1
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Pei S, Yan S, Chen X, Li J, Xu J. Novel electrochemical process for recycling of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 188:1-10. [PMID: 39084179 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Effective recovery of Li, Co, Ni and Mn from cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has become a global concern. In this study, electrolysis of copper sulfate to produce sulfuric acid and electrons were utilized to recover Li, Co, Ni and Mn from spent LIBs. The obtained results showed that 93 % of Ni, 91 % of Co, 89 % of Mn and 94 % of Li were leached and 99 % of Cu was deposited during leaching process by adopting the 0.225 mol/L of copper sulfate with a solid/liquid ratio of 15 g/L at a current density of 50 mA/m2 and 80 °C for 4.5 h. Then, a current efficiency of 72 % for the cathode and 30 % for the anode was achieved at a current density of 40 mA/m2, 70 °C and pH 2.5 during electrodeposition process. The Ni-Co deposition followed the principle of anomalous codeposition and the complete deposition time of Co, Ni and Mn were 3 h, 9 h and 10 h, respectively. Eventually, the Ni, Co, Mn, Li and Cu can be recovered as Ni-Co alloy, MnO2 and Li2CO3 and Cu metals with the corresponding recovery rates of 99.40 %, 91.00 %, 90.68 %, 85.59 % and 89.55 %, respectively. This study proposes a promising strategy for recycling cathode materials from spent LIBs without addition of chemical reductants and acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaozhen Pei
- Nuclear Chemistry & Separation and Purification Technology Laboratory, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350002, China; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350007, China
| | - Shuxuan Yan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xiangping Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710021, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410081, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China.
| | - Jing Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710021, China
| | - Junhua Xu
- Nuclear Chemistry & Separation and Purification Technology Laboratory, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350002, China; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350007, China; Geological Survey of Finland, P.O. Box 96, FI-02151 Espoo, Finland
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2
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Hao J, Hao J, Liu D, He L, Liu X, Zhao Z, Zhao T, Xu W. Maximizing resource recovery: A green and economic strategy for lithium extraction from spent ternary batteries. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134472. [PMID: 38696964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Spent ternary lithium-ion batteries contain abundant lithium resource, and their proper disposal is conducive to environmental protection and the comprehensive utilization of resources. Separating valuable metals in the ternary leaching solution is the key to ensuring resource recovery. However, the traditional post-lithium extraction strategies, which heavily rely on ion exchange to remove transition metal ions in the leachate, encounter challenges in achieving satisfactory lithium yields and purities. Based on this, this paper proposed a new strategy to prioritize lithium extraction from ternary leachate using "(+) LiFePO4/FePO4 (-)" lithium extraction system. The preferential recovery of lithium can be realized by controlling the potential over 0.1 V versus Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) without introducing any impurity ions. The lithium recovery rate reaches 98.91%, while the rejection rate of transition ions exceeds 99%, and the separation coefficients of lithium to transition metal ions can reach 126. Notably, the resulting lithium-rich liquid can directly prepare lithium carbonate with a purity of 99.36%. It provides a green and efficient strategy for the preferential recovery of lithium from the spent ternary leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Hao
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jiayu Hao
- Zhongyuan Critical Metals Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Dongfu Liu
- Zhongyuan Critical Metals Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; The Key Lab of Critical Metals Minerals Supernormal Enrichment and Extraction, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lihua He
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xuheng Liu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zhongwei Zhao
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Zhongyuan Critical Metals Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; The Key Lab of Critical Metals Minerals Supernormal Enrichment and Extraction, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Tianyu Zhao
- The Robert M. Buchan Department of Mining, Queen's University, 25 Union Street, Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Wenhua Xu
- Zhongyuan Critical Metals Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; The Key Lab of Critical Metals Minerals Supernormal Enrichment and Extraction, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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3
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Wang C, Wang Y, Sun W, Huang D, Lin S, Wang L, Zeng H. Electricity-driven dealkalization of bauxite residue based on thermodynamics, kinetics, and mineral transformation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:45747-45760. [PMID: 38977552 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34100-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
High alkalinity content of bauxite residue is a major factor that hinders resource reutilization and pollutes the environment. Although acid neutralization is a direct and effective method, the amount of acid and secondary waste of sodium salt are still difficult problems to solve. Herein, we innovatively integrated an electric field into the acid neutralization dealkalization of bauxite residue and analyzed the dealkalization behavior by thermodynamics, kinetics, and mineral transformation. The results show that the pH of the anode chamber was maintained at the acidic levels of 3-6 after 30 min of galvanostatic electrolysis, and bauxite residue can realize dealkalization by acid neutralization. In the anode chamber, Na+ was released into the leachate via the reactions of Na3Al3Si3O12 and the removal of encapsulated soluble alkali. The stainless steel wire mesh anode exhibited its superiority and decreased the Na2O content in bauxite residue from 9.48 to 3.13% through convective mass transfer driven by the electric field and steady-state diffusion under stirring. This research provides a promising method for the electricity-driven dealkalization of bauxite residue, thus facilitating the development of multifield coupling theory and the application of electric fields in the alumina industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwen Wang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-Containing Mineral Resources, School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
- , Changsha, China
| | - Yanxiu Wang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-Containing Mineral Resources, School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China.
