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Rodríguez-Rodríguez M, Sánchez-Muros MJ, Vargas-García MDC, Varga ÁT, Fabrikov D, Barroso FG. The Effects of Slaughter Methods and Drying Temperatures on the Protein Hydrolysis of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1709. [PMID: 38891756 PMCID: PMC11171332 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the potential of insects as a sustainable protein alternative to feed the growing world population has been explored. Differences in the ways insects are processed can affect their proximate composition and digestibility. This work studied the effects of the combination of different types of slaughter methods and drying temperatures on the proximate composition, organic matter digestibility (OMd), hydrolysis degree (DH/NH2 and DH/100 g DM), total hydrolysis (TH), and hygienic and sanitary characteristics of BSFL (black soldier fly larvae) meal. Four types of slaughter methods were used including freezing (F), blanching + freezing (B), Melacide® + freezing (M), and liquid nitrogen slaughter (N). Each of these was used with three drying temperatures (50, 70, and 90 °C). A negative correlation between the acid detergent fiber (ADF) and protein digestibility parameters was obtained. The most suitable drying temperature was 70 °C, as it produced higher values of protein digestibility (DH and TH), resulting in hygienic and sanitary conditions suitable for food use. Slaughtering with liquid nitrogen and blanching was more conducive to achieving high protein digestibility results than traditional freezing or the use of Melacide®.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Department of Biology and Geology, CECOUAL, University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain; (M.R.-R.); (F.G.B.)
| | - María José Sánchez-Muros
- Department of Biology and Geology, CEIMAR, University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain; (M.J.S.-M.); (D.F.)
| | - María del Carmen Vargas-García
- Department of Biology and Geology, CEIMAR, University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain; (M.J.S.-M.); (D.F.)
| | - Ágnes Timea Varga
- Department of Biology and Geology, CEIMAR, University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain; (M.J.S.-M.); (D.F.)
| | - Dmitri Fabrikov
- Department of Biology and Geology, CEIMAR, University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain; (M.J.S.-M.); (D.F.)
| | - Fernando García Barroso
- Department of Biology and Geology, CECOUAL, University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain; (M.R.-R.); (F.G.B.)
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Kriswantoro JA, Pan KY, Chu CY. Co-digestion approach for enhancement of biogas production by mixture of untreated napier grass and industrial hydrolyzed food waste. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 11:1269727. [PMID: 38260741 PMCID: PMC10801417 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1269727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The co-digestion of untreated Napier grass (NG) and industrial hydrolyzed food waste (FW) was carried out in the batch reactor to investigate the effect of substrate ratios on biogas production performance. Two-stage anaerobic digestion was performed with an initial substrate concentration of 5 g VSadded/L and a Food to Microorganism Ratio (F/M) of 0.84. The 1:1 ratio of the NG and FW showed the optimum performances on biogas production yield with a value of 1,161.33 mL/g VSadded after 60 days of digestion. This was followed by the data on methane yield and concentration were 614.37 mL/g VSadded and 67.29%, respectively. The results were similar to the simulation results using a modified Gompertz model, which had a higher potential methane production and maximum production rate, as well as a shorter lag phase and a coefficient of determination of 0.9945. These findings indicated that the co-digestion of Napier grass and hydrolyzed food waste can enhance biogas production in two-stage anaerobic digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayen Aris Kriswantoro
- Ph.D. Program of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Green Products, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Kuan-Yin Pan
- Institute of Green Products, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yeon Chu
- Ph.D. Program of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Green Products, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy
