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Syandri H, Azrita A, Mardiah A, Aryani N, Diharmi A. The proximate composition, amino acid profile, fatty acid content, and mineral content of scale flour from three fish species as potential feeds for fish fry. F1000Res 2023; 12:1144. [PMID: 38130426 PMCID: PMC10733663 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.141304.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fish scale waste is highly valued both as a functional food ingredient and a potential feed source for farmed fish. This study aimed to analyse the chemical composition, fatty acid profile, and mineral content in fish scale flour of Osphronemus (O) goramy, Cyprinus (C) carpio, and Oreochromis (O) niloticus as potential feed for fish fry. METHODS Fish scales were cleaned with 10% w/v NaCl solution at a ratio of 1:10 (w/w) for 24 hours at 4 °C. Agitation was used every eight hours to remove excess protein. Fish scales were evenly arranged in a cooker and cooked at 121 °C for 10 minutes with 15 psi pressure. After cooking, 100 grams of wet fish scales was dried at 50 °C for four hours. Dried fish scales were transformed into flour for proximate composition analysed via standard AOAC method, amino acid and fatty acid assessment employing HPLC and GC-MS, while mineral content was determined using AAS. RESULTS The examined fish scale flour from three species displayed significant variations in chemical components, amino acids, and minerals (p<0.01). Crude protein content spanned 49.52% to 72.94%, and fat content ranged from 0.11% to 0.23%. Magnesium levels varied between 767.82 mg/kg and 816.50 mg/kg, calcium content ranged from 3.54 mg/kg to 12.16 mg/kg, iron content was within 40.46 mg/kg to 44.10 mg/kg, and zinc content ranged from 45.80 mg/kg to 139.19 mg/kg. Predominantly, glycine emerged as the main free amino acid (FAA), varying from 13.70% to 16.08%, while histidine had the lowest content, at 0.39% to 0.71%. Conversely, fatty acid content was low in all species examined ranging from 6.73% to 9.48%. CONCLUSIONS Flour from three farmed fish types has potential for fish fry feed due to its chemical composition, amino acid, and mineral content. Further validation is needed for amino acid comparison to fish meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafrijal Syandri
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Bung Hatta, Padang, West Sumatera, 25133, Indonesia
| | - Azrita Azrita
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Bung Hatta, Padang, West Sumatera, 25133, Indonesia
| | - Ainul Mardiah
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Sumatera Barat, Padang, West Sumatera, 25136, Indonesia
| | - Netti Aryani
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru, Riau, 28293, Indonesia
| | - Andarini Diharmi
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru, Riau, 28293, Indonesia
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Syandri H, Azrita A, Mardiah A, Aryani N, Diharmi A. The proximate composition, amino acid profile, fatty acid content, and mineral content of scale flour from three fish species as potential feeds for fish fry. F1000Res 2023; 12:1144. [PMID: 38130426 PMCID: PMC10733663 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.141304.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fish scale waste is highly valued both as a functional food ingredient and a potential feed source for farmed fish. This study aimed to analyse the chemical composition, fatty acid profile, and mineral content in fish scale flour of Osphronemus (O) goramy, Cyprinus (C) carpio, and Oreochromis (O) niloticus as potential feed for fish fry. Methods Fish scales were cleaned with 10% w/v NaCl solution at a ratio of 1:10 (w/w) for 24 hours at 4 °C. Agitation was used every eight hours to remove excess protein. Fish scales were evenly arranged in a cooker and cooked at 121 °C for 10 minutes with 15 psi pressure. After cooking, 100 grams of wet fish scales was dried at 50 °C for four hours. Dried fish scales were transformed into flour for proximate composition analysed via standard AOAC method, amino acid and fatty acid assessment employing HPLC and GC-MS, while mineral content was determined using AAS. Results The examined fish scale flour from three species displayed significant variations in chemical components, amino acids, and minerals (p<0.01). Crude protein content spanned 49.52% to 72.94%, and fat content ranged from 0.11% to 0.23%. Magnesium levels varied between 767.82 mg/kg and 816.50 mg/kg, calcium content ranged from 3.54 mg/kg to 12.16 mg/kg, iron content was within 40.46 mg/kg to 44.10 mg/kg, and zinc content ranged from 45.80 mg/kg to 139.19 mg/kg. Predominantly, glycine emerged as the main free amino acid (FAA), varying from 13.70% to 16.08%, while histidine had the lowest content, at 0.39% to 0.71%. Conversely, fatty acid content was low in all species examined ranging from 6.73% to 9.48%. Conclusions Flour from three farmed fish types has potential for fish fry feed due to its chemical composition, amino acid, and mineral content. Further validation is needed for amino acid comparison to fish meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafrijal Syandri
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Bung Hatta, Padang, West Sumatera, 25133, Indonesia
| | - Azrita Azrita
