial smooth muscle. The results obtained from our bibliographic search showed that over half of the isolated compounds have a mechanism of action involving the endothelium. Most of these bioactive metabolites cause vasodilation either by activating the nitric oxide/cGMP pathway or by blocking voltage-dependent calcium channels. Moreover, it was found that many compounds induced vasodilation by more than one mechanism. This review confirms that secondary metabolites, which include a significant group of compounds with extensive chemical diversity, are a valuable source of new pharmaceuticals useful for the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
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Endothelium/Nitric Oxide Mediates the Vasorelaxant and Antihypertensive Effects of the Aqueous Extract from the Stem Bark of Mammea africana Sabine (Guttiferae). EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:961741. [PMID: 23008745 PMCID: PMC3447406 DOI: 10.1155/2012/961741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the vasorelaxant and antihypertensive effects of the aqueous extract from the stem bark of M. africana (AEMA). AEMA was tested in vitro on intact or endothelium-denuded rats' aorta rings precontracted with KCl or norepinephrine in absence or in presence of L-NAME or glibenclamide. The effect of a single concentration (300 μg/mL) of AEMA was also examined on the concentration-response curve of KCl. In vivo, the antihypertensive effects of AEMA (200 mg/kg/day) were evaluated in male Wistar rats treated with L-NAME (40 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks. AEMA relaxed aorta rings precontracted with NE or KCl with respective EC50 values of 0.36 μg/mL and 197.60 μg/mL. The destruction of endothelium or pretreatment of aorta rings with L-NAME shifted the EC50 of AEMA from 0.36 μg/mL to 40.65 μg/mL and 20.20 μg/mL, respectively. The vasorelaxant activity of M. africana was significantly inhibited in presence of glibenclamide. AEMA also significantly inhibited the concentration-response curve of KCl. Administered orally, AEMA induced acute and chronic antihypertensive effects and normalized renal NO level. These results show that the vasorelaxant activity of AEMA might be mediated by the activation of the NO-cGMP-ATP-dependent potassium channels pathway and might predominantly account for its antihypertensive effect.
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Pita JCLR, Xavier AL, de Sousa TKG, Mangueira VM, Tavares JF, Júnior RJDO, Veras RC, Pessoa HDLF, da Silva MS, Morelli S, Ávila VDMR, da Silva TG, Diniz MDFFM, Castello-Branco MVS. In vitro and in vivo antitumor effect of trachylobane-360, a diterpene from Xylopia langsdorffiana. Molecules 2012; 17:9573-89. [PMID: 22885357 PMCID: PMC6269042 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17089573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trachylobane-360 (ent-7α-acetoxytrachyloban-18-oic acid) was isolated from Xylopia langsdorffiana. Studies have shown that it has weak cytotoxic activity against tumor and non-tumor cells. This study investigated the in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects of trachylobane-360, as well as its cytotoxicity in mouse erythrocytes. In order to evaluate the in vivo toxicological aspects related to trachylobane-360 administration, hematological, biochemical and histopathological analyses of the treated animals were performed. The compound exhibited a concentration-dependent effect in inducing hemolysis with HC50 of 273.6 µM, and a moderate in vitro concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on the proliferation of sarcoma 180 cells with IC50 values of 150.8 µM and 150.4 µM, evaluated by the trypan blue exclusion test and MTT reduction assay, respectively. The in vivo inhibition rates of sarcoma 180 tumor development were 45.60, 71.99 and 80.06% at doses of 12.5 and 25 mg/kg of trachylobane-360 and 25 mg/kg of 5-FU, respectively. Biochemical parameters were not altered. Leukopenia was observed after 5-FU treatment, but this effect was not seen with trachylobane-360 treatment. The histopathological analysis of liver and kidney showed that both organs were mildly affected by trachylobane-360 treatment. Trachylobane-360 showed no immunosuppressive effect. In conclusion, these data reinforce the anticancer potential of this natural diterpene.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Carlos Lima Rodrigues Pita
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, P.O. Box 5009, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil; (J.C.L.R.P.); (A.L.X.); (T.K.G.S.); (V.M.M.); (J.F.T.); (R.C.V.); (H.L.F.P.); (M.S.S.); (M.F.F.M.D.)
| | - Aline Lira Xavier
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, P.O. Box 5009, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil; (J.C.L.R.P.); (A.L.X.); (T.K.G.S.); (V.M.M.); (J.F.T.); (R.C.V.); (H.L.F.P.); (M.S.S.); (M.F.F.M.D.)
