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Roy S, Sarkar T, Upadhye VJ, Chakraborty R. Comprehensive Review on Fruit Seeds: Nutritional, Phytochemical, Nanotechnology, Toxicity, Food Biochemistry, and Biotechnology Perspective. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:4472-4643. [PMID: 37755640 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04674-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Fruit seeds are leftovers from a variety of culinary sectors. They are generally unutilized and contribute greatly to global disposals. These seeds not only possess various nutritional attributes but also have many heath-beneficial properties. One way to make use of these seeds is to extract their bioactive components and create fortified food items. Nowadays, researchers are highly interested in creating innovative functional meals and food components from these unconventional resources. The main objective of this manuscript was to determine the usefulness of seed powder from 70 highly consumed fruits, including Apple, Apricot, Avocado, Banana, Blackberry, Blackcurrant, Blueberry, Cherry, Common plum, Cranberry, Gooseberry, Jackfruit, Jamun, Kiwi, Lemon, Mahua, Mango, Melon, Olive, Orange, and many more have been presented. The nutritional attributes, phytochemical composition, health advantages, nanotechnology applications, and toxicity of these fruit seeds have been fully depicted. This study also goes into in-depth detailing on creating useful food items out of these seeds, such as bakery goods, milk products, cereal-based goods, and meat products. It also identifies enzymes purified from these seeds along with their biochemical applications and any research openings in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Roy
- Department of Food Technology and Biochemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Tanmay Sarkar
- Department of Food Processing Technology, Malda Polytechnic, West Bengal State Council of Technical Education, Govt. of West Bengal, Malda, 732102, India.
| | | | - Runu Chakraborty
- Department of Food Technology and Biochemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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Adama KK, Anani OA. Experimental and theoretical assessment of phenomena linked with separation and purification of biodiesel from Ricinus communis seed oil. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16536. [PMID: 37251471 PMCID: PMC10220419 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the phenomena associated with the separation and purification of biodiesel produced from Ricinus communis oil seeds using experimental and theoretical approaches. The alkaline transesterification technique was used to produce the biodiesel from the Ricinus communis oil seeds which were later compared with standards based on EN and ASTM. Experimental investigation of the components in the mixture for separation and purification was conducted using the standard turbidimetric method for binodal solubility and tie-line compositions. The gas chromatographic technique was used to determine the composition of the homogeneous mixture. Novel components separation and purification of the Ricinus communis seed oil biodiesel was achieved using ternary diagrams highlighting the constituent components of the biodiesel at different temperatures for enhanced separation and purification. At the coexisting extract and raffinate phases, the orientation angle of the component compositions increases as the methanol concentration increases and temperature increases. The analysis of seed oil in terms of its physicochemical properties showed density, refractive index, acid value, and free fatty acid values of 905 kg/m3, 1.486, 0.79 mg KOH/g, and 0.390 mg KOH/g respectively. The fatty acid composition of the seed oil and biodiesel revealed that the major characteristics of the oil and biodiesel were defined by the presence of linoleic acid (C18:2) and a ricinoleic acid hydroxyl group (C18:1, OH) with compositions of approximately 30% and 20% respectively. Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectrometry analysis of the oil and biodiesel showed that the absorption spectrum in terms of the wave number (cm-1) ranged from 1000 to 4000 cm-1 with esters as the main functional group providing the main structural backbone. The presence of different fatty acids leads to lateral homogeneity of the biodiesel molecules which can serve to organize the molecules into discrete domains with different properties for enhanced separation and purification at the investigated temperatures. Optimal separation and purification were achieved at the different temperatures showing the castor oil biodiesel, glycerol, and methanol components system at the prevailing composition, time, and temperatures from the tie-lines and binodal solubility compositions. This approach provides a means for the design of a more efficient separation process for optimal biodiesel purification after production with knowledge of how the components are distributed in the ternary mixture after the transesterification reaction. This, leads to greater efficiency of the process, reducing material and operational costs and eliminating environmental issues linked with the biodiesel production process as the volume of wastewater generated would be hugely eradicated. The findings of this study will be useful in the setting up of a small-to-medium-size biodiesel production facility with improvement in the efficiency of product separation and purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Kennedy Adama
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Edo State University, Uzairue, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Osikemekha Anthony Anani
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology and Forensic Biology, Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Edo State University, Uzairue, Edo State, Nigeria
