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Pęczek E, Pamuła R, Białowiec A. Recycled Waste as Polyurethane Additives or Fillers: Mini-Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1013. [PMID: 38473487 DOI: 10.3390/ma17051013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The intensive development of the polyurethanes industry and limited resources (also due to the current geopolitical situation) of the raw materials used so far force the search for new solutions to maintain high economic development. Implementing the principles of a circular economy is an approach aimed at reducing the consumption of natural resources in PU production. This is understood as a method of recovery, including recycling, in which waste is processed into PU, and then re-used and placed on the market in the form of finished sustainable products. The effective use of waste is one of the attributes of the modern economy. Around the world, new ways to process or use recycled materials for polyurethane production are investigated. That is why innovative research is so important, in which development may change the existing thinking about the form of waste recovery. The paper presents the possibilities of recycling waste (such as biochar, bagasse, waste lignin, residual algal cellulose, residual pineapple cellulose, walnut shells, silanized walnut shells, basalt waste, eggshells, chicken feathers, turkey feathers, fiber, fly ash, wood flour, buffing dust, thermoplastic elastomers, thermoplastic polyurethane, ground corncake, Tetra Pak®, coffee grounds, pine seed shells, yerba mate, the bark of Western Red Cedar, coconut husk ash, cuttlebone, glass fibers and mussel shell) as additives or fillers in the formulation of polyurethanes, which can partially or completely replace petrochemical raw materials. Numerous examples of waste applications of one-component polyurethanes have been given. A new unexplored niche for the research on waste recycling for the production of two components has been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Pęczek
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Chełmońskiego Str., 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
- Selena Industrial Technologies Sp. z o.o., Pieszycka 3, 58-200 Dzierżoniów, Poland
| | - Renata Pamuła
- Selena Industrial Technologies Sp. z o.o., Pieszycka 3, 58-200 Dzierżoniów, Poland
| | - Andrzej Białowiec
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Chełmońskiego Str., 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
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2
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Magagula SI, Lebelo K, Motloung TM, Mokhena TC, Mochane MJ. Recent advances on waste tires: bibliometric analysis, processes, and waste management approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:118213-118245. [PMID: 37936049 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30758-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
End of life tires (ELTs) are a pressing environmental concern due to their non-biodegradable nature and potential release of toxic chemicals, as confirmed by human health exposure studies. The expanding transport sector, driven by the automotive industry, has led to inadequate attention to safe tire disposal. This review extracted papers using keywords such as "waste tire rubber," "waste tire pollution," and "waste tire applications" from 2012 to 2023. Recycling publications have surged by 80% in the past decade, with China and the USA leading the research. Pyrolysis and devulcanization methods have emerged as key circular economy (CE) advancements, producing fuel and reusable rubber. Globally, 1.5 billion waste tires accumulate yearly, projected to increase by 70% in the next 30 years if unaddressed. Around 26 million tonnes of used tires are generated annually worldwide, while civil engineering and backfilling use 17 million tonnes of recycled rubber particles. These tires are complex polymer composites, primarily composed of natural and synthetic rubber. The amorphous nature of rubber results in a 50% loss of mechanical properties when exposed to chemicals and microbes, shortening its lifespan. This paper explores the applicability of waste tire rubber and polymer fabrication to offer eco-friendly and cost-effective solutions for proper disposal, mitigating environmental accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifiso Innocent Magagula
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Kgomotso Lebelo
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa.