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She W, Xiao Q, Meng Y, Zhao P, Wu C, Huang F, Cai M, Zhang J, Yu Z, Ur Rehman K, Peng D, Zheng L. Isolated and identified pathogenic bacteria from black soldier fly larvae with "soft rot" reared in mass production facilities and its incidence characteristics. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 163:85-95. [PMID: 37003117 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) can transform organic waste into high-end proteins, lipids, chitin, biodiesel, and melanin at an industrial scale. But scaling up of its production capacity has also posed health risks to the insect itself. In this investigation, larval "soft rot" which is occurring in mass production facilities that cause larval developmental inhibition and a certain degree of death was reported. Responsible pathogen GX6 was isolated from BSFL with "soft rot" and identified to be Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus. No obvious impact on larval growth was observed when treated with GX6 spores, whereas mortality of 6-day-old BSFL increased up to 29.33% ± 2.05% when GX6 vegetative cells (1 × 106 cfu/g) were inoculated into the medium. Moreover, higher temperature further enhanced the BSFL mortality and suppressed larval development, but increasing substrate moisture showed the opposite effect. The middle intestine of infected larvae became swollen and transparent after dissection and examination. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation indicated that GX6 had destroyed the peritrophic matrix and intestinal microvilli and damaged epithelial cells of larval gut. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis of intestinal samples revealed that gut microflora composition was significantly altered by GX6 infection as well. It can be noticed that Dysgonomonas, Morganella, Myroides, and Providencia bacteria became more numerous in the intestines of GX6-infected BSFL as compared to controls. This study will lay foundations for efficient control of "soft rot" and promote healthy development of the BSFL industry to contribute to organic waste management and circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangjun She
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Qi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Ying Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Peng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Chuanliang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Feng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Minmin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Ziniu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Kashif Ur Rehman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan; DIL Deutsches Institut für Lebensmitteltechnik e. V. - German Institute of Food Technologies, Quakenbrück, Germany; Poultry Research Institute, Rawalpindi, Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Donghai Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Longyu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, PR China.
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Lu H, Liu Y, Shen W, Zhou Y, Ma X, Sun S, Dong X, Ji F, Tong H, Xu J, He G, Xu W. Yeast enrichment facilitated lipid removal and bioconversion by black soldier fly larvae in the food waste treatment. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 166:152-162. [PMID: 37172516 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Food waste can be converted into insectile fatty acids (FAs) by the larvae of black soldier fly (BSFL), Hermetia illucens, for use in the feed sector or as a source of biodiesel. However, waste oil was less decomposed than carbohydrate or protein in frass due to the limitation of larval lipid metabolism. In this study, 10 yeast strains were screened, corresponding to six species, to examine their capacity of improving lipid transformation performance by BSFL. The species of Candida lipolytica was superior to the other five species, which exhibited significantly higher lipid reduction rate (95.0-97.1 %) than the control (88.7 %), and the larval FA yields achieved 82.3-115.5 % of the food waste FA matters, suggesting that BSFL not only transformed waste oil but also biosynthesized FAs from waste carbohydrate and other substances. Further, the CL2 strain of Candida lipolytica was examined for treating food waste containing high lipid content (16-32 %). The lipid removal rate was found improved from 21.4 to 42.3 % (control) to 80.5-93.3% in the waste containing 20-32 % lipid. The upper limit of lipid content that could be endured by BSFL was ≈16 %, and the CL2-enrichment elevated the upper limit to ≈24 %. Fungal community analysis indicated that Candida spp. accounted for the lipid removal improvement. The Candida spp. CL2 strain may facilitate the lipid reduction and transformation by BSFL through microbial catabolizing and assimilation of waste FAs. Altogether, this study suggests that yeast enrichment is feasible in improving lipid transformation by BSFL especially for food waste exhibiting high lipid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxu Lu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Yanxia Liu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Wenyue Shen
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China; School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang 111003, China
| | - Xiangwei Ma
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Shibo Sun
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Xiaoying Dong
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China; School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang 111003, China
| | - Fengyun Ji
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Huiyan Tong
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Jianqiang Xu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Gaohong He
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China; State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Weiping Xu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China.
