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Sharma D, Saadi I, Oazana S, Lati R, Laor Y. Distribution of residence time in rotary-drum composting and implications for hygienization. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 179:22-31. [PMID: 38447256 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Rotary drums enable rapid composting compared to static systems. Residence times (RT) of 3-5 days are commonly applied to fulfill sanitary requirements and ensure the initial stabilization of organic matter. Practically, RT distribution (RTD) implies that a portion of the feed is discharged earlier than the mean RT, which may not guarantee safe application of the end product. This study assessed RTD and other physical-chemical and biological parameters of cattle manure and green waste composted in an EcodrumTM rotary drum (∼10 m3). Two types of tracers were used: pieces of plastic tubing and lumps of raw material in which plant seeds were buried, which were packed in nylon socks. A transient-state during which less than 50 % of the drum volume was occupied was distinguished from a steady-state stage, during which the drum operated with its optimal loading of about two-thirds of its volume. Starting temperatures inside the drum were close to ambient when the drum was mostly empty and then increased up to 60-65 °C as the occupied volume approached 50 %. The two types of tracers seemed to provide complementary measurements; under steady-state conditions, actual RTs were 60 % of the mean RT for 10 % of the feed material. The viability of plant seeds which were included in tracers was somewhat dependent on the specific RT. Under transient-state conditions, even shorter RTs (relative to the mean RT) are expected, coupled with non-thermophilic conditions, reducing the likelihood of adequate destruction of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayanand Sharma
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishai 30095, Israel; School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India
| | - Ibrahim Saadi
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishai 30095, Israel
| | - Shlomi Oazana
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishai 30095, Israel
| | - Ran Lati
- Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishai 30095, Israel
| | - Yael Laor
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishai 30095, Israel.
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Composting Processes for Agricultural Waste Management: A Comprehensive Review. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11030731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Composting is the most adaptable and fruitful method for managing biodegradable solid wastes; it is a crucial agricultural practice that contributes to recycling farm and agricultural wastes. Composting is profitable for various plant, animal, and synthetic wastes, from residential bins to large corporations. Composting and agricultural waste management (AWM) practices flourish in developing countries, especially Pakistan. Composting has advantages over other AWM practices, such as landfilling agricultural waste, which increases the potential for pollution of groundwater by leachate, while composting reduces water contamination. Furthermore, waste is burned, open-dumped on land surfaces, and disposed of into bodies of water, leading to environmental and global warming concerns. Among AWM practices, composting is an environment-friendly and cost-effective practice for agricultural waste disposal. This review investigates improved AWM via various conventional and emerging composting processes and stages: composting, underlying mechanisms, and factors that influence composting of discrete crop residue, municipal solid waste (MSW), and biomedical waste (BMW). Additionally, this review describes and compares conventional and emerging composting. In the conclusion, current trends and future composting possibilities are summarized and reviewed. Recent developments in composting for AWM are highlighted in this critical review; various recommendations are developed to aid its technological growth, recognize its advantages, and increase research interest in composting processes.
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Avidov R, Lublin A, Sudharsan Varma V, Saadi I, Yoselewitz I, Chen Y, Laor Y. Utilization of polyethylene sleeves with forced aeration for composting of broiler carcasses on mass depopulation events: Laboratory-scale simulations and sensitivity analyses. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 155:107-117. [PMID: 36368260 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Composting poultry carcasses and the infected litter is considered feasible during mass depopulation events in response to disease outbreaks. We demonstrate the effect of temperature (40, 50, 60 °C) and aerobic/anaerobic conditions on the degradation of broiler carcasses and broiler litter (BL) and the elimination of pre-inoculated Avian flu and Newcastle viruses and SalmonellaInfantis (3.3 × 105.6 EID50, 7 × 106.0 EID50 and 2 × 107 CFU g-dry matter (DM)-1, respectively). Six broiler carcasses and BL were inoculated and treated with a water-based foam, simulating a common culling method. After 30 days of composting, both viruses were eliminated under all conditions, whileSalmonellapersisted at 40 °C under aerobic and anaerobic conditions (7.4 × 105and 4.4 × 103CFU g-DM-1, respectively). Mass losses were 42-44, 24-26, and 18-22% (aerobic) and 18-27, 21-23, and 0-7% (anaerobic) at 40, 50, and 60 °C, respectively. In the end, the associated odors were not typical of carcasses (aerobic), or they were strong and offensive (anaerobic). Considering the observed mass losses and biomass water holding capacity, we present a sensitivity analysis of the water balance expected in composting sleeves if they are utilized on mass depopulation events. Composting of the carcasses and the BL in enclosed sleeves with forced aeration, following culling by means of water-based foam will generate excess water, depending on sleeve volumes, aeration conditions, and co-addition of absorbing materials like sawdust. No excessive moisture is expected if dry culling methods are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Avidov
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishai 30095, Israel; Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7612001, Israel
| | - Avishai Lublin
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Vempalli Sudharsan Varma
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishai 30095, Israel
| | - Ibrahim Saadi
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishai 30095, Israel
| | - Israel Yoselewitz
- Agricultural Extension Service of Israel (Shaham), Ministry of Agriculture, Israel
| | - Yona Chen
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7612001, Israel
| | - Yael Laor
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishai 30095, Israel.