- , Changsha, China.
| | - Wei Sun
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-Containing Mineral Resources, School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
- , Changsha, China
| | - Dandan Huang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-Containing Mineral Resources, School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
- , Changsha, China
| | - Shangyong Lin
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-Containing Mineral Resources, School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
- , Changsha, China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-Containing Mineral Resources, School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
- , Changsha, China
| | - Hua Zeng
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-Containing Mineral Resources, School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
- , Changsha, China
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4
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Biswal BK, Zhang B, Thi Minh Tran P, Zhang J, Balasubramanian R. Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries for a sustainable future: recent advancements. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5552-5592. [PMID: 38644694 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00898c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used as power storage systems in electronic devices and electric vehicles (EVs). Recycling of spent LIBs is of utmost importance from various perspectives including recovery of valuable metals (mostly Co and Li) and mitigation of environmental pollution. Recycling methods such as direct recycling, pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, bio-hydrometallurgy (bioleaching) and electrometallurgy are generally used to resynthesise LIBs. These methods have their own benefits and drawbacks. This manuscript provides a critical review of recent advances in the recycling of spent LIBs, including the development of recycling processes, identification of the products obtained from recycling, and the effects of recycling methods on environmental burdens. Insights into chemical reactions, thermodynamics, kinetics, and the influence of operating parameters of each recycling technology are provided. The sustainability of recycling technologies (e.g., life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis) is critically evaluated. Finally, the existing challenges and future prospects are presented for further development of sustainable, highly efficient, and environmentally benign recycling of spent LIBs to contribute to the circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basanta Kumar Biswal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
| | - Phuong Thi Minh Tran
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
- The University of Danang - University of Science and Technology, 54 Nguyen Luong Bang Str., Danang City, Vietnam
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
| | - Rajasekhar Balasubramanian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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Kasri MA, Mohd Halizan MZ, Harun I, Bahrudin FI, Daud N, Aizamddin MF, Amira Shaffee SN, Rahman NA, Shafiee SA, Mahat MM. Addressing preliminary challenges in upscaling the recovery of lithium from spent lithium ion batteries by the electrochemical method: a review. RSC Adv 2024; 14:15515-15541. [PMID: 38741977 PMCID: PMC11089646 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00972j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The paramount importance of lithium (Li) nowadays and the mounting volume of untreated spent LIB have imposed pressure on innovators to tackle the near-term issue of Li resource depletion through recycling. The trajectory of research dedicated to recycling has skyrocketed in this decade, reflecting the global commitment to addressing the issues surrounding Li resources. Although metallurgical methods, such as pyro- and hydrometallurgy, are presently prevalent in Li recycling, they exhibit unsustainable operational characteristics including elevated temperatures, the utilization of substantial quantities of expensive chemicals, and the generation of emissions containing toxic gases such as Cl2, SO2, and NOx. Therefore, the alternative electrochemical method has gained growing attention, as it involves a more straightforward operation leveraging ion-selective features and employing water as the main reagent, which is seen as more environmentally benign. Despite this, intensive efforts are still required to advance the electrochemical method toward commercialisation. This review highlights the key points in the electrochemical method that demand attention, including the feasibility of a large-scale setup, consideration of the substantial volume of electrolyte consumption, the design of membranes with the desired features, a suitable layout of the membrane, and the absence of techno-economic assessments for the electrochemical method. The perspectives presented herein provide a crucial understanding of the challenges of advancing the technological readiness level of the electrochemical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Arif Kasri
- Department of Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah 25200 Kuantan Pahang Malaysia
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA 40450 Shah Alam Selangor Malaysia
| | | | - Irina Harun
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang 43400 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Fadzli Irwan Bahrudin
- Kulliyyah of Architecture & Environmental Design, International Islamic University Malaysia Gombak 53100 Kuala Lumpur Selangor Malaysia
| | - Nuraini Daud
- Faculty of Artificial Intelligence, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 54100 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Faiz Aizamddin
- Group Research and Technology, PETRONAS Research Sdn. Bhd. Bandar Baru Bangi 43000 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Siti Nur Amira Shaffee
- Group Research and Technology, PETRONAS Research Sdn. Bhd. Bandar Baru Bangi 43000 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Norazah Abd Rahman
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA 40450 Shah Alam Selangor Malaysia
| | - Saiful Arifin Shafiee
- Department of Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah 25200 Kuantan Pahang Malaysia
| | - Mohd Muzamir Mahat
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA 40450 Shah Alam Selangor Malaysia
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Du Z, Chen J, Wang S, An X, Wang P, Ma X, Du X, Hao X, Luo Q, Li J, Guan G. Recovery of metal ion resources from waste lithium batteries by in situ electro-leaching coupled with electrochemically switched ion exchange. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 175:42-51. [PMID: 38159367 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