| | - Tholwana Mary Motloung
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Teboho Clement Mokhena
- DSI/Mintek-Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Advanced Materials, Mintek, Randburg, 2125, South Africa
| | - Mokgaotsa Jonas Mochane
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
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3
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Silva NGS, Cortat LICO, Teixeira EJO, Baptista L, Orlando D, Mulinari DR. Influence of natural exposure on castor oil based polyurethane reinforced with waste tire rubber. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 155:220-229. [PMID: 36399849 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Waste tire rubber (WTR) has been extensively generated worldwide due to mobility needs growth. About 1.5 billion units are generated annually, constantly discharged in the environment with a few reusability alternatives. Therefore, rubber recovery methods and these residues' transformation into a cost-effective product have gained attention. Aiming to minimize the usage of fossil resources and contributes to a circular economy, it was analyzed the usage of WTR particles (5-20% by weight) in castor oil-based polyurethane foams under natural aging to promote a holistic view of all factors involved in the performance of the foams. Morphological, thermal, chemical, and mechanical properties were determined before and after exposure to open air to observe the impact of photo-oxidation and hydrolysis. The increase in viscosity of pre-polymer during the rubber loading produced greater density foams with smaller cell sizes than neat PU, in which the average cell size increased after the weathering. The rubber contributes to enhancing the compressive behavior in the non-exposed samples. After exposure, the results suggest that degradation may act to increase the crosslinking density even with the presented structural changes such as yellowing and voids. Regarding thermal stability, the rubber promotes a slight decay in the ability to resist a heat flow before and after weathering. Still, the char yield increased, showing a possibility of better fire retardancy for composites. FTIR and UV-vis showed chemical structure changes as Photo-Fries network rearrangement, Norrish I random chain scission, and Norrish II β-scission. Besides, UV-vis revealed the maximum absorbance in the UVB region, showing that the PU reinforced by WTR can be a promising material for civil coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nycolle G S Silva
- Departament of Chemistry and Environmental, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Resende, Brazil
| | - Lucas I C O Cortat
- Department of Mechanical and Energy, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Resende, Brazil
| | - Ericson J O Teixeira
- Departament of Chemistry and Environmental, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Resende, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Baptista
- Departament of Chemistry and Environmental, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Resende, Brazil
| | - Diego Orlando
- Department of Mechanical and Energy, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Resende, Brazil
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Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane-Based Polymer Rubber Concrete Modified Ground Glass Fiber Using Response Surface Methodology. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-022-07112-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foam Filled with Sawdust from Primary Wood Processing. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15155361. [PMID: 35955296 PMCID: PMC9369502 DOI: 10.3390/ma15155361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the possibility of using sawdust, a by-product of primary wood processing, as a filler (WF) for rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams was investigated. The effects of the addition of 5, 10, 15 and 20% of WF particles to the polyurethane matrix on the foaming process, cell structure and selected physical-mechanical properties such as density, thermal conductivity, dimensional stability, water absorption, brittleness, compressive and bending strengths were evaluated. Based on the results, it was found that the addition of WF in the amount of up to 10% does not significantly affect the kinetics of the foam foaming process, allowing the reduction of their thermal conductivity, significantly reducing brittleness and maintaining high dimensional stability. On the other hand, such an amount of WF causes a slight decrease in the compressive strength of the foam, a decrease in its bending strength and an increase in water absorption. However, it is important that in spite of the observed decrease in the values of these parameters, the obtained results are satisfactory and consistent with the parameters of insulation materials based on rigid PUR foam, currently available on the market.
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DEMİREL MH, AYDOĞMUŞ E. Waste Polyurethane Reinforced Polyester Composite, Production, and Characterization. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.937332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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7
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Diaz TJ, Cerrutti P, Chiacchiarelli LM. In‐situ thermal aging of biobased and conventional rigid polyurethane foams nanostructured with bacterial nanocellulose. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Joaquin Diaz
- CONICET‐UBA Instituto de Tecnología de Polímeros y Nanotecnología (ITPN) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Patricia Cerrutti
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Leonel Matías Chiacchiarelli
- CONICET‐UBA Instituto de Tecnología de Polímeros y Nanotecnología (ITPN) Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
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El-Raheem HA, Hassan RYA, Khaled R, El-Dek S, Farghali A, El-Sherbiny IM. A better understanding of the polymeric irradiation using physico-electrochemical characteristics. RADIATION EFFECTS AND DEFECTS IN SOLIDS 2021; 176:1021-1037. [DOI: 10.1080/10420150.2021.1990926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hany Abd El-Raheem
- Center of Materials Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Rabeay Y. A. Hassan
- Center of Materials Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre (NRC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Rehab Khaled
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - S.I. El-Dek
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Farghali