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Avidov R, Varma VS, Saadi I, Khoury O, Chen Y, Laor Y. A Combined Field–Lab Approach for Assessing Salmonella Infantis Persistence in Broiler Litter in a Stockpile and Composting Sleeve. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.811530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Broiler litter (BL) is often contaminated by a variety of zoonotic pathogens. This study attempts to assess the persistence of Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis (S. Infantis) in BL based on spatial and temporal variation of physicochemical properties in a stockpile and composting sleeve. A single trial of two pilot-scale setups, ~35 m3 each, included an open static pile (stockpile) and composting in a polyethylene sleeve with forced aeration. The initial water content was adjusted only for the sleeve (~50% w/w) as in a common composting practice. Both systems were monitored weekly and then biweekly during 2 months in 47–53 sampling points each on every campaign. Measurements included temperature, water content, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), gas-phase oxygen, and ammonia, and the collected data were used to construct multiple contour grid maps. Of the stockpile volume, 83, 71, and 62% did not reach the commonly required minimum temperature of 55°C for three consecutive days during the first, second, and third weeks, respectively. Oxygen levels showed a strong gradient across the stockpile, while anaerobic conditions prevailed in the core. Variation was also recorded within the sleeve, but due to the water content adjustment and active aeration, the conditions favored more intense degradation and higher temperatures. Combining the grid maps drawn in this study with decay rate constants recently published for S. Infantis in BL under 36 combinations of temperature, water content, and pH, we assessed the spatial persistence of S. Infantis in the stockpile and the sleeve. Temperature was shown as a major factor, while water content and pH had only a small effect, in the stockpile only. Co-correlations between temperature, water content, EC, and oxygen suggest that selected physicochemical properties may be sufficient for such assessments. Up to 3 weeks would be recommended to achieve 7–8 log10 reduction in Salmonella in a stockpile, while this would be fully achieved within 1 week in a sleeve. This approach of combining high-resolution spatial field sampling along with decay rates of pathogens under controlled lab conditions may improve quantitative microbial risk assessments and future regulations of manure utilization.
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Varma VS, Parajuli R, Scott E, Canter T, Lim TT, Popp J, Thoma G. Dairy and swine manure management - Challenges and perspectives for sustainable treatment technology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 778:146319. [PMID: 33721638 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Global dairy and swine production growth has increased significantly over the past decades, resulting in higher manure generation in certain areas and environmental concerns. Therefore, manure management is an essential focus for farmers and environmental regulators. Systematic selection of manure management practices can provide environmental benefits, but accounting for local constraints, economics and farming practices are significant challenges. All these factors drive the selection of appropriate manure management systems (MMSs). MMSs are highly varied for their design, partly due to individual farm settings, geography, and the end-use applications of manure. However, the benefits of technological advancements in MMSs provide higher manure treatment efficiency and co-production of value-added products such as recycled water, fiber, sand bedding, and nutrient-rich bio-solids, among others. To achieve higher environmental benefits, advanced manure treatment technologies have to be implemented, which comes with additional costs. So, there is a tradeoff between environmental benefits and cost. With the above prospects, this article reviews: 1) the different treatment technologies used in dairy and swine farms, 2) the life cycle assessment (LCA) method's importance in evaluating various treatment technologies for better environmental returns, and 3) decision support tools (DST) and their significance in MMSs prioritization. We found considerable heterogeneity in the available datasets, mainly on crucial parameters such as water consumption, types and amount of bedding materials, manure removal frequency, manure treatment technologies, and the extent of resource recovery. Thus, suitable environmental impact assessment inventory models are needed to evaluate a more comprehensive range of treatment technologies in MMSs, representing the spatial and farming system heterogeneities. There is also a need for user-friendly DST with adjustable inputs for the functional components of MMSs and evaluation criteria, which can rapidly evaluate the techno-economic feasibility of alternative systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vempalli Sudharsan Varma
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
| | - Ranjan Parajuli
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Erin Scott
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Tim Canter
- Food Systems and Bioengineering Division, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Teng Teeh Lim
- Food Systems and Bioengineering Division, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jennie Popp
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Greg Thoma
