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Zhu C, Li S. The peripheral corticotropin releasing factor family's role in vasculitis. Vascul Pharmacol 2024; 154:107275. [PMID: 38184094 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2023.107275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Corticotropin releasing factor family peptides (CRF peptides) include 4 members, corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), Urocortin (UCN1), UCN2 and UCN3. CRF peptides function via the two distinct receptors, CRF1 and CRF2. Among them, CRH/CRF1 has been recognized to influence immunity/inflammation peripherally. Both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of CRH are reported. Likewise, UCNs, peripherally in cardiovascular system have been documented to have both potent protective and harmful effects, with UCN1 acting on both CRF1 & CRF2 and UCN2 & UCN3 on CRF2. We and others also observe protective and detrimental effects of CRF peptides/receptors on vasculature, with the latter of predominantly higher incidence, i.e., they play an important role in the development of vasculitis while in some cases they are found to counteract vascular inflammation. The pro-vasculitis effects of CRH & UCNs include increasing vascular endothelial permeability, interrupting endothelial adherens & tight junctions leading to hyperpermeability, stimulating immune/inflammatory cells to release inflammatory factors, and promoting angiogenesis by VEGF release while the anti-vasculitis effects may be just the opposite, depending on many factors such as different CRF receptor types, species and systemic conditions. Furthermore, CRF peptides' pro-vasculitis effects are found to be likely related to cPLA2 and S1P receptor signal pathway. This minireview will focus on summarizing the peripheral effects of CRF peptides on vasculature participating in the processes of vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Avenue, 101, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Avenue, 101, Nanjing, China.
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CRH/CRHR1 modulates cerebrovascular endothelial cell permeability in association with S1PR2 and S1PR3 under oxidative stress. Vascul Pharmacol 2021; 142:106941. [PMID: 34781017 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2021.106941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) has been demonstrated to participate in vascular inflammation and permeability. Our previous studies have shown that blockade of S1PR2 or CRHR1 inhibited H2O2-induced brain endothelial hyperpermeability via inhibiting cPLA2 phosphorylation. However, little is known about the linkage between S1PRs and CRHR1 in oxidative stress-induced cerebrovascular endothelial hyperpermeability. Here we observed the opposite effects of S1PR2 to those of S1PR3 on the monolayer permeability of bEnd3 cells in response to H2O2. Interestingly, activation of CRHR1 was found to reverse the effects resulting from blockade/silencing of both S1PR2 and S1PR3. In bEnd3 monolayer, blockade/knockdown of S1PR2 reduced the endothelial hyperpermeability and suppressed the tight junction protein ZO-1 redistribution caused by H2O2, along with the inhibition of p38, ERK and cPLA2 phosphorylation. On the contrary, suppression/silencing of S1PR3 further promoted H2O2-induced endothelial hyperpermeability and ZO-1 redistribution, accompanied by the increased phosphorylation of p38, ERK and cPLA2. In the presence of CRH, the effects resulting from the suppression of both S1PR2 and S1PR3 were abolished. Our results elucidate a possible linkage between CRHR1 and S1PR2/S1PR3 involving in the regulation of endothelial monolayer permeability under oxidative stress condition.
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Zhu C, Zhou J, Li T, Mu J, Jin L, Li S. Urocortin participates in LPS-induced apoptosis of THP-1 macrophages via S1P-cPLA2 signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 887:173559. [PMID: 32949605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There is little literature showing the effect of urocortin (UCN) on macrophage apoptosis. The underlying mechanism is also unclear. This work was to investigate the involvement of UCN in the regulation of LPS-induced macrophage apoptosis and hence in the prevention from the atherosclerotic lesion development through targeting PLA2. Flow cytometry analysis showed that cell apoptosis was increased by more than 50% after LPS treatment in human THP-1 macrophage. Lp-PLA2 and cPLA2 were found to mediate LPS-induced macrophage apoptosis and NF-κB differentially influenced the expression of Lp-PLA2 and cPLA2. However, the reverse regulation of the expression of Lp-PLA2 and cPLA2 by NF-κB suggested that NF-κB may not be a key target for regulating macrophage apoptosis. Interestingly, we found that the approximate three folds upregulation of cPLA2 was in line with the induction of S1P formation and cell apoptosis by LPS. Inversely, LPS obviously decreased UCN expression by about 50% and secretion by about 25%. Both the enzyme inhibitor and knockdown expression of cPLA2 could completely abolish LPS-induced cell apoptosis. In addition, suppression of S1P synthesis by Sphk1 inhibitor PF-543 reduced the expression of cPLA2 and cell apoptosis but at the same time restored the normal level of UCN in cell culture supernatant. Furthermore, addition of exogenous UCN also reversed LPS-induced expression of cPLA2 and apoptosis. Taken together, UCN may be the reverse regulator of LPS-S1P-cPLA2-apoptosis pathway, thereby contributing to the prevention from the formation of unstable plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, PR China.
