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MACALANDA AMC, GALON EMS, MORILLO VA, WANLOP A, ONA KAL, XUAN X, INOUE N, KAWAZU SI, SUGANUMA K. Molecular detection and internal transcribed spacer-1 sequence diversity of Trypanosoma evansi in goats from Cavite, Philippines. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:35-38. [PMID: 38008465 PMCID: PMC10849846 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Goat production is an important source of livelihood and food. Goats may serve as reservoir of surra affecting livestock production. Here, forty-two free-roaming goats from Cavite, Philippines were screened using two primer sets, Trypanosoma brucei minisatellite chromosome for initial detection and the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) to determine phylogeny. Initial PCR detection showed that 19/42 (45%) goats were positive, much higher than the rate previously reported in goats from Cebu (34%). The infectivity rate was higher in male (56%) than in female (42%) and the rate was higher in young ≤1 year old (100%) than in adult >1 year old (43%). Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS-1 sequences between T. evansi goat samples and other isolates indicate potential interspecies transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Miki C MACALANDA
- Department of Immunopathology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cavite State University, Cavite, Philippines
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Eloiza May S GALON
- Department of Immunopathology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cavite State University, Cavite, Philippines
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Vernadyn A MORILLO
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nueva Vizcaya State University, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines
| | - Atcharaphan WANLOP
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kevin Austin L ONA
- College of Medicine, The University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Xuenan XUAN
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Noboru INOUE
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro KAWAZU
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Keisuke SUGANUMA
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
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Elata A, Galon EM, Moumouni PFA, Ybanez RHD, Mossaad E, Salces CB, Bajenting GP, Ybanez AP, Xuan X, Inoue N, Suganuma K. Molecular Detection of Animal Trypanosomes in Different Animal Species in the Visayas Region of the Philippines. Acta Parasitol 2023; 68:604-611. [PMID: 37368129 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00696-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Animal trypanosomosis is one of the most important parasitic diseases significantly affecting the Philippine economy. It is considered by the government to be the second most important disease of livestock after fasciolosis. A PCR-based molecular survey for trypanosomes in different animals in Bohol, Philippines, was performed to assess the prevalence of trypanosomosis in the area during the rainy and dry season. METHODS A total of 269 blood samples were collected in two batches in rainy and dry season from different animal species in Ubay Stock Farm in Ubay, Bohol, the Philippines, including 151 samples from water buffaloes, 76 samples from cattle, 35 samples from goats, and 7 samples from horses. DNA was subsequently extracted from these blood samples, and two different PCR assays were employed to detect and identify trypanosomes DNA including ITS1 PCR and CatL PCR. RESULTS Animal trypanosomes, Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma theileri, were detected in water buffalo (37.7%) [95%CI: 30.4 - 45.7], cattle (44.7%) [95%CI: 34.1 - 55.9], and goats (34.3%) [95%CI: 20.8 - 50.8]. Only T. evansi was detected in horses (28.6%) [95% CI: 8.2 - 64.1]. No clinical signs were observed in all positive animals. CONCLUSION This highlights the importance of domestic animals that can be infected with no signs but may act as reservoir animals and transmit trypanosomosis to susceptible animals. This study supports the importance of regular surveillance to estimate the prevalence of the disease, emphasizing its various dynamics in the affected areas and supporting efficient intervention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afraa Elata
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, 13314, Sudan
| | - Eloiza May Galon
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Paul Franck Adjou Moumouni
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Rochelle Haidee D Ybanez
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
- Institute of Molecular Parasitology and Protozoan Diseases at Main Campus and College of Veterinary Medicine at Barili Campus, Cebu Technological University, Cebu City, Philippines
| | - Ehab Mossaad
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 204, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Caro B Salces
- Philippine Carabao Center at Ubay Stock Farm, Lomangog, 6315, Ubay, Bohol, Philippines
| | - Gundolino P Bajenting
- Philippine Carabao Center at Ubay Stock Farm, Lomangog, 6315, Ubay, Bohol, Philippines
| | - Adrian P Ybanez
- Institute of Molecular Parasitology and Protozoan Diseases at Main Campus and College of Veterinary Medicine at Barili Campus, Cebu Technological University, Cebu City, Philippines
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Noboru Inoue
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
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Differences in Transporters Rather than Drug Targets Are the Principal Determinants of the Different Innate Sensitivities of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanozoon Subgenus Trypanosomes to Diamidines and Melaminophenyl Arsenicals. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052844. [PMID: 35269985 PMCID: PMC8911344 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The animal trypanosomiases are infections in a wide range of (domesticated) animals with any species of African trypanosome, such as Trypanosoma brucei, T. evansi, T. congolense, T. equiperdum and T. vivax. Symptoms differ between host and infective species and stage of infection and are treated with a small set of decades-old trypanocides. A complication is that not all trypanosome species are equally sensitive to all drugs and the reasons are at best partially understood. Here, we investigate whether drug transporters, mostly identified in T. b. brucei, determine the different drug sensitivities. We report that homologues of the aminopurine transporter TbAT1 and the aquaporin TbAQP2 are absent in T. congolense, while their introduction greatly sensitises this species to diamidine (pentamidine, diminazene) and melaminophenyl (melarsomine) drugs. Accumulation of these drugs in the transgenic lines was much more rapid. T. congolense is also inherently less sensitive to suramin than T. brucei, despite accumulating it faster. Expression of a proposed suramin transporter, located in T. brucei lysosomes, in T. congolense, did not alter its suramin sensitivity. We conclude that for several of the most important classes of trypanocides the presence of specific transporters, rather than drug targets, is the determining factor of drug efficacy.
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