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Bung Hatta, Padang, West Sumatera, 25133, Indonesia
| | - Ainul Mardiah
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Sumatera Barat, Padang, West Sumatera, 25136, Indonesia
| | - Netti Aryani
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru, Riau, 28293, Indonesia
| | - Andarini Diharmi
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru, Riau, 28293, Indonesia
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Constantinescu-Aruxandei D, Oancea F. Closing the Nutrient Loop-The New Approaches to Recovering Biomass Minerals during the Biorefinery Processes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2096. [PMID: 36767462 PMCID: PMC9915181 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The recovery of plant mineral nutrients from the bio-based value chains is essential for a sustainable, circular bioeconomy, wherein resources are (re)used sustainably. The widest used approach is to recover plant nutrients on the last stage of biomass utilization processes-e.g., from ash, wastewater, or anaerobic digestate. The best approach is to recover mineral nutrients from the initial stages of biomass biorefinery, especially during biomass pre-treatments. Our paper aims to evaluate the nutrient recovery solutions from a trans-sectorial perspective, including biomass processing and the agricultural use of recovered nutrients. Several solutions integrated with the biomass pre-treatment stage, such as leaching/bioleaching, recovery from pre-treatment neoteric solvents, ionic liquids (ILs), and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) or integrated with hydrothermal treatments are discussed. Reducing mineral contents on silicon, phosphorus, and nitrogen biomass before the core biorefinery processes improves processability and yield and reduces corrosion and fouling effects. The recovered minerals are used as bio-based fertilizers or as silica-based plant biostimulants, with economic and environmental benefits.
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Silva AVS, Mortari DA, Conconi CC, Pereira FM, Cruz G. Investigation of the combustion process of fish scales from Northeast Brazil in a drop tube furnace (DTF). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:67270-67286. [PMID: 35524094 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20643-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The waste generated by the global fishing industry, such as fish scales, is mostly considered useless and discarded in a disorderly and/or unplanned way in inappropriate places, posing serious risks to both the environment and human health. This study proposes the use of fish scales in combustion processes as an alternative for such residues and to avoid their exposure in urban areas. Combustion experiments were conducted in a drop tube furnace (DTF), and the factors temperature, residence time, and sample particle size were investigated. The main atmospheric pollutants (CO, NO, CO2, and SO2) and the residues generated from the combustion processes were characterized by FTIR, EDS and ICP-OES analyses, and SEM images. The samples showed better performance at 1100 °C and 500 -ms residence time, when the burnout reached 96%, and particle size greater than 300-μm and 300-ms residence time led to the worst combustion performance (24.45% burnout), with the highest CO and NO peaks, indicating incomplete combustion of the fish scales. The analysis of the residues revealed total decomposition of the organic matter at temperatures above 700 °C and formation of hydroxyapatite. According to the DTF results, the use of fish scales in firing processes is a viable treatment of the residues, generating energy and avoiding environmental problems caused by inadequate disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Vinicius Sousa Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mechanics and Materials, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão, Avenida Getúlio Vargas 04, São Luís, Maranhão, 65.030-005, Brazil
| | - Daniela Andresa Mortari
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Combustion Laboratory, Sarmento Leite 425, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Charles Correa Conconi
- Materials and Environmental Research Laboratory, Mercedes-Benz Brazil, Avenida Alfred Jurzykowski, 09680-900, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Marcelo Pereira
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Combustion Laboratory, Sarmento Leite 425, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Glauber Cruz
- Postgraduate Program in Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mechanics and Materials, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão, Avenida Getúlio Vargas 04, São Luís, Maranhão, 65.030-005, Brazil.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Process and Thermal Systems Laboratory, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses 1966, São Luís, Maranhão, 65080-505, Brazil.
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Murugan P, Jeevanandham G, Sundramoorthy AK. Identification, Interaction and Detection of Microplastics on Fish Scales
(Lutjanus gibbus). CURR ANAL CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411017999210112180054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Microplastics are found to be one of the major emerging contaminants in the environment.