| | - Tatyanna Kelvia Gomes de Sousa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, P.O. Box 5009, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil; (J.C.L.R.P.); (A.L.X.); (T.K.G.S.); (V.M.M.); (J.F.T.); (R.C.V.); (H.L.F.P.); (M.S.S.); (M.F.F.M.D.)
| | - Vivianne Mendes Mangueira
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, P.O. Box 5009, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil; (J.C.L.R.P.); (A.L.X.); (T.K.G.S.); (V.M.M.); (J.F.T.); (R.C.V.); (H.L.F.P.); (M.S.S.); (M.F.F.M.D.)
| | - Josean Fechine Tavares
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, P.O. Box 5009, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil; (J.C.L.R.P.); (A.L.X.); (T.K.G.S.); (V.M.M.); (J.F.T.); (R.C.V.); (H.L.F.P.); (M.S.S.); (M.F.F.M.D.)
| | - Robson José de Oliveira Júnior
- Laboratory of Cytogenetic, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, P.O. Box 593, Uberlândia 38400-902, MG, Brazil; (R.J.O.J.); (S.M.); (V.M.R.A.)
| | - Robson Cavalcante Veras
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, P.O. Box 5009, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil; (J.C.L.R.P.); (A.L.X.); (T.K.G.S.); (V.M.M.); (J.F.T.); (R.C.V.); (H.L.F.P.); (M.S.S.); (M.F.F.M.D.)
| | - Hilzeth de Luna Freire Pessoa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, P.O. Box 5009, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil; (J.C.L.R.P.); (A.L.X.); (T.K.G.S.); (V.M.M.); (J.F.T.); (R.C.V.); (H.L.F.P.); (M.S.S.); (M.F.F.M.D.)
| | - Marcelo Sobral da Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, P.O. Box 5009, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil; (J.C.L.R.P.); (A.L.X.); (T.K.G.S.); (V.M.M.); (J.F.T.); (R.C.V.); (H.L.F.P.); (M.S.S.); (M.F.F.M.D.)
| | - Sandra Morelli
- Laboratory of Cytogenetic, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, P.O. Box 593, Uberlândia 38400-902, MG, Brazil; (R.J.O.J.); (S.M.); (V.M.R.A.)
| | - Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues Ávila
- Laboratory of Cytogenetic, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, P.O. Box 593, Uberlândia 38400-902, MG, Brazil; (R.J.O.J.); (S.M.); (V.M.R.A.)
| | | | - Margareth de Fátima Formiga Melo Diniz
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, P.O. Box 5009, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil; (J.C.L.R.P.); (A.L.X.); (T.K.G.S.); (V.M.M.); (J.F.T.); (R.C.V.); (H.L.F.P.); (M.S.S.); (M.F.F.M.D.)
| | - Marianna Vieira Sobral Castello-Branco
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, P.O. Box 5009, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil; (J.C.L.R.P.); (A.L.X.); (T.K.G.S.); (V.M.M.); (J.F.T.); (R.C.V.); (H.L.F.P.); (M.S.S.); (M.F.F.M.D.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +55-83-3216-7003; Fax: +55-83-3216-7427
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Santos RF, Martins IRR, Monteiro FDS, Travassos RDA, Janebro DI, Tavares JF, Silva MS, da Silva BA. Spasmolytic activity of trachylobanes ent-7α-acetoxytrachyloban-18-oic acid and ent-7α-hydroxytrachyloban-18-oic acid isolated from Xylopia langsdorfiana A. St-Hil. & Tul. (Annonaceae). Nat Prod Res 2012; 26:2335-9. [PMID: 22288518 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2011.653974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the possible spasmolytic activity of ent-7α-acetoxytrachyloban-18-oic acid (1) and ent-7α-hydroxytrachyloban-18-oic acid (2) on smooth muscle models. In male rat aorta and rat uterus, both diterpenes were unable to trigger spasmolytic action. However, 2 relaxed guinea-pig trachea: Compounds 1 and 2 antagonised, significantly and concentration-dependently, carbachol- and histamine-induced phasic contractions in guinea-pig ileum. Moreover, they induced a significant and concentration-dependent relaxation in pre-contracted (KCl, carbachol or histamine) guinea-pig ileum, with 2 being 15 times more potent than 1 in histamine-contracted ileum. These dissimilar results may be due to chemical differences between them. Thus, we demonstrated that 1 and 2 seem to be promising spasmolytic agents, although further studies are required to elucidate the spasmolytic action mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosimeire F Santos
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica Prof. Delby Fernandes de Medeiros, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
