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Weiksnar KD, Ferraro CC, Kari R, Mayer N, Townsend TG. Opportunities and challenges with implementing a recycling program for municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash as a construction aggregate: A programmatic review. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2024:1-15. [PMID: 39046185 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2024.2383651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
The incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) produces byproducts known as MSW incineration (MSWI) ash. The reuse of MSWI ash as a construction material prevails in several areas of the world, namely Europe and Asia, however, reuse in the United States (US) lags due to regulatory requirements for disposal practices. Developing a recycling program for MSWI ash provides an alternative end-of-life disposal scenario for material currently landfilled and supplements the reliability of mining of natural aggregates. This study provides a programmatic review of the past decade of challenges and opportunities a local government in the US has experienced to implement a recycling program for their MSWI bottom ash (BA) as a construction aggregate in road materials, such as hot mix asphalt, concrete pavement, and road base. The regulatory and practical challenges in the U.S. are presented, including meeting mechanical and environmental performance requirements (e.g., strength and leaching-to-groundwater). The novel approach to overcoming these challenges include blending MSWIBA from two facilities with common aggregates, creating suitable construction materials. Interfacing with local and state agencies, such as the Department of Environmental Protection and Transportation resulted in additional testing to establish the MSWIBA as a beneficial use material and obtain essential approvals for advancing reuse opportunities. This paper synthesizes available data regarding the challenges, opportunities, and implementation of this recycling program by reviewing the experiences of an MSWI facility in the US to provide fundamental guidance to those considering similar applications.Implications: The reuse of municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash (MSWIBA) lags in the United States (US) due to regulatory limitations and lack of precedence. This manuscript details the steps of a local government in the US to establishing a novel recycling program for their MSWIBA, including performance evaluation, regulatory interfacing, and outreach. This critical review provides a comprehensive document containing appropriate considerations required to implement similar MSWIBA recycling programs in the US and offers lawmakers, policymakers, and MSWI operators knowledge regarding opportunities and challenges associated with pursuing this avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate D Weiksnar
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida , USA
| | - Christopher C Ferraro
- Department of Civil and Coastal Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ramana Kari
- Solid Waste Authority of Palm Beach County, West Palm Beach, Florida, USA
| | - Nathan Mayer
- Solid Waste Authority of Palm Beach County, West Palm Beach, Florida, USA
| | - Timothy G Townsend
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida , USA
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Driver JG, Bernard E, Patrizio P, Fennell PS, Scrivener K, Myers RJ. Global decarbonization potential of CO 2 mineralization in concrete materials. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313475121. [PMID: 38976729 PMCID: PMC11260098 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313475121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
CO2 mineralization products are often heralded as having outstanding potentials to reduce CO2-eq. emissions. However, these claims are generally undermined by incomplete consideration of the life cycle climate change impacts, material properties, supply and demand constraints, and economic viability of CO2 mineralization products. We investigate these factors in detail for ten concrete-related CO2 mineralization products to quantify their individual and global CO2-eq. emissions reduction potentials. Our results show that in 2020, 3.9 Gt of carbonatable solid materials were generated globally, with the dominant material being end-of-life cement paste in concrete and mortar (1.4 Gt y-1). All ten of the CO2 mineralization technologies investigated here reduce life cycle CO2-eq. emissions when used to substitute comparable conventional products. In 2020, the global CO2-eq. emissions reduction potential of economically competitive CO2 mineralization technologies was 0.39 Gt CO2-eq., i.e., 15% of that from cement production. This level of CO2-eq. emissions reduction is limited by the supply of end-of-life cement paste. The results also show that it is 2 to 5 times cheaper to reduce CO2-eq. emissions by producing cement from carbonated end-of-life cement paste than carbon capture and storage (CCS), demonstrating its superior decarbonization potential. On the other hand, it is currently much more expensive to reduce CO2-eq. emissions using some CO2 mineralization technologies, like carbonated normal weight aggregate production, than CCS. Technologies and policies that increase recovery of end-of-life cement paste from aged infrastructure are key to unlocking the potential of CO2 mineralization in reducing the CO2-eq. footprint of concrete materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin G. Driver
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ellina Bernard
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Laboratory for Concrete & Construction Chemistry, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Piera Patrizio
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, LondonSW7 1NE, United Kingdom
| | - Paul S. Fennell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Scrivener
- Laboratory of Construction Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, LausanneCH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Rupert J. Myers