Various environmental occurrences cause the macro plastics to degrade slowly into microplastics. Microplastics present in
the water bodies may enter into the fish’s body through ingestion of food and also get adsorbed onto the surface of their
gills or skin.
Objective:
Microplastics of polyethylene were chosen to investigate their sorption capacity on fish
scales. The dispersion of polyethylene microplastics was studied by using a Total Dissolved Solids
meter. Using this dispersion, the sorption effect was studied, and it revealed that the microplastics
had the sorption ability on the fish scales.
Method:
Polyethylene microplastics were chosen to investigate its sorption capacity on fish scales of Lutjanus gibbus.
The sorption effect of microplastics on fish scales were performed by using polyethylene microplastics obtained by bath
sonication and the concentration was studied using Total dissolved solids meter. Using polyethylene microplastics
dispersion, the sorption effect was carried out on the scales of Lutjanus gibbus for ten days at 8 oC. Sorption of
microplastics on fish scales were characterized by FE-SEM, FT-IR, and Raman spectroscopy.
Results:
Polymer sorption was confirmed by using optical microscopy and FE-SEM. FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy
confirmed the existence of polyethylene microplastics on the fish scale. Moreover, polyethylene microplastics sorption
studies were also studied in different pH, various concentrations of NaCl and at different time intervals.
Conclusions:
We have synthesized microplastics from the bulk polyethylene by NaCl solution. This study confirmed the
successful sorption of polyethylene microplastics on the fish scale. Our study revealed that marine water may be a suitable
medium to facilitate the polymer sorption on aquatic animals/organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethika Murugan
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gayathri Jeevanandham
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ashok K. Sundramoorthy
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical
Sciences, Poonamallee High Road, Velappanchavadi, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
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Samoraj M, Mironiuk M, Izydorczyk G, Witek-Krowiak A, Szopa D, Moustakas K, Chojnacka K. The challenges and perspectives for anaerobic digestion of animal waste and fertilizer application of the digestate. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133799. [PMID: 35114259 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The increase in livestock production creates a serious problem of managing animal waste and by-products. Among the wide range of waste valorization methods available, anaerobic digestion is very promising. It is a form of material recycling that also produces renewable energy in the form of biogas, which is reminiscent of energy recycling. The effluent and digestate from the anaerobic digestion process need to be processed further. These materials are widely used in agriculture due to their composition. Both the liquid and solid fractions of digestate are high in nitrogen, making them a valuable source for plants. Before soil or foliar application, conditioning (e.g., with inorganic acids) and neutralization (e.g., with potassium hydroxide) is required to eliminate odorous compounds and microorganisms. Various methods of conducting the process by anaerobic digestion (use of additives increasing activity of microorganisms, co-digestion, multiple techniques of substrate preparation) and the possibility of controlling process parameters such as optimal C/N ratio (15-30), optimal temperature (psychrophilic (<20 °C), mesophilic (35-37 °C) and thermophilic (55 °C) for microorganism activity ensure high efficiency of the process. Literature data describing tests of various digestates on different plants prove high efficiency, determined by yield increase (even by 28%), nitrogen uptake (by 20%) or phosphorus recovery rate (by 43%) or increase of biometric parameters (e.g., leaf area).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Samoraj
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Mironiuk
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Izydorczyk
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Witek-Krowiak
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Szopa
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Konstantinos Moustakas
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str, Zographou Campus, GR-15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Katarzyna Chojnacka
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wroclaw, Poland