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Pandit C, Banerjee S, Pandit S, Lahiri D, Kumar V, Chaubey KK, Al-Balushi R, Al-Bahry S, Joshi SJ. Recent advances and challenges in the utilization of nanomaterials in transesterification for biodiesel production. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15475. [PMID: 37128301 PMCID: PMC10147985 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to diminishing fossil fuel supplies and rising energy needs, there has been an ever-increasing demand for renewable energy sources. The available renewable energy resources, such as solar, wind, hydropower, and biofuels, provide a new way of supplying the world's energy needs. Biofuels stand out among them because they are sustainable and have the potential to bring the idea of a global bioeconomy to life. As a result of their production of biofuels like biomethane, biohydrogen, and biodiesel, atmospheric CO2 is being fixed, eventually lowering the world's carbon footprint. Current developments in the production of bioenergy have concentrated on producing biodiesel among other biofuels. Biodiesel is being produced from a variety of feedstocks using a number of processes, including transesterification, micro-emulsion, direct mixing, and pyrolysis. The most popular method among these is transesterification, which makes use of a variety of catalysts. As a result of the development of nanotechnology, nanocatalysts with desirable properties, such as increased catalytic activity, increased surface area, and superior thermal stability, have been made and modified. In this review, various nanocatalyst types and manufacturing processes are examined in relation to transesterification. It explores how crucial nanocatalysts are in boosting biodiesel production, highlights potential barriers, and makes recommendations for their widespread use in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan Pandit
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Srijoni Banerjee
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India
| | - Soumya Pandit
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Dibyajit Lahiri
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering & Management, University Area, Plot No. III, B/5, New Town Rd, Action Area III, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- Division of Research and Innovation, School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | | | - Saif Al-Bahry
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Sanket J. Joshi
- Oil & Gas Research Center, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
- Corresponding author.
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Alsaiari M, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Sultana S, Rizk MA, Almohana AI, Ahmad Z, Alsaiari RA, Akhtar MS. Treatment of Saussurea heteromalla for biofuel synthesis using catalytic membrane reactor. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 305:135335. [PMID: 35724723 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Membrane technology has been adopted as a prospective and promising alternative to the standard technology used for biodiesel production since the time when it had some limitations. During this research project, the inedible seed oil generating feedstock known as Saussurea heteromalla was put through a biodiesel production process that utilized membrane technology with an effort to increase the yield of methyl ester. The transesterification process was mediated by zirconium oxide nanoparticles that were generated using an aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea leaf. With an oil to methanol ratio of 1:9, a catalyst concentration of 0.88 (wt. %), temperature of 87 °C, and reaction time of 180 min, the highest possible biodiesel yield of 93% was achieved. The findings of the catalyst characterization demonstrated the purity of the zirconium oxide nano particles and their nanoscale nature with average particle size of 31 nm. Using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS), an examination of biodiesel revealed the presence of four different peaks of methyl esters. Using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance, we were able to verify that the production of methyl esters in the biodiesel sample was successful (NMR). Zerconium oxide nanoparticles were found reusable up to five consecutive cycles of transesterification. The fuel-related properties of methyl ester have been determined and are in line with the requirements of the international standards ASTM D-6571 and EN 14214. In the course of our ongoing research, we made use of membrane technology, which led to the production of biodiesel from the seed oil of Saussurea heteromalla that was better for the environment, more cost effective, and produced in greater quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabkhoot Alsaiari
- Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Advanced Materials and Nano Research Centre, Najran University, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia; Empty Quarter Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Art in Sharurah, Najran University, Sharurah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid- i- Azam University Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid- i- Azam University Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid- i- Azam University Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Moustafa A Rizk
- Empty Quarter Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Art in Sharurah, Najran University, Sharurah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry of Science Faculty, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Abdulaziz Ibrahim Almohana
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zubair Ahmad
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, South Korea.
| | - Raiedhah A Alsaiari
- Empty Quarter Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Art in Sharurah, Najran University, Sharurah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Saeed Akhtar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, South Korea.