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Xu H, Huan D, Lin J. Fault monitoring method of domestic waste incineration slag sorting device based on back propagation neural network. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27396. [PMID: 38510036 PMCID: PMC10950583 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The main monitoring points of traditional sorting equipment fault monitoring methods are usually limited to the inlet and outlet, making it difficult to monitor the internal equipment, which may affect the accuracy of fault monitoring. Therefore, a new fault monitoring method based on back propagation neural network has been studied and designed, which is mainly applied to the sorting device of domestic waste incineration slag. The fault monitoring modeling variables of the domestic waste incineration slag sorting device are selected to determine the operation status of the sorting device. Based on back propagation neural network, a fault monitoring model for the sorting device of municipal solid waste incinerator slag is constructed, and the fault data of the sorting device is trained in the model, so that the fault data of the sorting device can be optimized faster, thus improving the accuracy of fault monitoring. Through comparative experiments with traditional methods, it has been confirmed that this fault monitoring method based on back propagation neural network has significant advantages in detection performance, demonstrating its potential in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215137, China
| | - Dongdong Huan
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350118, China
| | - Jihong Lin
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215137, China
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Chen Z, Li JS, Xuan D, Poon CS, Huang X. Effect of alkaline washing treatment on leaching behavior of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:1966-1978. [PMID: 35925460 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to find an effective, inexpensive, and safe washing treatment for municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MSWIBA) in order to reduce its potential harmful effects in disposal and recycling. The washing solutions, namely tap water (TW), saturated lime water (SLW), and wastewater from concrete batching plant (WW) were used to wash MSWIBA at different liquid-solid (L/S) ratios and for different durations. Leaching behavior of some heavy metals, chloride, and sulfate from MSWIBA was tested and evaluated. From the TCLP leaching test, when the L/S ratio was above 5, WW was the most effective solution in reducing As, Cd, Se, and Sb emissions from MSWIBA. The calcium and iron ions present in the WW were essential for controlling the leaching of As, Cd, and Sb from MSWIBA due to the formation of stable crystalline pharmacosiderite, cadmium hydroxide sulfate, and hydromeite during the washing process. Using WW showed the best effect in removing sulfate from MSWIBA. At a L/S ratio of 10, about 83% of the sulfate could be removed from MSWIBA after 20 min of washing. The L/S ratio was most influential in removing chloride from MSWIBA. The three washing treatments chosen were effective in reducing the chloride level in MSWIBA to below the level of hazardous waste. Nevertheless, there were still substantial amounts of chloride remaining in the treated MSWIBA. Under the Dutch Building Materials Decree, the treated MSWIBA may be used as a building material in parts which allow isolation, control, and monitoring (ICM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- IRSM-CAS/HK PolyU Joint Laboratory On Solid Waste Science, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jiang-Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- IRSM-CAS/HK PolyU Joint Laboratory On Solid Waste Science, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Dongxing Xuan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Sun Poon
- IRSM-CAS/HK PolyU Joint Laboratory On Solid Waste Science, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- IRSM-CAS/HK PolyU Joint Laboratory On Solid Waste Science, Wuhan, 430071, China
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Poranek N, Łaźniewska-Piekarczyk B, Lombardi L, Czajkowski A, Bogacka M, Pikoń K. Green Deal and Circular Economy of Bottom Ash Waste Management in Building Industry-Alkali (NaOH) Pre-Treatment. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:3487. [PMID: 35629514 PMCID: PMC9148039 DOI: 10.3390/ma15103487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the possibilities of municipal waste incineration bottom ash (MSWIBA) utilization in the construction sector. MSWIBA development fits into the European Green Deal, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the Circular Economy (CE). This manuscript describes current MSWIBA treatment such as solidification, ceramization, vitrification, chemical activation (NaOH, CaOH2, NA2SiO3 + NaOH, Na2CO3 + NaOH, NH4OH), acid treatment with diluted solutions (HCl, H2SO4), chemical stabilization (FeSO4, PO43-), chelation, etc. For the purpose of comparative research, MSWIBA before valorization, after valorization, and after NaOH pre-treatment was investigated. In terms of their physico-chemical properties, the tested samples were examined. Three kinds of MSWIBA were used as a substitute for 30% of cement in mortars. The mortars were tested for 28-day strength. Leachability tests were performed in acid, aggressive, alkali, and neutral water environments. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis was carried out, which presented the environmental benefits of MSWIBA management in construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina Poranek
- Department of Technologies and Installations for Waste Management, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (M.B.); (K.P.)
- Department of Building Engineering and Building Physics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Doctoral School, The Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Beata Łaźniewska-Piekarczyk
- Department of Building Engineering and Building Physics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Lidia Lombardi
- Faculty of Engineering, Niccolò Cusano University, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi, 3, 00166 Rome, Italy;
| | - Adrian Czajkowski
- Doctoral School, The Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Department of Power Engineering and Turbomachinery, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- EnergySol s.c., Przepiórek 53, 43-100 Tychy, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bogacka
- Department of Technologies and Installations for Waste Management, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (M.B.); (K.P.)
| | - Krzysztof Pikoń
- Department of Technologies and Installations for Waste Management, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (M.B.); (K.P.)
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