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Alves JLF, da Silva JCG, Sellin N, Prá FDB, Sapelini C, Souza O, Marangoni C. Upgrading of banana leaf waste to produce solid biofuel by torrefaction: physicochemical properties, combustion behaviors, and potential emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:25733-25747. [PMID: 34846654 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17381-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study is the first report that focuses on investigating the effects of torrefaction on the bioenergy-related properties, combustion behavior, and potential emissions of banana leaf waste (BLW). Experiments were first conducted in a bench-scale fixed-bed reactor operating at light (220 °C), mild (250 °C), and severe (280 °C) torrefaction conditions to torrefy the raw BLW. Torrefaction pretreatments reduced the weight of the raw BLW by about 60%, but the resulting solid biofuel can preserve up to 77% of the energy content of the raw biomass. It was found that torrefied BLW contains more concentrated fixed carbon than the raw BLW, volatile matter content of up to 59.8 wt.%, and a higher HHV of up to 20.7 MJ kg-1 with higher concentrations of carbon, nitrogen, and ash. Bulk density increased 13.0% over the raw BLW, and the torrefied BLW became a solid biofuel with 51.5% greater energy density under the severe torrefaction condition. The upgrading of BLW by torrefaction enhanced its combustion performance in terms of comprehensive combustion, ignition, burnout, and flammability indices. Compared with commercial hard coal, BLW torrefied at the mild condition (250 °C) had lower potential emissions per unit of energy, 25.3% less CO2 emission, 3.1% less CO emission, 96.4% less SO2 emission, and 18.4% less dust emission, except for NOX emission. This study conclusively indicates that BLW after torrefaction has enhanced bioenergy-related properties, improved combustion performance, and reduced emissions potential, proving to be a promising method for its valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luiz Francisco Alves
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Jean Constantino Gomes da Silva
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Noeli Sellin
- Graduate Program in Process Engineering, University of Joinville Region, Joinville, Santa Catarina, 89219-710, Brazil
| | - Flávio de Borba Prá
- Graduate Program in Process Engineering, University of Joinville Region, Joinville, Santa Catarina, 89219-710, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Sapelini
- Graduate Program in Process Engineering, University of Joinville Region, Joinville, Santa Catarina, 89219-710, Brazil
| | - Ozair Souza
- Graduate Program in Process Engineering, University of Joinville Region, Joinville, Santa Catarina, 89219-710, Brazil
| | - Cintia Marangoni
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
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Wu CH, Guo HR, Patel AK, Singhania RR, Chen YA, Kuo JM, Dong CD. Production and characterization of lucrative hypoglycemic collagen-peptide-chromium from tilapia scale. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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9
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Greggio N, Serafini A, Balugani E, Carlini C, Contin A, Marazza D. Quantification and mapping of fish waste in retail trade and restaurant sector: Experience in Emilia-Romagna, Italy. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 135:256-266. [PMID: 34555687 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The circular economy approach imposes the complete recovery of components, materials and energy from waste. Many active compounds with biomedical and nutraceutical applications can be extracted by Fish Waste (FW), but few are the operating industrial plants. Quantification and mapping of the potential FW availability along the entire fish value-chain is crucial in fostering its actual valorisation. Apart at industrial processing, in the distribution segment the estimation of FW availability is absent. This paper aimed to quantify and locate FW generated by point sources such as supermarkets, fishmongers and restaurants as well as to establish the diffuse domestic FW production in a 4,5M inhabitants region. The study provides an exportable method and indications for comparable worldwide areas. A simplified valorisation scenario for equivalent biomethane production is also presented. Direct interviews and indirect approach based on fish consumption have been adopted and compared. Large supermarkets and medium-large restaurants are the main FW producers (239 and 125 kg/week, respectively) followed medium-large fishmongers and medium supermarkets (63 and 86 kg/week, respectively). In the investigated region the larger FW point sources are supermarkets (average 3000 Mg/y), while fishmongers are the smaller (average 750 Mg/y). Restaurants (average 1400 Mg/y) show the wider range of variability between 460 and 8000 Mg/y. The indirect methodology reveals that domestic FW production ranges from 2376 to 3961 Mg/y. Per capita estimations of FW ranged from 0.5 - 3 kg/y. The economic value of FW (biomethanation route) is 68 EUR/Mg. A qualification as "highly potential waste" would promote FW valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Greggio
- University of Bologna, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Piazza S. Donato 1, 40100 Bologna, Italy; University of Bologna, CIRSA - Interdepartmental Research Centre for Environmental Sciences, Via Sant'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy.