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Chaudhry B, Akhtar MS, Ahmad M, Munir M, Zafar M, Alhajeri NS, Al-Muhtaseb AH, Ahmad Z, Hasan M, Bokhari A. Membrane based reactors for sustainable treatment of Coronopus didymus L. by developing Iodine doped potassium oxide Catalyst under Dynamic conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135138. [PMID: 35636597 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Green nano-technology together with the availability of eco-friendly and alternative sources are the promising candidates to combat environment deteriorations and energy clutches globally. The current work focuses on the synthesis and application of newly synthesized nano catalyst of Iodine doped Potassium oxide I (K2O) for producing sustainable biodiesel from novel non-edible seed oils of Coronopus didymus L. using membrane based contactor to avoid emulsification and phase separation issues. Highest biodiesel yield (97.03%) was obtained under optimum conditions of 12:1 methanol to oil ratio, reaction temperature of 65 °C for 150 min with the 1.0 wt% catalyst concentration. The lately synthesized, environment friendly and recyclable Iodine doped Potassium oxide K (IO)2 catalyst was synthesized via chemical method followed by characterization via advanced techniques including EDX, XRD, FTIR and SEM analysis. The catalyst was proved to be stable and efficient with the reusability of five times in transesterification reaction. These analysis have reported the sustainability, stability and good quality of biodiesel from seed oil of Coronopus didymus L. using efficient Iodine doped potassium oxide catalyst. Thus, non-edible, environment friendly and novel Coronopus didymus L. seeds and their extracted oil along with Iodine doped potassium oxide catalyst seems to be highly affective, sustainable and better alternative source to the future biodiesel industry. Also, by altering the reaction equilibrium and lowering the purification phases of the process, these studies show the potential of coupling transesterification and a membrane contactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisha Chaudhry
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saeed Akhtar
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mamoona Munir
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nawaf S Alhajeri
- Environmental Technology Management Department, College of Life Sciences, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat, 13060, Kuwait.
| | - Ala'a H Al-Muhtaseb
- Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Zubair Ahmad
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mudassir Hasan
- College of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awais Bokhari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore Campus Lahore 54000 Punjab, Pakistan; Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory, SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Investigation of biodiesel production parameters by transesterification of watermelon waste oil using definitive screening design and produced biodiesel characterization. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sajce.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Prospects of Catalysis for Process Sustainability of Eco-Green Biodiesel Synthesis via Transesterification: A State-Of-The-Art Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14127032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution caused by conventional petro-diesel initiates at time of crude oil extraction and continues until its consumption. The resulting emission of poisonous gases during the combustion of petroleum-based fuel has worsened the greenhouse effect and global warming. Moreover, exhaustion of finite fossil fuels due to extensive exploitation has made the search for renewable resources indispensable. In light of this, biodiesel is a best possible substitute for the regular petro-diesel as it is eco-friendly, renewable, and economically viable. For effective biodiesel synthesis, the selection of potential feedstock and choice of efficient catalyst is the most important criteria. The main objective of this bibliographical review is to highlight vital role of different catalytic systems acting on variable feedstock and diverse methods for catalysis of biodiesel synthesis reactions. This paper further explores the effects of optimized reaction parameters, modification in chemical compositions, reaction operating parameters, mechanism and methodologies for catalysts preparation, stability enhancement, recovery, and reusability with the maximum optimum activity of catalysts. In future, the development of well-planned incentive structures is necessary for systematic progression of biodiesel process. Besides this, the selection of accessible and amended approaches for synthesis and utilization of specific potential catalysts will ensure the sustainability of eco-green biodiesel.