A new green pathway of in situ electro-leaching coupled with electrochemically switched ion exchange (EL-ESIX) technology was developed for the separation and recovery of valuable metal ions from waste lithium batteries. By using the in situ electro-leaching, the leaching rates of Li+ and Co2+ from the prepared LiCoO2 film electrodes reached 100 % and 93.30 %, respectively, under the combined effect of the acidic microenvironment formed by the anodic electrolytic water and electrostatic repulsion. Subsequently, the Li+ in the electrolyte was further extracted by an electrochemically switched ion exchange (ESIX) process using LiMn2O4 as the film electrode, and Li+ was further enriched in the eluate by a cyclic adsorption and desorption process. The results indicate that the in situ electro-leaching has significant advantages over powder leaching, and for the recycling of waste lithium batteries, the final lithium recovery rate reached 94.51 % by using this in situ EL-ESIX technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Jialu Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Shangjun Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Xiaowei An
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; Shanxi Jinke Technology Service Company Limited, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Peifen Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Xuli Ma
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Xiao Du
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Xiaogang Hao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Qinglong Luo
- Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
| | - Jun Li
- Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
| | - Guoqing Guan
- Energy Conversion Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Regional Innovation (IRI), Hirosaki University, 3-Bunkyocho, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
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Yang T, Luo D, Yu A, Chen Z. Enabling Future Closed-Loop Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: Direct Cathode Regeneration. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2203218. [PMID: 37015003 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The rapid proliferation of electric vehicles equipped with lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) presents serious waste management challenges and environmental hazards for recyclers after scrap. Closed-loop recycling contributes to the sustainable development of batteries and plays an important role in mitigating raw material shortages and supply chain risks. Herein, current direct cathode regeneration methods for industrialized recycling are outlined and evaluated. Different regeneration methods for spent cathode materials are summarized, which provide a new perspective for realizing closed-loop recycling of LIBs. A reference recycling route for retrofitting existing cathode production lines is proposed and minimizes the costs. In addition to promoting the industrialization of direct cathode recycling, the environmental, economic, and political benefits of battery recycling are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingzhou Yang
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W. , Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Dan Luo
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W. , Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Aiping Yu
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W. , Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W. , Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
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Takacova Z, Orac D, Klimko J, Miskufova A. Current Trends in Spent Portable Lithium Battery Recycling. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4264. [PMID: 37374448 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the current state of the field in spent portable lithium battery recycling at both the research and industrial scales. The possibilities of spent portable lithium battery processing involving pre-treatment (manual dismantling, discharging, thermal and mechanical-physical pre-treatment), pyrometallurgical processes (smelting, roasting), hydrometallurgical processes (leaching followed by recovery of metals from the leachates) and a combination of the above are described. The main metal-bearing component of interest is the active mass or cathode active material that is released and concentrated by mechanical-physical pre-treatment procedures. The metals of interest contained in the active mass include cobalt, lithium, manganese and nickel. In addition to these metals, aluminum, iron and other non-metallic materials, especially carbon, can also be obtained from the spent portable lithium batteries. The work describes a detailed analysis of the current state of research on spent lithium battery recycling. The paper presents the conditions, procedures, advantages and disadvantages of the techniques being developed. Moreover, a summary of existing industrial plants that are focused on spent lithium battery recycling is included in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Takacova
- Institute of Recycling Technologies, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Kosice, Letna 9, 04200 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Dusan Orac
- Institute of Recycling Technologies, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Kosice, Letna 9, 04200 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Jakub Klimko
- Institute of Recycling Technologies, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Kosice, Letna 9, 04200 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Miskufova
- Institute of Recycling Technologies, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Kosice, Letna 9, 04200 Kosice, Slovakia
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Wang H, Cao L, Wang M, Liu B, Deng L, Li G, Cheng YJ, Gao J, Xia Y. Green and Low-Cost Approach for Recovering Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province310023, People’s Republic of China
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province315201, People’s Republic of China
| | - Longhao Cao
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province315201, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province315201, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province310023, People’s Republic of China
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province315201, People’s Republic of China
| | - Longping Deng
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province315201, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guohua Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province310023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-Jun Cheng
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province315201, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Gao
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province315201, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yonggao Xia
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province315201, People’s Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Rd, Shijingshan District, Beijing100049, People’s Republic of China
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10