| | - Alba Serafini
- University of Bologna, CIRSA - Interdepartmental Research Centre for Environmental Sciences, Via Sant'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Enrico Balugani
- University of Bologna, CIRSA - Interdepartmental Research Centre for Environmental Sciences, Via Sant'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Carlotta Carlini
- University of Bologna, CIRSA - Interdepartmental Research Centre for Environmental Sciences, Via Sant'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Andrea Contin
- University of Bologna, CIRSA - Interdepartmental Research Centre for Environmental Sciences, Via Sant'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy; University of Bologna, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Via Irnerio, 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Diego Marazza
- University of Bologna, CIRSA - Interdepartmental Research Centre for Environmental Sciences, Via Sant'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy; University of Bologna, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Via Irnerio, 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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10
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Molina-Ramírez C, Mazo P, Zuluaga R, Gañán P, Álvarez-Caballero J. Characterization of Chitosan Extracted from Fish Scales of the Colombian Endemic Species Prochilodus magdalenae as a Novel Source for Antibacterial Starch-Based Films. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13132079. [PMID: 34202687 PMCID: PMC8271442 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Scales of Prochilodus magdalenae, a Colombian endemic fish species, were used to obtain chitosan for application as an antibacterial agent integrated into starch-based films. Analysis of its composition during the demineralization and deproteinization process indicated that minerals and protein were both removed successfully. At this point, mild conditions for the deacetylation process were employed, namely, 2, 4, and 6 wt.% NaOH at room temperature for 16 h. Chitosan processed under 2 wt.% NaOH had low molecular weight, with the lowest value of 107.18 ± 24.99 kDa, which was closely related to its antibacterial activity. Finally, this chitosan was integrated into a banana starch-based film, and its antibacterial activity was assayed in Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus cultures, with positive results in the former culture, especially due to the low-molecular-weight characteristic of chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Molina-Ramírez
- Grupo Química y Bioprospección de Productos Naturales, Universidad del Magdalena, Santa Marta 470004, Colombia;
- Grupo de Investigación Sobre Nuevos Materiales (GINUMA), Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín 050004, Colombia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Paulina Mazo
- Grupo de Investigaciones Agroindustriales (GRAIN), Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín 050004, Colombia; (P.M.); (R.Z.)
| | - Robin Zuluaga
- Grupo de Investigaciones Agroindustriales (GRAIN), Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín 050004, Colombia; (P.M.); (R.Z.)
| | - Piedad Gañán
- Grupo de Investigación Sobre Nuevos Materiales (GINUMA), Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín 050004, Colombia;
| | - Juan Álvarez-Caballero
- Grupo Química y Bioprospección de Productos Naturales, Universidad del Magdalena, Santa Marta 470004, Colombia;
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Antioxidant Peptides from Collagen Hydrolysate of Redlip Croaker ( Pseudosciaena polyactis) Scales: Preparation, Characterization, and Cytoprotective Effects on H 2O 2-Damaged HepG2 Cells. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18030156. [PMID: 32168851 PMCID: PMC7142964 DOI: 10.3390/md18030156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive peptides from fish collagens with antioxidant properties have become a topic of great interest for health, food, and processing/preservation industries. To explore the high-value utilized way of scales produced during the fish processing, collagen hydrolysates of redlip croaker (Pseudosciaena polyactis) scales were prepared using six different proteases, and the hydrolysate (RSCH) prepared using neutrase showed the highest degree of hydrolysis (21.36 ± 1.18%) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·) radical scavenging activity (30.97 ± 1.56%) among the six hydrolysates. Subsequently, six antioxidant peptides were purified from RSCH using membrane ultrafiltration and serial chromatography, and their amino acid sequences were identified as DGPEGR, GPEGPMGLE, EGPFGPEG, YGPDGPTG, GFIGPTE, and IGPLGA with molecular masses of 629.61, 885.95, 788.96, 762.75, 733.80, and 526.61 Da, respectively. Among six collagen peptides, GPEGPMGLE, EGPFGPEG, and GFIGPTE exhibited the strongest scavenging activities on DPPH· radical (EC50 0.59, 0.37, and 0.45 mg/mL), hydroxyl radical (EC50 0.45, 0.33, and 0.32 mg/mL), and superoxide anion radical (EC50 0.62, 0.47, and 0.74 mg/mL). GPEGPMGLE, EGPFGPEG, and GFIGPTE showed high inhibiting ability on lipid peroxidation in a linoleic acid model system and protective activities on oxidation-damaged DNA. More importantly, GPEGPMGLE, EGPFGPEG, and GFIGPTE could protect HepG2 cells from H2O2-induced oxidative damage through decreasing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and MDA and activating intracellular antioxidant enzymes of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). These results suggested that six collagen peptides (RCP1–RCP6), especially GPEGPMGLE, EGPFGPEG, and GFIGPTE, might serve as potential antioxidants applied in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products.
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