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Santos RF, Martins IRR, Travassos RA, Tavares JF, Silva MS, Paredes-Gamero EJ, Ferreira AT, Nouailhetas VLA, Aboulafia J, Rigoni VLS, da Silva BA. Ent-7α-acetoxytrachyloban-18-oic acid and ent-7α-hydroxytrachyloban-18-oic acid from Xylopia langsdorfiana A. St-Hil. & Tul. modulate K(+) and Ca(2+) channels to reduce cytosolic calcium concentration on guinea pig ileum. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 678:39-47. [PMID: 22214536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the mechanism underlying the spasmolytic action of ent-7α-acetoxytrachyloban-18-oic acid (trachylobane-360) and ent-7α-hydroxytrachyloban-18-oic acid (trachylobane-318), diterpenes obtained from Xylopia langsdorfiana, on guinea pig ileum. Both compounds inhibited histamine-induced cumulative contractions (slope=3.5±0.9 and 4.4±0.7) that suggests a noncompetitive antagonism to histaminergic receptors. CaCl(2)-induced contractions were nonparallelly and concentration-dependently reduced by both diterpenes, indicating blockade of calcium influx through voltage-dependent calcium channels (Ca(v)). The Ca(v) participation was confirmed since both trachylobanes equipotently relaxed ileum pre-contracted with S-(-)-Bay K8644 (EC(50)=3.5±0.7×10-(5) and 1.1±0.2×10-(5)M) and KCl (EC(50)=5.5±0.3×10-(5) and 1.4±0.2×10-(5)M). K(+) channels participation was confirmed since diterpene-induced relaxation curves were significantly shifted to right in the presence of 5mM tetraethylammonium (TEA(+)) (EC(50)=0.5±0.04×10-(4) and 2.0±0.5×10-(5)M). ATP-sensitive K(+) channel (K(ATP)), voltage activated K(+) channels (K(V)), small conductance calcium-activated K(+) channels (SK(Ca)) or big conductance calcium-activated K(+) channels (BK(Ca)) did not seem to participate of trachylobane-360 spasmolytic action. However trachylobane-318 modulated positively K(ATP), K(V) and SK(Ca) (EC(50)=1.1±0.3×10-(5), 0.7±0.2×10-(5) and 0.7±0.2×10-(5)M), but not BK(Ca). A fluorescence analysis technique confirmed the decrease of cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](c)) induced by both trachylobanes in ileal myocytes. In conclusion, trachylobane-360 and trachylobane-318 induced spasmolytic activity by K(+) channel positive modulation and Ca(2+) channel blockade, which results in [Ca(2+)](c) reduction at cellular level leading to smooth muscle relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosimeire F Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
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Aderogba MA, McGaw LJ, Bezabih M, Abegaz BM. Isolation and characterisation of novel antioxidant constituents of Croton zambesicus leaf extract. Nat Prod Res 2011; 25:1224-33. [PMID: 21762034 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2010.532499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-activity-directed fractionation was used to target antioxidant constituents of the ethyl acetate fraction obtained from a 20% aqueous methanol crude extract of Croton zambesicus leaf. Repeated column chromatography of the fraction on silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 led to the isolation of a new natural product, identified as quercetin-3-O-β-6″(p-coumaroyl) glucopyranoside-3'-methyl ether, helichrysoside-3'-methyl ether (1), along with kaempferol-3-O-β-6″(p-coumaroyl) glucopyranoside, tiliroside (2) and apigenin-6-C-glucoside, isovitexin (3) as the antioxidant constituents. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic techniques, namely NMR (1D and 2D) and mass spectrometry. Compounds 1 and 2 are reported from this species for the first time. In the qualitative antioxidant assay, the three isolated compounds instantly bleached the DPPH (0.2% MeOH) purple colour indicating antioxidant activity. In the quantitative antioxidant assay, all the isolated compounds demonstrated weak antioxidant activity compared to quercetin and rutin used as positive control antioxidant agents. The compounds displayed little to no cytotoxicity against Vero cells in an in vitro assay. The presence of these antioxidant compounds in the leaf extract of C. zambesicus could provide a rationale for the ethnomedicinal use of the plant in the management of oxidative-stress-related diseases in folk medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Aderogba
- Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
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