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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Avidov R, Varma VS, Saadi I, Hanan A, Lublin A, Saldinger SS, Chen Y, Laor Y. Factors Influencing the Persistence of Salmonella Infantis in Broiler Litter During Composting and Stabilization Processes and Following Soil Incorporation. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.645721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Broiler litter (BL), a by-product of broiler meat production, is frequently contaminated with Salmonella and other zoonotic pathogens. To ensure the safety of crop production chains and limit pathogen spread in the environment, a pre-treatment is desired before further agricultural utilization. The objective of this study was to characterize the effect of physico-chemical properties on Salmonella persistence in BL during composting and stabilization and following soil incorporation, toward optimization of the inactivation process. Thirty-six combinations of temperature (30, 40, 50, and 60°C), water content (40, 55, and 70%; w/w), and initial pH (6, 7, and 8.5) were employed in static lab vessels to study the persistence of Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis (S. Infantis; a multidrug-resistant strain) during incubation of artificially-inoculated BL. The effect of aeration was investigated in a composting simulator, with controlled heating and flow conditions. Temperature was found to be the main factor significantly influencing Salmonella decay rates, while water content and initial pH had a secondary level of influence with significant effects mainly at 30 and 40°C. Controlled simulations showed faster decay of Salmonella under anaerobic conditions at mesophilic temperatures (<45°C) and no effect of NH3 emissions. Re-wetting the BL at mesophilic temperatures resulted in Salmonella burst, and led to a higher tolerance of the pathogen at increased temperatures. Based on the decay rates measured under all temperature, water content, and pH conditions, it was estimated that the time required to achieve a 7 log10 reduction in Salmonella concentration, ranges between 13.7–27.2, 6.5–15.6, 1.2–4.7, and 1.3–1.5 days for 30, 40, 50, and 60°C, respectively. Inactivation of BL indigenous microbial population by autoclaving or addition of antibiotics to which the S. Infantis is resistant, resulted in augmentation of Salmonella multiplication. This suggests the presence of microbial antagonists in the BL, which inhibit the growth of the pathogen. Finally, Salmonella persisted over 90 days at 30°C in a Vertisol soil amended with inoculated BL, presumably due to reduced antagonistic activity compared to the BL alone. These findings are valuable for risk assessments and the formulation of guidelines for safe utilization of BL in agriculture.
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Avidov R, Sudharsan Varma V, Saadi I, Hanan A, Yoselevich I, Lublin A, Chen Y, Laor Y. Physical and chemical indicators of transformations of poultry carcass parts and broiler litter during short term thermophilic composting. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 119:202-214. [PMID: 33070090 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Short-term on-site composting of poultry carcasses and broiler litter (BL) is considered as a feasible technology for pathogen elimination during events of mass mortality in poultry houses. However, factors related to mass losses and physical transformation of the poultry carcass, and associated emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and odors, have not been thoroughly evaluated. This study aims to characterize the degradation of separated carcass parts co-composted with BL and the associated air emissions during 30 days of enclosed composting at 50 °C with constant aeration. The study was carried out in lab-scale simulators using five mixtures containing feathers, rib bones, skins, breast muscles, and hearts and livers, prepared at a 1:2 volumetric ratio (carcass:BL). Dry mass losses reached 59.5, 41.1, 60.8 and 103.5% (based on weight) or 48.4, 29.6, 49.7, and 94.8% (based on CO2-C and NH3-N emissions), for rib bones, skins, breast muscles, and hearts and livers, respectively. Visually, most of the carcass parts were degraded, and the typical carcass odor had disappeared by the end of the 30 days. Out of 24 VOCs, dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) and dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) contributed 80.7-88.3% of the total VOC flux, considering the partial contribution of each part to the emissions involved with the whole carcass. DMDS, DMTS, benzaldehyde, methanethiol, pentanoic acid, and NH3, contributed 90.5-97.9% of the odor activity values during composting. DMDS/DMTS ratio is suggested as a potential biomarker of stabilization and readiness of the compost for transportation toward further treatment or safe burial.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Avidov
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Israel; Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - V Sudharsan Varma
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Israel
| | - I Saadi
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Israel
| | - A Hanan
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Israel
| | - I Yoselevich
- Agricultural Extension Service of Israel (Shaham), Israel
| | - A Lublin
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Y Chen
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Y Laor
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Israel.
