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Zakrocka I, Kocki T, Urbańska E, Załuska W. Effects of Fenofibrate and Gemfibrozil on Kynurenic Acid Production in Rat Kidneys In Vitro: Old Drugs, New Properties. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2154. [PMID: 38004294 PMCID: PMC10672417 DOI: 10.3390/life13112154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney dysfunction significantly increases the cardiovascular risk, even in cases of minor functional declines. Hypertriglyceridemia is the most common lipid abnormality reported in patients with kidney disorders. PPAR-α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α) agonists called fibrates are the main agents used to lower triglyceride levels. Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is a tryptophan (Trp) derivative directly formed from L-kynurenine (L-KYN) by kynurenine aminotransferases (KATs). KYNA is classified as a uremic toxin, the level of which is correlated with kidney function impairments and lipid abnormalities. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of the most commonly used triglyceride-lowering drugs, fenofibrate and gemfibrozil, on KYNA production and KAT activity in rat kidneys in vitro. The influence of fenofibrate and gemfibrozil on KYNA formation and KAT activity was tested in rat kidney homogenates in vitro. Fenofibrate and gemfibrozil at 100 µM-1 mM significantly inhibited KYNA synthesis in rat kidney homogenates. Both fibrates directly affected the KAT I and KAT II isoenzyme activities in a dose-dependent manner at similar concentrations. The presented results reveal the novel mechanism of action of fibrates in the kidneys and suggest their potential role in kidney function protection beyond the well-known anti-hyperlipidemic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Zakrocka
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University, Jaczewskiego Street 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Kocki
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University, Jaczewskiego Street 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (T.K.); (E.U.)
| | - Ewa Urbańska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University, Jaczewskiego Street 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (T.K.); (E.U.)
| | - Wojciech Załuska
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University, Jaczewskiego Street 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland;
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Ke Q, Yang L, Cui Q, Diao W, Zhang Y, Xu M, He B. Ciprofibrate attenuates airway remodeling in cigarette smoke-exposed rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2019; 271:103290. [PMID: 31525465 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2019.103290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Airway remodeling is a key pathological lesion in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and it leads to poorly reversible airway obstruction. Current pharmacological interventions are ineffective at controlling airway remodeling. To address this issue, we queried the Connectivity Map (cMap) database to screen for drug candidates that had the potential to dilate the bronchus and inhibit airway smooth muscle (ASM) proliferation. We identified ciprofibrate as a drug candidate. Ciprofibrate inhibited cigarette smoke extract-induced rat ASM cell contraction and proliferation in vitro. We exposed Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats to clean air or cigarette smoke (CS) and treated the rats with ciprofibrate. Ciprofibrate improved pulmonary function, inhibited airway hypercontraction, and ameliorated morphological small airway remodeling, including airway smooth muscle proliferation, in CS-exposed rats. Ciprofibrate also significantly reduced IL-1β, IL-12p70, IL-17A and IL-18 expression, which are related to airway remodeling, in the sera of CS-exposed rats. These findings indicate that ciprofibrate could attenuate airway remodeling in CS-exposed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ke
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Qinghua Cui
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Center for Noncoding RNA Medicine, MOE Key Lab of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Wenqi Diao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Youyi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research. Beijing, China.
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research. Beijing, China; Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Bei He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Hua H, Yang J, Lin H, Xi Y, Dai M, Xu G, Wang F, Liu L, Zhao T, Huang J, Gonzalez FJ, Liu A. PPARα-independent action against metabolic syndrome development by fibrates is mediated by inhibition of STAT3 signalling. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 70:1630-1642. [PMID: 30251457 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Metabolic syndrome (MS) is the concurrence of at least three of five medical conditions: obesity, high blood pressure, insulin resistance, high serum triglyceride (TG) and low serum high-density lipoprotein levels. While fibrates are used to treat disorders other than the lowering serum TG, the mechanism by which fibrates decrease MS has not been established. METHODS In this study, wild-type and Ppara-null mice fed a medium-fat diet (MFD) were administered gemfibrozil and fenofibrate for 3 months respectively, to explore the effect and action mechanism. KEY FINDINGS In Ppara-null mice, MFD treatment increased body weight, adipose tissue, serum TG and impaired glucose tolerance. These phenotypes were attenuated in two groups treated with gemfibrozil and fenofibrate. The STAT3 pathway was activated in adipose and hepatic tissues in positive control, and inhibited in groups treated with gemfibrozil and fenofibrate. The above phenotypes and inflammation were not observed in any wild-type group. In 3T3-L1 adipogenic stem cells treated with high glucose, STAT3 knockdown greatly decreased the number of lipid droplets. CONCLUSIONS Low dose of clinical fibrates was effective against MS development independent of PPARα, and this action was mediated by STAT3 signalling inhibition in adipose tissue and, to a lesser extent, in hepatic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Hua