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Kairytė A, Członka S, Boris R, Vėjelis S. Evaluation of the Performance of Bio-Based Rigid Polyurethane Foam with High Amounts of Sunflower Press Cake Particles. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14195475. [PMID: 34639873 PMCID: PMC8509374 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, rigid polyurethane foam (PUR) was modified with 10-30 wt.% sunflower press cake (SFP) filler, and its effect on performance characteristics-i.e., rheology, characteristic foaming times, apparent density, thermal conductivity, compressive strength parallel and perpendicular to the foaming directions, tensile strength, and short-term water absorption by partial immersion-was evaluated. Microstructural and statistical analyses were implemented as well. During the study, it was determined that 10-20 wt.% SFP filler showed the greatest positive impact. For instance, the thermal conductivity value improved by 9% and 17%, respectively, while mechanical performance, i.e., compressive strength, increased by 11% and 28% in the perpendicular direction and by 43% and 67% in the parallel direction. Moreover, tensile strength showed 49% and 61% increments, respectively, at 10 wt.% and 20 wt.% SFP filler. Most importantly, SFP filler-modified PUR foams were characterised by two times lower water absorption values and improved microstructures with a reduced average cell size and increased content in closed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnė Kairytė
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Building Materials, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenu Str. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania;
- Correspondence:
| | - Sylwia Członka
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Renata Boris
- Laboratory of Composite Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Building Materials, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenu Str. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Sigitas Vėjelis
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Building Materials, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenu Str. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania;
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Martins LS, Silva NGS, Claro AM, Amaral NC, Barud HS, Mulinari DR. Insight on açaí seed biomass economy and waste cooking oil: Eco-sorbent castor oil-based. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 293:112803. [PMID: 34089952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The reuse of açaí seeds is an organic approach for valorizing biomass, encouraging the public policies of circular economy, which reduces the human impact on the production chain processes. This research proposes an alternative for açaí seed as a filler in castor oil-based polyurethane, obtaining eco-sorbent to evaluate the sorption capacity for another impactful food industry by-product: waste cooking oil (WCO). Eco-sorbents were obtained with castor oil based-polyol and isocyanate (MDI) by mass mixing equal to 1:1 (OH:NCO), reinforced with açaí seed residue (5-20 wt%). The samples were characterized by techniques scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy (OM), apparent density, contact angle, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Sorption capacity and efficiency were evaluated as a function of the fiber content, with tests performed in times of 30-180 s in two systems: oil and oil/water. The results showed that the eco-sorbents had a hydrophobic nature (θ > 98.3°) and macroporous morphology (pore size from 152 to 119 μm), which allowed the adsorption of residual cooking oil by the porous structure. The kinetics study showed that the sample with greater fiber content (15% wt.) reached the equilibrium in a short time compared to the neat PU for the oil system, with a sorption capacity of 9.50 g g-1 in the first 30 s. For the oil/water system, an opposite behavior could be observed, with a sorption capacity of 9.98 g g-1 in the 150 s equilibrium time. The Langmuir isotherm model presented a maximum adsorption capacity of 10.42 g g-1. However, the Freundlich isotherm model had a better fit to the experimental data with R2 (0.97) and lower chi-square (0.159), showing favorable adsorption (n = 1.496). Thus, it was proved that the weak interactions (connection H) and the binding energy of the predominant physisorption for the oil/water system. Thus, developed eco-sorbents are an excellent option for the sorption of WCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa S Martins
- Department of Chemistry and Environment, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Resende, Brazil
| | - Nycolle G S Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Environment, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Resende, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Daniella R Mulinari
- Department of Mechanic and Energy, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Resende, Brazil.
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11
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Mirski R, Dukarska D, Walkiewicz J, Derkowski A. Waste Wood Particles from Primary Wood Processing as a Filler of Insulation PUR Foams. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14174781. [PMID: 34500871 PMCID: PMC8432465 DOI: 10.3390/ma14174781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A significant part of the work carried out so far in the field of production of biocomposite polyurethane foams (PUR) with the use of various types of lignocellulosic fillers mainly concerns rigid PUR foams with a closed-cell structure. In this work, the possibility of using waste wood particles (WP) from primary wood processing as a filler for PUR foams with open-cell structure was investigated. For this purpose, a wood particle fraction of 0.315–1.25 mm was added to the foam in concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%. The foaming course of the modified PUR foams (PUR-WP) was characterized on the basis of the duration of the process’ successive stages at the maximum foaming temperature. In order to explain the observed phenomena, a cellular structure was characterized using microscopic analysis such as SEM and light microscope. Computed tomography was also applied to determine the distribution of wood particles in PUR-WP materials. It was observed that the addition of WP to the open-cell PUR foam influences the kinetics of the foaming process of the PUR-WP composition and their morphology, density, compressive strength and thermal properties. The performed tests showed that the addition of WP at an the amount of 10% leads to the increase in the PUR foam’s compressive strength by 30% (parallel to foam’s growth direction) and reduce the thermal conductivity coefficient by 10%.
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Santos Andrade L, Silva NGS, Ornellas Cortat LIC, Mulinari DR.