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Rozina, Ahmad M, Khan AM, Abbas Q, Arfan M, Mahmood T, Zafar M, Raza J, Sultana S, Akhtar MT, Ameen M. Implication of scanning electron microscopy as a tool for identification of novel, nonedible oil seeds for biodiesel production. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 85:1671-1684. [PMID: 34913535 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is a promising, bio-based, renewable, nontoxic, environment friendly, and alternative fuel for petroleum derived fuels which helps to reduce dependency on conventional fossil fuels. In this study, six novel, nonedible seed oil producing feedstock were explored for their potential for sustainable production of biodiesel. It is very important to correctly identify oil yielding plant species. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used as reliable tool for authentic identification of oil yielding seeds. Macromorphological characters of seeds were studied with light microscopy (LM). Outcomes of LM of seeds exposed distinctive variation in seed size from 16.3 to 3.2 mm in length and 12.4 to 0.9 mm in width, shape varied from oval to triangular, and color from black to light brown. Oil content of nonedible seed ranged from 25 to 30% (w/w). Free fatty acid content of seed oil varied from 0.32 to 2.5 mg KOH/g. Moreover, ultra structural study of seeds via SEM showed variation in surface sculpturing, cell arrangement, cell shape, periclinal wall shape, margins, protuberances, and anticlinal wall shape. Surface sculpturing varied from rugged, reticulate, varrucose, papillate, and striate. Periclinal wall arrangements confirmed variation from rough, wavy, raised, depressed, smooth, and elevated whereas, anticlinal walls pattern showed variation from profuse undulating, smooth, raised, grooved, deep, curved, and depressed. It was concluded that SEM could be a latent and advanced technique in unveiling hidden micromorphological characters of nonedible oil yielding seeds which delivers valuable information to researchers and indigenous people for precise and authentic identification and recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozina
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Botany, Government Girls Degree College Zaida, Swabi, KP, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Amir Muhammad Khan
- Department of Botany, University of Mianwali, Mianwali, Pakistan.,Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Qamar Abbas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arfan
- Department of Botany, University of Education Lahore, Vehari Campus, Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department of Forestry, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jamil Raza
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Tanveer Akhtar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Maria Ameen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Niazi A, Ahmad M, Elnaggar AY, Zafar M, Sultana S, Rozina, Majeed S, Hussein EE. Scanning electron microscopy as a tool for authentication of biodiesel synthesis from Linum usitatissimum seed oil. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 85:1320-1331. [PMID: 34878709 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Utilization of renewable and alternative energy feedstocks such as nonedible seeds oil to deal with the increasing energy crises and related ecological concerns have gained the attention of researchers. Biodiesel is an efficient and renewable substitute for diesel engine. This work investigates the potential of inexpensive nonedible seed oil of Linum usitatissimum to synthesize biodiesel using iron sulfate green nanocatalyst through the process of transesterification. Flax seed contains about 37.5% oil content estimated through Soxhlet apparatus. Light microscopy revealed that seed size varies from 3.0 to 6.0 cm in length, 2.0 to 3.3 cm in width, and 0.7 to 1.0 mm in diameter. Color of seed varied from yellow to brown. Characterization of biodiesel is performed through GC-MS and FTIR. Scanning electron microscopy was carried out to study the morphological features of seed coat. Catalyst was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy diffraction X-ray, and X-ray diffraction. The diffraction peaks of Fe3 O4 green nanoparticles were found to be in 2θ values, 30.24°, 35.62°, 38.26°, 49.56°, 57.12°, and 62.78°. Fuel properties of biodiesel are also determined and compared with ASTM standards. Linum usitatissimum biodiesel has density 0.8722 (15°C kg/L), kinetic viscosity 5.45 (40°C cSt), flash point (90°C), pour point (-13°C), cloud point (-9°C), sulfur (0.0432% wt), and total acid number (0.245 mg KOH/g). It is concluded that L. usitatissimum seed oil is a highly potential source for biodiesel production to cope with the challenge of present energy demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmol Niazi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ashraf Y Elnaggar
- Department of Food Nutrition Science, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rozina
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Salman Majeed
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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