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Julin Yang
- Ningbo College of Health Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Hante Lin
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yang Xi
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Manyun Dai
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Gangming Xu
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Fuyan Wang
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Tingqi Zhao
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aiming Liu
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Song D, Luo M, Dai M, Bu S, Wang W, Zhang B, Gonzalez FJ, Liu A. PPARα-dependent increase of mouse urine output by gemfibrozil and fenofibrate. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 95:199-205. [PMID: 27918198 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
While gemfibrozil and fenofibrate are prescribed for anti-dyslipidemia treatment, a rational basis for the use of these drugs for treatment of dyslipidemia with concurrent metabolic syndrome has not been established. In this study, wild-type and Pparα-null mice were fed gemfibrozil- or fenofibrate-containing diets for 14 days. Urine output (24 h) was monitored, and urine, serum, and liver and kidney tissues were subjected to toxicity assessment. A 2-month challenge followed by a 2-week wash-out was performed for gemfibrozil to determine urine output and the potential toxicity. A therapeutically equivalent dose of gemfibrozil was more effective than fenofibrate in increasing urine output. This regulatory effect was not observed in Pparα-null mice. In contrast, hepatomegaly induced by fenofibrate was more pronounced than that of gemfibrozil. No significant toxicity was observed in liver or kidney in the 2-month treatment with gemfibrozil. These data demonstrated PPARα mediates the increased urine output by fibrates. Considering the relative action on hepatomegaly and the regulatory effect on urine output, gemfibrozil may be the preferable drug to increase urine output. These results revealed a new pharmacodynamic effect of clinically prescribed PPARα agonists and suggested the potential value of gemfibrozil in modification of blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danjun Song
- a Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Min Luo
- a Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Manyun Dai
- a Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Shizhong Bu
- a Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Weihua Wang
- b The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Burong Zhang
- b The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- c Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aiming Liu
- a Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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Gemfibrozil disrupts lysophosphatidylcholine and bile acid homeostasis via PPARα and its relevance to hepatotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:983-96. [PMID: 24385052 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Gemfibrozil, a ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), is one of the most widely prescribed anti-dyslipidemia fibrate drugs. Among the adverse reactions observed with gemfibrozil are alterations in liver function, cholestatic jaundice, and cholelithiasis. However, the mechanisms underlying these toxicities are poorly understood. In this study, wild-type and Ppara-null mice were dosed with a gemfibrozil-containing diet for 14 days. Ultra-performance chromatography electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and traditional approaches were used to assess the mechanism of gemfibrozil-induced hepatotoxicity. Unsupervised multivariate data analysis revealed four lysophosphatidylcholine components in wild-type mice that varied more dramatically than those in Ppara-null mice. Targeted metabolomics revealed taurocholic acid and tauro-α-muricholic acid/tauro-β-muricholic acid were significantly increased in wild-type mice, but not in Ppara-null mice. In addition to the above perturbations in metabolite homeostasis, phenotypic alterations in the liver were identified. Hepatic genes involved in metabolism and transportation of lysophosphatidylcholine and bile acid compounds were differentially regulated between wild-type and Ppara-null mice, in agreement with the observed downstream metabolic alterations. These data suggest that PPARα mediates gemfibrozil-induced hepatotoxicity in part by disrupting phospholipid and bile acid homeostasis.
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PPARα-Independent Arterial Smooth Muscle Relaxant Effects of PPARα Agonists. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:302495. [PMID: 23008696 PMCID: PMC3447381 DOI: 10.1155/2012/302495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We sought to determine direct vascular effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) agonists using isolated mouse aortas and middle cerebral arteries (MCAs). The PPARα agonists GW7647, WY14643, and gemfibrozil acutely relaxed aortas held under isometric tension and dilated pressurized MCAs with the following order of potency: GW7647≫WY14643>gemfibrozil. Responses were endothelium-independent, and the use of PPARα deficient mice demonstrated that responses were also PPARα-independent. Pretreating arteries with high extracellular K+ attenuated PPARα agonist-mediated relaxations in the aorta, but not in the MCA. In the aorta, the ATP sensitive potassium (KATP) channel blocker glibenclamide also impaired relaxations whereas the other K+ channel inhibitors, 4-aminopyridine and Iberiotoxin, had no effect. In aortas, GW7647 and WY14643 elevated cGMP levels by stimulating soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), and inhibition of sGC with ODQ blunted relaxations to PPARα agonists. In the MCA, dilations were inhibited by the protein kinase C (PKC) activator, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, and also by ODQ. Our results demonstrated acute, nonreceptor-mediated relaxant effects of PPARα agonists on smooth muscle of mouse arteries. Responses to PPARα agonists in the aorta involved KATP channels and sGC, whereas in the MCA the PKC and sGC pathways also appeared to contribute to the response.
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