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Liu Y, Liu J, He J, Lu H, Sun S, Ji F, Dong X, Bao Y, Xu J, He G, Xu W. Chronological and Carbohydrate-Dependent Transformation of Fatty Acids in the Larvae of Black Soldier Fly Following Food Waste Treatment. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041903. [PMID: 36838890 PMCID: PMC9963906 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Although black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) can convert food waste into insectile fatty acids (FAs), the chronological and diet-dependent transformation of larval FAs has yet to be determined. This study focused on the dynamics of larval FA profiles following food waste treatment and characterized factors that may drive FA composition and bioaccumulation. Larval FA matters peaked on Day 11 as 7.7 ± 0.7% of food waste dry matter, maintained stably from Day 11-19, and decreased slightly from Day 19-21. The BSFL primarily utilized waste carbohydrates for FA bioconversion (Day 0-11) and shifted to waste FAs (Day 7-17) when the carbohydrates were close to depletion. The optimal time window for larvae harvest was Days 17-19, which fulfilled both targets of waste oil removal and larval FA transformation. Larval FAs were dominated by C12:0, followed by C18:2, C18:1, and C16:0. The waste-reducing carbohydrate primarily accounted for larval FA bioaccumulation (r = -0.947, p < 0.001). The increase in diet carbohydrate ratio resulted in the elevation of larval C12:0 yield, which indicated that larval C12:0-FA was primarily biosynthesized from carbohydrates and further transformed from ≥C16 FAs. This study elucidates the bioaccumulation process of larval FAs for food waste treatment and highlights the importance of waste carbohydrates for both the composition and transformation of larval FAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Liu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology (OST) & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology (PIIT), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Junliang Liu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology (OST) & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology (PIIT), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Jinwen He
- School of Ocean Science and Technology (OST) & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology (PIIT), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Hongxu Lu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology (OST) & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology (PIIT), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Shibo Sun
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences (LPS), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Fengyun Ji
- School of Ocean Science and Technology (OST) & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology (PIIT), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Xiaoying Dong
- School of Ocean Science and Technology (OST) & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology (PIIT), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Yongming Bao
- School of Ocean Science and Technology (OST) & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology (PIIT), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Jianqiang Xu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences (LPS), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
- Correspondence: (J.X.); (W.X.)
| | - Gaohong He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Weiping Xu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology (OST) & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology (PIIT), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
- Correspondence: (J.X.); (W.X.)
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Hao J, Liu S, Luo A, Zhao J, Shi S, Zhang Y, Li C. Assessing Nursery-Finishing Pig Manures on Growth of Black Soldier Fly Larvae. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030452. [PMID: 36766341 PMCID: PMC9913757 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Livestock manure is an important component of agricultural organic waste, and in recent years, with the development of research on the bioconversion of manure, BSFs have been proven to be useful in the treatment of a variety of livestock wastes. In-depth research on the composition of manure and its effect on the development of BSFL is, however, very scarce. The purpose of this study was to identify the parameters that influenced the growth of BSFL that was fed fattening pig manure. The pH, moisture, and nutrients of the fattening manures (namely, nursery, growing, and finishing pig manures) were measured. To examine the influence of manure types on larval growth, 100 larvae were inoculated in 100 g of each type of manure in triplicate. According to the findings, larvae fed finishing pig manure had the lowest dry weight (30.2 ± 6.1 mg) compared to those fed growing (58.2 ± 7.3 mg) or nursery (65.5 ± 6.2 mg) pig manure. The correlation coefficients (r) between the nutrients in the manure and the weight of the larvae were calculated. Hemicellulose had the greatest |r| value (0.9569). Further research revealed that larvae raised on hemicellulase-pretreated finishing pig manure frequently weighed 21-30% (days 2-8) more than larvae raised on control manure. In conclusion, hemicellulose was a significant component that might hinder larval growth. The results of this study could be used to improve the system before it is put into use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Hao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Aiguo Luo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Jia Zhao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Shengli Shi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chujun Li
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-2475, USA
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Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger in Black Soldier Fly Co-Fermentation. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8110593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae have gained popularity as an organic waste bio-conversional tool and fodder protein replacement in recent decades. It can consume all kinds of animal feces, kitchen waste and agricultural waste with great efficiency and transform them into high-value insect protein, fatty acids, and amino acids, which makes the larva a good substitute for costly fish meal and bean pulp in animal diets. However, excess chitin in the larva skin limits its application as an animal feed additive, consequently, employing fermentation with zymocytes to remove the chitin is necessary. In this study, we raised black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) with different carbon sources, such as chicken feces, straws and glucose, and examined the growth condition; we applied Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger to co-ferment BSFL paste to analyze its nutrition changes. Data revealed that among the four kinds of cultures, the body weight of the corn powder group increased most rapidly; the wood chip group was the most underweight; however, it increased faster than others before day 4, and contained the least fat. Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis revealed that the expression of multiple enzymes from B. subtilis and A. niger involved in polysaccharide hydrolysis, amino acid biosynthesis and fatty acid metabolism, such as peptidase of S8 family, maltogenic α-amylase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase and lysophospholipase like protein changed significantly compared to the control group. Production detection showed that free amino acids, acid-soluble proteins, and short-chain fatty acids increased after fermentation; 13 out of 17 amino acids were increased and total free amino acids were increased from 0.08 g/100 g to 0.3 g/100 g; organic acids increased by 4.81 to 17 fold through fermentation, respectively; the actual protein content declined from 3.03 g/100 g to 1.81 g/100 g, the peptide content increased from 1.3 g/100 g to 2.46 g/100 g, the chitin degradation rate was 40.3%, and fat decreased 30% (p < 0.05). These findings might provide important information for future applications of black soldier fly larvae in different carbon waste recycling measures and material for animal feed/organic fertilizer after fermentation.
