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Lin J, Wang J, Fang J, Li M, Xu S, Little PJ, Zhang D, Liu Z. The cytoplasmic sensor, the AIM2 inflammasome: A precise therapeutic target in vascular and metabolic diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1695-1719. [PMID: 38528718 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardio-cerebrovascular diseases encompass pathological changes in the heart, brain and vascular system, which pose a great threat to health and well-being worldwide. Moreover, metabolic diseases contribute to and exacerbate the impact of vascular diseases. Inflammation is a complex process that protects against noxious stimuli but is also dysregulated in numerous so-called inflammatory diseases, one of which is atherosclerosis. Inflammation involves multiple organ systems and a complex cascade of molecular and cellular events. Numerous studies have shown that inflammation plays a vital role in cardio-cerebrovascular diseases and metabolic diseases. The absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome detects and is subsequently activated by double-stranded DNA in damaged cells and pathogens. With the assistance of the mature effector molecule caspase-1, the AIM2 inflammasome performs crucial biological functions that underpin its involvement in cardio-cerebrovascular diseases and related metabolic diseases: The production of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-18 (IL-18) and N-terminal pore-forming Gasdermin D fragment (GSDMD-N) mediates a series of inflammatory responses and programmed cell death (pyroptosis and PANoptosis). Currently, several agents have been reported to inhibit the activity of the AIM2 inflammasome and have the potential to be evaluated for use in clinical settings. In this review, we systemically elucidate the assembly, biological functions, regulation and mechanisms of the AIM2 inflammasome in cardio-cerebrovascular diseases and related metabolic diseases and outline the inhibitory agents of the AIM2 inflammasome as potential therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuguo Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Fang
- Huadu District People's Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meihang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Peter J Little
- Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Schulz S, Rehm S, Schlitt A, Bitter K, Reichert S. The Interleukin 6 Protein Level as well as a Genetic Variants, (rs1800795, rs1800797) Are Associated with Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes within 10-Years Follow-Up. Cells 2023; 12:2722. [PMID: 38067150 PMCID: PMC10706232 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of premature death. The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a essential marker of innate immunity that is considered to play an important proatherogenic role for cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study (substudy of ClinTrials.gov identifier: NCT01045070) was to evaluate IL-6 protein level and genetic variants (rs1800795, rs1800797) with respect to CV outcome (combined endpoint: myocardial infarction, stroke/transient ischemic attack, cardiac death, death according to stroke) among patients CVD within 10-years follow-up. MATERIAL AND METHODS Overall 1002 in-patients with CVD were included. IL-6 protein level was determined by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (fasting, between 7 and 8 a.m.). Genetic analyses were carried out by single specific primer-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS In survival analyses, IL-6 protein levels of ≥6.4 pg/mL (log-rank test: p = 0.034; cox regression: p = 0.032, hazard ratio = 1.29) and CC genotype of rs1800795 (log-rank test: p < 0.001, cox regression: p < 0.001, hazard ratio = 1.72) and AA genotype of rs180797 (log-rank test: p = 0.002, cox regression: p < 0.001, hazard ratio = 1.62) were associated with a poorer CV prognosis considering combined CV endpoint. CONCLUSION This study was the first to investigate both elevated IL-6 levels and genetic variants for their prognostic value for adverse CV outcomes in CVD patients within the 10-year follow-up period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Schulz
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany; (S.R.); (K.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Selina Rehm
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany; (S.R.); (K.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Axel Schlitt
- Department of Cardiology, Paracelsus-Harz-Clinic Bad Suderode, 06485 Bad Sundered, Germany;
- Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kerstin Bitter
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany; (S.R.); (K.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Stefan Reichert
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany; (S.R.); (K.B.); (S.R.)
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