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, PR China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, PR China
| | - Junyu Mu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, PR China
| | - Lai Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, PR China
| | - Shengnan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, PR China.
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Cao C, Dai L, Mu J, Wang X, Hong Y, Zhu C, Jin L, Li S. S1PR2 antagonist alleviates oxidative stress-enhanced brain endothelial permeability by attenuating p38 and Erk1/2-dependent cPLA 2 phosphorylation. Cell Signal 2018; 53:151-161. [PMID: 30290210 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Both sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-2 (S1PR2) and cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) are implicated in the disruption of cerebrovascular integrity in experimental stroke. However, the role of S1PR2 in induction of cPLA2 phosphorylation during cerebral ischemia-induced endothelial dysfunction remains unknown. This study investigated the effect of S1PR2 blockade on oxidative stress-induced cerebrovascular endothelial barrier impairment and explored the possible mechanisms. In bEnd3 cells, cPLA2 inhibitor CAY10502 as well as S1PR2 antagonist JTE013 profoundly suppressed hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced changes of paracellular permeability and ZO-1 localization. Besides p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) 1/2 is required for H2O2-increased cPLA2 phosphorylation and endothelial permeability. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of S1PR2 significantly suppressed their phosphorylation in response to H2O2. Especially lentivirus-mediated knockdown of S1PR2 inhibited H2O2-induced ZO-1 redistribution and paracellular hyperpermeability. Using the permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) mouse model, we found JTE013 pretreatment markedly reduced Evans blue dye (EBD) extravasation and reversed the decrease in VE-cadherin, occludin, claudin-5 and CD31 expression in infarcted hemisphere. Lentivirus-mediated S1PR2 knockdown also attenuated EBD extravasation. Furthermore, JTE013 pretreatment attenuated neurological deficit, brain edema and infarction volume. Therefore, our findings suggest the protective effect of JTE013 on brain endothelial barrier integrity is likely mediated by suppressing p38 and Erk1/2-dependent cPLA2 phosphorylation under oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchun Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211116, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu College of Nursing, 9 Science and Technology Avenue, Huaian, 223005, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junyu Mu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yali Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lai Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211116, Jiangsu, China.