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Determination of lipid requirements in black soldier fly through semi-purified diets. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10922. [PMID: 35764680 PMCID: PMC9239991 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14290-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The insect market is still far from an effective upscale and, to achieve this goal, it is necessary to know the BSF dietary requirements for the production maximization. Worldwide, given the waste variability, is not always easy to identify the optimal waste-based mixture that can allow to reach the best production, in terms of quantity and quality. Due this reason, nutritional need ranges are the basic knowledge, affordable for everyone, to increase the profitability of the insect farming. The study aims to evaluate the effects of 6 semi-purified, isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets (SPII) with increasing lipid levels (1%, L1; 1.5%, L1.5; 2.5%, L2.5; 3.5% L3.5; 4.5%, L4.5) on BSF life history traits (6 replicates/treatment and 100 larvae/replicate). The Gainesville diet was used as environmental control. Considering the whole larval stage, 4.5% lipid level guarantees better performance when compared to content lower than 2.5%. The L4.5 10-day-old larvae yielded greater when compared to the other dietary treatments. At 14 and 18 days of age, the larvae of the groups above 2.5% performed better than L1, while the L1.5 showed intermediate results. Lipid levels below 1.5% on DM, when compared to 4.5%, resulted in a smaller prepupa and pupa size. The results obtained on the adult stage do not allow the identification of a lipid levels ideal range, as in the larval stage. In conclusion, in the whole larval stage and in prepupae/pupae phases, lipid percentage lower than (or equal to) 1% have a negative effect on growth. Other research will be needed in order to evaluate lipid levels above 4.5% on DM.
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Abdelfattah EA, El-Bassiony GM. Impact of malathion toxicity on the oxidative stress parameters of the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). Sci Rep 2022; 12:4583. [PMID: 35301370 PMCID: PMC8931003 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08564-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) may serve as a promising tool in the animals feed production industry. The input organic wastes may be contaminated by insecticides that affect both the insect’s mass rearing, and the animals feed process. Therefore, in the current study the assessment of oxidative stress parameters of the black soldier fly (BSF) were investigated to quantify the deleterious effect of malathion-contaminated kitchen waste (1:1 vegetable: fruit waste) container on the insect. The different developmental stages of insect (adult and larva) were exposed to different concentrations (0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.015, and 0.02 mg/mL) of malathion. The results showed that the mean value of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), which included hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion radicals (O2•-) concentrations were lower in larval stage than in adults, in all treated groups (0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.015, and 0.02 mg/mL malathion concentration). Also, the protein carbonyls amount and lipid peroxides levels were decreased in the 0.02 mg/mL Malathion compared to the control values. However, the cluster analysis revealed slight dissimilar patterns for control insects and the highest malathion concentration (0.02 mg/ml). These stage-related differences could occur from the different growth dynamic functions of larvae and adults. The larvae were distinguished by robust growth, and significant oxygen consumption. The results verified that oxidative stress parameters, especially protein carbonyls and α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were promising, cheap, quick and cost-effective applications for determining the macromolecules damage, and antioxidant ability of H. illucens enclosed with malathion exposure. These findings described that malathion application induces macromolecules damage mediated through oxidative stress injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Alaaeldin Abdelfattah
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, El-Nahda Square, Giza, Cairo, 12613, Egypt.
| | - Ghada M El-Bassiony
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, El-Nahda Square, Giza, Cairo, 12613, Egypt
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