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Ruggero F, Gori R, Lubello C. Methodologies to assess biodegradation of bioplastics during aerobic composting and anaerobic digestion: A review. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2019; 37:959-975. [PMID: 31218932 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x19854127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bioplastics are emerging on the market as sustainable materials which rise to the challenge to improve the lifecycle of plastics from the perspective of the circular economy. The article aims at providing a critical insight of research studies carried out in the last 20 years on the degradation of bioplastics under aerobic composting and anaerobic digestion conditions. It mainly focuses on the various and different methodologies which have been proposed and developed to monitor the process of biodegradation of several bioplastic materials: CO2 and CH4 measurements, mass loss and disintegration degree, spectroscopy, visual analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, across the wide range of studies, the process conditions of the experimental setup, such as temperature, test duration and waste composition, often vary from author to author and in accordance with the international standard followed for the test. The different approaches, in terms of process conditions and monitoring methodologies, are pointed out in the review and highlighted to find significant correlations between the results obtained and the experimental procedures. These observed correlations allow critical considerations to be reached about the efficiency of the methodologies and the influence of the main abiotic factors on the process of biodegradation of bioplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ruggero
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Firenze, Italy
| | - Riccardo Gori
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Firenze, Italy
| | - Claudio Lubello
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Firenze, Italy
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Avidov R, Saadi I, Krasnovsky A, Medina S, Raviv M, Chen Y, Laor Y. Using polyethylene sleeves with forced aeration for composting olive mill wastewater pre-absorbed by vegetative waste. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 78:969-979. [PMID: 32559993 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Composting in closed polyethylene sleeves with forced aeration may minimize odor emissions, vectors attraction and leachates associated with open windrows. The present study demonstrates the use of this system for composting olive mill wastewater (OMW), the undesired stream associated with the olive milling industry. A polyethylene sleeve of 1.5-m diameter and ca. 20-m long was packed with shredded municipal green waste which was pre-soaked in OMW for 72 h. Process conditions were controlled by means of a programmable logic controller (PLC) equipped with temperature and oxygen sensors. Thermophilic temperatures (>45 °C) were maintained for one month followed by temperatures in the range of 30-40 °C, ca. 20 °C above ambient temperature, for a period of 3.5 months. Oxygen levels were controlled and the system was kept aerobic. Water content gradually decreased with sufficient levels for efficient composting. The finished compost was non-phytotoxic to Cress (Lepidium sativum L.) in a lab bioassay. It was also found suitable as an ingredient in peat, tuff, and coir based growing media, evaluated by plant growth tests with basil and ornamental plants. The viability of this approach for disposing off OMW is much dependent on the liquid absorption capacity of the vegetative waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Avidov
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel; Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - I Saadi
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel
| | - A Krasnovsky
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel
| | - Sh Medina
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel
| | - M Raviv
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel
| | - Y Chen
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Y Laor
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel.
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Oazana S, Naor M, Grinshpun J, Halachmi I, Raviv M, Saadi I, Avidov R, Varma VS, Rosenfeld L, Gross A, Laor Y. A flexible control system designed for lab-scale simulations and optimization of composting processes. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 72:150-160. [PMID: 29174066 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and optimization of composting processes can benefit from the use of controlled simulators of various scales. The Agricultural Research Organization Composting Simulator (ARO-CS) was recently built and it is flexibly automated by means of a programmable logic controller (PLC). Temperature, carbon dioxide, oxygen and airflow are monitored and controlled in seven 9-l reactors that are mounted into separate 80-l water baths. The PLC program includes three basic heating modes (pre-determined temperature profile, temperature-feedback ("self-heating"), and carbon dioxide-dependent temperature), three basic aeration modes (airflow dependence on temperature, carbon dioxide, or oxygen) and enables all possible combinations among them. This unique high flexibility provides a robust and valuable research tool to explore a wide range of research questions related to the science and engineering of composting. In this article the logic and flexibility of the control system is presented and demonstrated and its potential applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sh Oazana
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel; Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84990, Israel
| | - M Naor
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel; Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - J Grinshpun
- Precision livestock farming (PLF) Lab., Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Research Organization - the Volcani Center (ARO), 68 HaMacabim Road, Rishon LeZion, 7505101 Israel
| | - I Halachmi
- Precision livestock farming (PLF) Lab., Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Research Organization - the Volcani Center (ARO), 68 HaMacabim Road, Rishon LeZion, 7505101 Israel
| | - M Raviv
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel
| | - I Saadi
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel
| | - R Avidov
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel; Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - V Sudharsan Varma
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel
| | - L Rosenfeld
- Precision livestock farming (PLF) Lab., Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Research Organization - the Volcani Center (ARO), 68 HaMacabim Road, Rishon LeZion, 7505101 Israel
| | - A Gross
- Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84990, Israel
| | - Y Laor
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel.
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