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He X, Wen Y, Wang X, Cui Y, Li L, Ma H. Leaching NCM cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries with phosphate acid-based deep eutectic solvent. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 157:8-16. [PMID: 36512926 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) play an important role in efficient recovery of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In this study, we proposed an efficient and safe method by using a choline chloride-phenylphosphinic acid DES as a lixiviant for the leaching of LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM) cathode active materials of spent LIBs. The leaching conditions were optimized based on the leaching time, liquid-solid ratio, and leaching temperature. Under optimal experimental conditions, the leaching efficiencies of Li, Co, Ni, and Mn reached 97.7 %, 97.0 %, 96.4 %, and 93.0 %, respectively. The kinetics of the leaching process were well-fitted using the logarithmic law equation. The apparent activation energies for Li, Co, Ni, and Mn have been reported to be 60.3 kJ/mol, 78.9 kJ/mol, 99.3 kJ/mol, and 82.1 kJ/mol, respectively. UV-visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared analysis revealed that the coordination configurations of Ni and Co in the leaching solution were octahedral and tetrahedral, respectively. In addition, the PO bond in phenylphosphinic acid was involved in coordination during leaching. This finding may provide an effective and safe approach for leaching valuable metals from spent LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihong He
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yunpeng Wen
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Xinyao Wang
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yaru Cui
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Linbo Li
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Hongzhou Ma
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
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11
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Study on selective recovery of lithium ions from lithium iron phosphate powder by electrochemical method. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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A critical review on extraction of valuable metals from solid waste. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tian X, Xie J, Xu M, Wang Y, Liu Y. An infinite life cycle assessment model to re-evaluate resource efficiency and environmental impacts of circular economy systems. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 145:72-82. [PMID: 35525000 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Challenges exist in life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate resource efficiency and environmental impacts of circular economy systems. Rules attributing recycling benefits/burdens are inconsistent, causing system boundary ambiguity. Besides, LCAs covering one or several life cycles fail to capture the complete resource path, which leads to unfair assessment results for the primary life cycle. This paper develops an infinite life cycle assessment model, which integrates LCA, substance flow analysis, and a state transition matrix into an infinite-life-cycle framework. On this basis, algorithms are formulated to quantify the resource efficiency and attribute environmental impacts following the principle of whole first, then allocation. Our model is demonstrated by a case study of lead-acid batteries. Results show that the resource efficiency of lead in the infinite life cycle assessment model is at least 118.75% higher than that of primary lead derived from the typical finite life cycle models. Measured by the index of environmental toxicity potential, environmental impacts are transferred from the primary product life cycle to recycled product life cycles, with the range fluctuating from 66.26% to 68.12%. Our model enables scholars to make more reasonable assessments for circular economy systems based on traditional LCA adjustment. From the infinite-life-cycle perspective, sustainable production policies should focus on increasing the recycling rate of waste products rather than limiting the exploitation of natural resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Tian
- Research Center for Central China Economic and Social Development, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China; Jiangxi Ecological Civilization Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China; School of Economics and Management, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China
| | - Jinliang Xie
- School of Economics and Management, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China
| | - Ming Xu
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1041, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125, United States
| | - Yutao Wang
- Fudan Tyndall Center, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), No.3663 Northern Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, PR China
| | - Yaobin Liu
- Research Center for Central China Economic and Social Development, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China; School of Economics and Management, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China.
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Liu Y, Yu H, Wang Y, Tang D, Qiu W, Li W, Li J. Microwave hydrothermal renovating and reassembling spent lithium cobalt oxide for lithium-ion battery. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 143:186-194. [PMID: 35272201 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With the growing number of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) that are consumed by worldwide people, recycling is necessary for addressing environmental problems and alleviating energy crisis. Especially, it is meaningful to regenerate LIBs from spent batteries. In this paper, the microwave hydrothermal method is used to replenish lithium, assemble particles and optimize the crystal structure of the spent lithium cobalt oxide. The microwave hydrothermal process can shorten the reaction time, improve the internal structure, and uniformize the particle size distribution of lithium cobalt oxide. It helps to construct a regenerated lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) battery with high-capacity and high-rate properties (141.7 mAh g-1 at 5C). The cycle retention rate is 94.5% after 100 cycles, which is far exceeding the original lithium cobalt oxide (89.7%) and LiCoO2 regenerated by normal hydrothermal method (88.3%). This work demonstrates the feasibility to get lithium cobalt oxide batteries with good structural stability from spent lithium cobalt oxide batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Hongjian Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Dan Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Weixin Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wenzhang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Jie Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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