Approach in
Macadamia integrifolia
residue based
low‐density polyethylene
composites on mechanical and thermal performance. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laert Santos Andrade
- Department of Engineering Volta Redonda University Center (UNIFOA) Volta Redonda Brazil
| | - Nycolle Gonçalves Souza Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Environment, Technology College (FAT) State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) Rod. Pres. Dutra, km 298 Resende Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | - Daniella Regina Mulinari
- Department of Mechanical and Energy, Technology College (FAT) State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) Resende Brazil
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Maia LS, Zanini NC, Claro AM, Amaral NC, Barud HS, Mulinari DR. Eco‐friendly foams of castor oil based‐polyurethane with Artemisia residue fillers for discarded vegetable oil sorption. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lana S. Maia
- Departmento de Mecânica e Energia Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) Resende Brazil
| | - Noelle C. Zanini
- Departmento de Mecânica e Energia Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) Resende Brazil
| | - Amanda Maria Claro
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biotecnologia Universidade de Araraquara Araraquara (UNIARA) Brazil
| | | | - Hernane S. Barud
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biotecnologia Universidade de Araraquara Araraquara (UNIARA) Brazil
| | - Daniella R. Mulinari
- Departmento de Mecânica e Energia Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) Resende Brazil
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Zanini NC, de Souza AG, Barbosa RFS, Rosa DS, Mulinari DR. Eco-friendly composites of polyurethane and sheath palm residues. J CELL PLAST 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x20987150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work prepared eco-friendly biocomposites of polyurethane (PU) and sheath palm residues, using castor oil as a polyol. PU composites filled with natural fibers were prepared at different loading rates: 0 to 20 wt.%. Results indicated that the sheath palm was hydrogen-bonded to PU chains and increased the foams' density. Pore size decreased with an increase in fiber content, from 256 to 116 µm. The fiber's addition improved the ductility of PU foams (compressive modulus from 4.74 to 0.26 MPa) and the foams' crystallinity index (from 5.4 to 15.4%). Compared to pristine PU, the composites showed high hydrophobicity (reaching 123° of contact angle for PU-15%) and thermal stability (Tonset from 96 to 96.3°), and high density (from 41 to 60 kg.m−3), making the developed composites an excellent option for environmental applications, such as oil removal and contaminant adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle C Zanini
- Department of Mechanical and Energy, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Resende, Brazil
| | - Alana G de Souza
- Center for Engineering, Modeling, and Applied Social Sciences (CECS), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Brazil
| | - Rennan FS Barbosa
- Center for Engineering, Modeling, and Applied Social Sciences (CECS), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Brazil
| | - Derval S Rosa
- Center for Engineering, Modeling, and Applied Social Sciences (CECS), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Brazil
| | - Daniella R Mulinari
- Department of Mechanical and Energy, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Resende, Brazil
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Augaitis N, Vaitkus S, Członka S, Kairytė A. Research of Wood Waste as a Potential Filler for Loose-Fill Building Insulation: Appropriate Selection and Incorporation into Polyurethane Biocomposite Foams. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13235336. [PMID: 33255683 PMCID: PMC7728156 DOI: 10.3390/ma13235336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the recycling potential of wood waste (WW) is still limited, and in a resource efficiency approach, recycling WW in insulation materials, such as polyurethane (PUR), appears as an appropriate solution. It is known that the quality of WW is the main aspect which influences the stability of the final products. Therefore, the current study analyses different WW-based fillers as possible modifiers for polyurethane biocomposite foams for the application as loose-fill materials in building envelopes. During the study of WW-based fillers, it was determined that the most promising filler is wood scobs (WS) with a thermal conductivity of 0.0496 W/m·K, short-term water absorption by partial immersion—12.5 kg/m2, water vapour resistance—0.34 m2·h·Pa/mg and water vapour diffusion resistance factor—2.4. In order to evaluate the WS performance as a filler in PUR biocomposite foams, different ratios of PUR binder and WS filler (PURb/WS) were selected. It was found that a 0.40 PURb/WS ratio is insufficient for the appropriate wetting of WS filler while a 0.70 PURb/WS ratio produced PUR biocomposite foams with the most suitable performance: thermal conductivity reduced from 0.0523 to 0.0476 W/m·K, water absorption—from 5.6 to 1.3 kg/m2, while the compressive strength increased from 142 to 272 kPa and the tensile strength increased from 44 to 272 kPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerijus Augaitis
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 10221 Vilnius, Lithuania; (N.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Saulius Vaitkus
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 10221 Vilnius, Lithuania; (N.A.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-5251-2344
| | - Sylwia Członka
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Agnė Kairytė
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 10221 Vilnius, Lithuania; (N.A.); (A.K.)
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