Bioremediation of crystal violet using air bubble bioreactor packed with Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Novel stilbene-based Fischer base analog of leuco-TAM - (2E,2'Z)-{2-(4-(E)-styrylphenyl)propane-1,3-diylidene}bis(1,3,3-trimethylindoline) - derivatives: synthesis and structural consideration by 1D NMR and 2D NMR spectroscopy

We report the synthesis of a series of novel stilbene-based (St) Fischer base analogs of leuco-triarylmethane (LTAM) dyes by treating Fischer base with (E)-4-styrylbenzaldehyde derivatives. All St-LTAM molecules examined herein are characterized by 1D and 2D NMR. They were found to exhibit ZE configuration and isomerize to their diastereomers EE and ZZ in 2-3 h. They exhibit type I behavior of diastereomeric isomerization.

Deposition and transport of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in porous media: lab-scale experiments and model analysis

In this study, the deposition and transport of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on sandy porous materials have been investigated under static and dynamic flow conditions. For the static experiments, both equilibrium and kinetic batch tests were performed at a 1:3 and 3:1 soil:solution ratio. The batch data were analysed to quantify the deposition parameters under static conditions. Column tests were performed for dynamic flow experiments with KCl solution and bacteria suspended in (1) deionized water, (2) mineral salt medium (MSM) and (3) surfactant + MSM. The equilibrium distribution coefficient (K(d)) was larger at a 1:3 (2.43 mL g(-1)) than that at a 3:1 (0.28 mL g(-1)) soil:solution ratio. Kinetic batch experiments showed that the reversible deposition rate coefficient (k(att)) and the release rate coefficient (k(det)) at a soil:solution ratio of 3:1 were larger than those at a 1:3 ratio. Column experiments showed that an increase in ionic strength resulted in a decrease in peak concentration of bacteria, mass recovery and tailing of the bacterial breakthrough curve (BTC) and that the presence of surfactant enhanced the movement of bacteria through quartz sand, giving increased mass recovery and tailing. Deposition parameters under dynamic condition were determined by fitting BTCs to four different transport models, (1) kinetic reversible, (2) two-site, (3) kinetic irreversible and (4) kinetic reversible and irreversible models. Among these models, Model 4 was more suitable than the others since it includes the irreversible sorption term directly related to the mass loss of bacteria observed in the column experiment. Applicability of the parameters obtained from the batch experiments to simulate the column breakthrough data is evaluated.

Biodegradation of crystal violet by Agrobacterium radiobacter

Agrobacterium radiobacter MTCC 8161 completely decolorized the Crystal Violet with 8 hr (10 mg/L) at static anoxic conditions. The decreased decolorization capability by A. radiobacter was observed, when the Crystal Violet concentration was increased from 10 to 100 mg/L. Semi-synthetic medium containing 1% yeast extract and 0.1% NH4C1 has shown 100% decolorization of Crystal Violet within 5 hr. A complete degradation of Crystal Violet by A. radiobacter was observed up to 7 cycles of repeated addition (10 mg/L). When the effect of increasing inoculum concentration on decolorization of Crystal Violet (100 mg/L) was studied, maximum decolorization was observed with 15% inoculum concentration. A significant increase in the activities of laccase (184%) and aminopyrine N-demethylase (300%) in cells obtained after decolorization indicated the involvement of these enzymes in decolorization process. The intermediates formed during the degradation of Crystal Violet were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). It was detected the presence of N,N,N',N"-tetramethylpararosaniline, [N, N-dimethylaminophenyl] [N-methylaminophenyl] benzophenone, N, N-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, 4-methyl amino phenol and phenol. We proposed the hypothetical metabolic pathway of Crystal Violet biodegradation by A. radiobacter. Phytotoxicity and microbial toxicity study showed that Crystal Violet biodegradation metabolites were less toxic to bacteria (A. radiobacter, P. aurugenosa and A. vinelandii) contributing to soil fertility and for four kinds of plants (Sorghum bicolor Vigna radiata, Lens culinaris and Triticum aestivum) which are most sensitive, fast growing and commonly used in Indian agriculture.