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Owens GL, Lawrence KM, Jackson TR, Crosbie EJ, Sayan BS, Kitchener HC, Townsend PA. Urocortin suppresses endometrial cancer cell migration via CRFR2 and its system components are differentially modulated by estrogen. Cancer Med 2017; 6:408-415. [PMID: 28109061 PMCID: PMC5313640 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Urocortin (UCN1) peptide shares structural and functional homology with corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF). UCN1 is significantly reduced in endometrial adenocarcinoma compared to healthy controls. However, there are no data which evaluate the effects of UCN1 in the endometrium, or how it is modulated. We used proliferation and transwell assays to determine the effect of UCN1 on the proliferation and migration of Ishikawa and HEC1A cells. We also determined the expression levels of UCN1 and its receptors produced by estrogen receptor agonists, and the effect of UCN1 on estrogen receptor expression, using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. UCN1 suppressed migration of endometrial cancer cells in vitro. This effect appears to be specific to CRF receptor 2 (CRFR2), as selective antagonism of CRFR2 but not CRFR1 completely eliminated suppression of migration. Activation of ERA reduced UCN1 expression, but only had a small effect on the expression of CRFR1. However, expression of CRFR2 was more notably reduced at both the mRNA and protein levels by activation of ERB. UCN1 in turn reduced both ERA and ERB expression, as assessed by real‐time quantitative PCR. We demonstrate that UCN1 significantly suppresses the migration of endometrial cancer cells but has no effect on their proliferation. Thus, loss of UCN1 in endometrial cancer may promote invasion and metastatic spread. There is a complex relationship between the UCN1 system and estrogen receptors, which may provide insights into endometrial carcinogenesis, a disease known to be driven by estrogen excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma L Owens
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin M Lawrence
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - Tom R Jackson
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - Emma J Crosbie
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, St Mary's Hospital, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, United Kingdom
| | - Berna S Sayan
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - Henry C Kitchener
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, St Mary's Hospital, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Townsend
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4QL, United Kingdom
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Zhu C, Cao C, Wang X, Yuan J, Jin L, Li S. UCN enhances TGF-beta-mediated mitoinhibition of VSMCs via counteracting TGF-beta-induced cPLA2 expression and activation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 80:98-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Machida T, Matamura R, Iizuka K, Hirafuji M. Cellular function and signaling pathways of vascular smooth muscle cells modulated by sphingosine 1-phosphate. J Pharmacol Sci 2016; 132:211-217. [PMID: 27581589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) plays important roles in cardiovascular pathophysiology. S1P1 and/or S1P3, rather than S1P2 receptors, seem to be predominantly expressed in vascular endothelial cells, while S1P2 and/or S1P3, rather than S1P1 receptors, seem to be predominantly expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). S1P has multiple actions, such as proliferation, inhibition or stimulation of migration, and vasoconstriction or release of vasoactive mediators. S1P induces an increase of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration in many cell types, including VSMCs. Activation of S1P3 seems to play an important role in Ca2+ mobilization. S1P induces cyclooxygenase-2 expression in VSMCs via both S1P2 and S1P3 receptors. S1P2 receptor activation in VSMCs inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. At the local site of vascular injury, vasoactive mediators such as prostaglandins and NO produced by VSMCs are considered primarily as a defensive and compensatory mechanism for the lack of endothelial function to prevent further pathology. Therefore, selective S1P2 receptor antagonists may have the potential to be therapeutic agents, in view of their antagonism of iNOS inhibition by S1P. Further progress in studies of the precise mechanisms of S1P may provide useful knowledge for the development of new S1P-related drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Machida
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan.
| | - Ryosuke Matamura
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Kenji Iizuka
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hirafuji
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
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Ko P, Kim D, You E, Jung J, Oh S, Kim J, Lee KH, Rhee S. Extracellular Matrix Rigidity-dependent Sphingosine-1-phosphate Secretion Regulates Metastatic Cancer Cell Invasion and Adhesion. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21564. [PMID: 26877098 PMCID: PMC4753492 DOI: 10.1038/srep21564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic interaction between cancer cells and the surrounding microenvironment is critical for cancer progression via changes in cellular behavior including alteration of secreted molecules. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the influence exerted by the cancer microenvironment on secretion of molecules during cancer progression remain largely unknown. In this study, we report that secretion of spingsine-1-phosphate (S1P) and its regulator, SphK1 expression is dependent of the substrate rigidity, which is critical for the balance between cancer cell invasion and adhesion. Conditioned media (CM) of MDA-MB-231, an aggressive breast cancer cell obtained from soft substrate (~0.5 kPa) induced chemo-attractive invasion, while CM obtained from stiff substrate (~2.5 kPa) increased cell adhesion instead. We found that the expression of SphK1 is upregulated in the stiff substrate, resulting in an increase in S1P levels in the CM. We also found that upregulation of SphK1 expression in the stiff substrate is dominant in metastatic cancer cells but not in primary cancer cells. These results suggest that alterations in the mechanical environment of the ECM surrounding the tumor cells actively regulate cellular properties such as secretion, which in turn, may contribute to cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panseon Ko
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehwan Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunae You
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangho Jung
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Somi Oh
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyun Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Ho Lee
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmyung Rhee
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
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